I have with this thesis sought to understand how chick lit could be useful in the classroom in the teaching of Swedish B-course in high school. Based on the model of critical literacy I am arguing that this genre would help to meet the objectives of the policy documents which, among other things, are to critically examine and analyze various types of texts. I have found that some of these texts could be used for analyzing and critically examine the ideological dimensions of texts and cultural heritage by the model of critical literacy, and also as a counterweight to the more traditional teaching of the canonical literature as a literary historical stuff that students should learn. I have also wanted to create a basis for discussions about literature in the classroom based on the chick lit genre. To do this I have, based on three themes and questions from the model of critical literacy, tried to focus on issues that might emerge from the ideological analysis and critical review. The model aims to deconstruct norms of society, and in the work of chick lit, I wanted to show how you could deconstruct norms around gender.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att belysa hur LSS-handläggare tolkade begreppet barnperspektiv och hur detta applicerades i utredningsarbetet. Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med sex LSS-handläggare och resultaten analyserades med hjälp av teorin om sociala konstruktioner. I analysen av intervjuerna identifierades fem centrala teman som vi såg som förklarande faktorer angående hur LSS-handläggarna applicerade barnperspektivet i handläggningen. Dessa teman var utredningsförfarandet, avsaknaden av riktlinjer och utredningsmetod, barnperspektivet kontra barns perspektiv, delaktighet och inflytande samt kommunikation. Det framkom att avsaknaden av riktlinjer och utredningsmetoder medförde att LSS-handläggarna själva fick konstruera egna sätt för hur barnperspektivet skulle appliceras. Samtliga LSS-handläggare kunde definiera hur de själva uppfattade barnperspektivet men däremot hade de svårigheter att veta hur detta rent praktiskt skulle tillämpas. Analysresultatet visade att det mestadels var den vuxnes syn på barnperspektivet som var rådande och inte barnets egen syn på sin tillvaro. Kommunikationssårigheter var en bidragande orsak till bristen på delaktighet och inflytande hos barn med funktionsnedsättningar. / The purpose of this study was to elucidate how LSS administrators interpreted the concept of child perspective and how this was applied in the investigation. We conducted qualitative interviews with six LSS administrators and the results were analyzed using the theory of social constructions. The analysis of the interviews identified five key themes that we saw as explanatory factors regarding how LSS administrators applied the child perspective in the investigations. These themes were investigative procedure, the lack of guidance and investigation method, the child perspective versus the child´s own point of view, participation and influence, and communication. It was found that the lack of guidelines and methods of investigation led to the LSS administrators themselves had to construct their own way of how the child perspective should be applied. All LSS administrators could define how they perceived the child´s perspective but they had difficulty in knowing how this should be applied in practice. The analytical results showed that it was mostly the adult´s views on the child´s perspective that was present and not the child´s own view of his existence. Communication difficulties were a contributing factor to the lack of involvement and influence of children with disabilities.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att ge en övergripande bild av barns upplevelse av pappans våld mot mamman, samt att undersöka hur denna problematik kan konstrueras i forskningslitteraturen. Uppsatsens frågeställning var: Hur diskuterar forskningslitteraturen barns upplevelse av mäns våldsutövande i hemmet, med fokus på temana barnets hemmiljö, den våldsutövande pappan, den våldsutsatta mamman och sociala, fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser av våldet för barnet? Uppsatsen är en selektiv kunskapsöversikt av nio primärdokument. Resultaten analyserades med hjälp av socialkonstruktionistisk teoribildning. Resultaten visade att barn som upplever pappans våld mot mamman uppfattar hemmiljön som oförutsägbar, och barnen kan ha svårigheter i att knyta an till föräldrarna. Mammans omsorgsförmåga beskrivs i litteraturen som bristande och barnen har en tudelad bild av sin mamma och pappa. Barnen håller våldet hemligt vilket ger sociala och psykiska konsekvenser. Genom ömsesidigt samspel konstruerar och upprätthåller familjemedlemmarna varandras familjeroller. / The purpose of this study was to give a general picture of children’s experience of their father`s violence against their mothers, and to look at how this problem can be constructed in the research literature. The question at issue was: How does the research literature discuss children’s experiences of domestic violence, with focus on the themes the child’s home environment, the violent father, the abused mother, and the social, physical and psychological consequences of the violence for the child? The study is a selective review of nine primary documents. A social constructionist theory was used to analyze the results. The results showed that these children find their home environment unpredictable and they can have difficulties to attaching to their parents. The mothers caring ability is described as insufficient and the children have a conflicting understanding of both their parents. Through mutual interaction, the family members construct and obtain each others roles in the family.

I Sverige har forskningen kring mäns partnervåld mot kvinnor främst utgått från kvinnans roll som våldsutsatt istället för mäns roll som våldsutövande. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur den svenska facklitteraturen diskuterar mäns partnervåld mot kvinnor. Vår frågeställning har varit följande: Vilka generella konstruktioner av mäns partnervåld mot kvinnor framkommer i facklitteraturen med beaktande av temana makt och kontroll, kvinnans självbild, omgivningens attityder och normer samt orsaksförklaringar till partnervåldet? Arbetet utgörs av en kunskapsöversikt över sju stycken primärdokument som har analyserats med hjälp av socialkonstruktionistisk teoribildning. Resultaten visar att det finns en risk med att majoriteten av författarna i våra primärdokument diskuterar kvinnor som en särskilt utsatt grupp för mäns våld.  Författarna konstruerar en bild av kvinnan som offer för mannens partnervåld och mannen som förövaren. Genom dessa beskrivningar vidmakthåller författarna en offerbild av kvinnan som riskerar att förstärka hennes redan underordnade och sårbara position. / In Sweden, research on male partner violence against women has primarily been focused on the battered women rather then the abusive men. The aim of this work is to investigate how the Swedish literature discusses men's partner violence against women. Our research question has been: What general constructions of male partner violence against women is evident in the literature with regard to the themes of power and control, a woman's self-image, the surrounding attitudes and norms and causal explanations for partner violence? The work consists of a review of seven primary documents that have been analysed with the help of social constructionist theory. The results show that there is a risk that the majority of the authors in our primary documents discuss women as a particularly vulnerable group of male violence. The authors construct an image of women as victims of male partner violence and the man as the abuser. Through these descriptions, the authors perpetuate a victim image of the woman who is likely to strengthen her already inferior and vulnerable position.

Whilst previous research has explored women's experiences of disclosing symptoms of postnatal depression (PND) to health professionals, very little qualitative research exists on women's experiences of disclosing to people in their personal support networks. Research has shown that some mothers with PND find it difficult to disclose to professionals and prefer to seek support from partners, family and friends. Aim: The current study aimed to explore the overall process mothers go through to disclose PND - to people with whom they have personal relationships, as well as health professionals. Method: Five women who experienced and disclosed PND participated in semi-structured interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: The analysis produced four super-ordinate themes: 'Trying to cope whilst making sense of experiences', 'Deciding whether to disclose: Facilitative and inhibiting factors', 'The two-way interpersonal nature of disclosure', 'Disclosure as part of a transformative process'. Conclusions: This study highlighted the influence of internalised expectations of motherhood and stigma surrounding PND on how mothers try to cope with their initial symptoms and on their decisions about whether or not to disclose. The participants described a cautious approach to disclosure in which they had to deal with setbacks. Consequences of disclosing were considered alongside how the disclosure process was influenced by recovery from PND.

The aim of this bachelor’s thesis in sociology was to understand the situation on the labor market for people with a neuropsychiatric disability (NPD) with the question: “How can one understand, based on the views of a group of formal actors (officials responsible for establishing people in society and in the labor market), what opportunities and obstacles exist for people with an NPD to establish themselves in the labor market in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden?”. The objective is thus to shed light on the situation, as previous research shows vulnerability of disabled people; both in school and on the labor market. The thesis is based on a study with hermeneutic methodology of qualitative character, consisting of semi-structured interviews with eight people whom have work-related experience with people with NPD and whom work for organisations that makes it possible for people to establish themselves in society and in the labor market. The theories used in the thesis are: Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann's theory of social constructions, Hartmut Rosa's theory of acceleration and Jan Inge Jönhill's theory of inclusion and exclusion. The results show that the reasons to why people with NPD become excluded from the labor market mainly originates from employers' attitudes and lack of knowledge about neuropsychiatric diagnoses. There is a generalized perception of the diagnosis function, which can be problematic, since the diagnoses vary from person to person. We refer to this phenomenon as generalizing competence blindness.

Denna studie använder sig av ett socialkonstruktionistisk perspektiv i en innehållsanalys av konstruktioner av sexsäljare och sexförsäljning i ett urval av nyhetsartiklar från den svenska tidningen Aftonbladet och den nyzeeländska tidningen New Zealand Herald. De identifierade konstruktionerna analyserades med hjälp av stigma och andrefiering för att jämföra stigmat som produceras av konstruktionerna som fanns i tidningarna. Resultatet visade att anledningen till att sexsäljare börjar arbeta inom sexindustrin konstruerades i båda tidningarna som resultatet av ekonomisk, finansiell eller materiella problem. Medan Aftonbladet tenderade att konstruera dessa problem som något som tvingat sexsäljare att sälja sex, så tenderade New Zealand Herald att konstruera dem antingen som entreprenörer eller problemlösare.   Stigmatiserande konstruktioner av sexsäljare och sexförsäljning fanns i båda tidningarna, men konstruktionerna producerade stigma på olika sätt. I New Zealand Herald var de mest framträdande stigmat mot migranter som säljer sex, som framställdes som kriminella som stal pengar från legala sexsäljare. I Aftonbladet kretsade det tydligaste stigmat runt sexsäljares bristande kontroll och makt. Oftast framställdes sexsäljare i Aftonbladet som att de hade en oförmåga att lämna sexförsäljningen, och de sågs ofta som fast i händerna av en tredje part som pressade eller tvingade dem att sälja sex. Implikationer för det sociala arbetets praktik gällande mötet med sexsäljare diskuteras. Denna studie kan ge mer kunskap och vidare en medvetenhet om de stigmatiserande konstruktionerna som finns i det sociala arbetet kring sexförsäljning vilket kan leda till ett mer konstruktivt arbete och bemötande. Slutligen bjuder studien in till mer ingående forskning kring stigmatisering av sexsäljare samt hur socialarbetare kan motverka reproduktionen av stigmatiseringen av sexsäljare.

Titel:Vilken inverkan kan en artefakt med symboliskt och historiskt laddat värde ha, i syfte att omvrida en företagskultur?  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur människor upplever och förstår ett kul- turellt förändringsinitiativ, utifrån en artefakt med symboliskt och historiskt laddat värde. Detta genom att titta på ett specifikt fall för att i realtid kunna studera hur artefakten påverkar människornas värderingar, föreställningar, innebörder och känslor kopplat till artefakten. Studiens ändamål är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap inom organisationsforskningen och fenomenet företagskultur.  Studien är en explorativ fallstudie vilken genomfördes med hjälp av observationer, semistrukturerade intervjuer samt granskning av fältanteckningar. Organisationsmedarbetare som är direkt involverade i och påverkade av organissationsförändringsinitiativet observerades delvis i sin arbetsmiljö och under intervjuer. Intervjuerna baserades på den artefakt som lett förändringsinitiativet med fokus på organsiationsmedarbetarnas upplevelser och förståelse av artefakten/förändringen. För att analysera empirimassan användes tematisk analys.  Studien har kommit fram till att artefakter som karaktäriseras av gemensamma före- ställningar och positiv attityd kan användas för att kunna omdefiniera grundläggande antaganden och omvrida kulturen. Studiens empiriska fynd visar även att det kan upp- stå en konflikt med att använda en historisk laddad artefakt med starka band till det förflutna. Förklaringen är att symboler är kontextberoende, där den nutida kontexten inte överensstämmer med de kollektiva föreställningarna. De meningsskiljaktigheter som uppstår kan bidra till att försvaga kulturen istället för den goda tanken om att förstärka den. De negativa attityderna kan orsaka splittring, vilket blir svårt för led- ningen att använda i sitt kulturprogram.

Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt var att belysa olika aspekter av det kunskapsläge som finns idag sett till icke-suicidalt självskadebeteende bland unga kvinnor. Uppsatsens frågeställning var: Hur konstrueras och beskrivs ämnet icke-suicidalt självskadebeteende hos unga kvinnor i valda delar av forskningslitteraturen? Uppsatsen är en selektiv kunskapsöversikt som består av 11 primärdokument och resultaten analyserades med hjälp av en socialkonstruktionistisk teoribildning. Resultaten visade att kvinnor är överrepresenterade vad gäller icke-suicidalt självskadebeteende med fokus på att skära/rispa sig, men att det kan bero på vad forskaren väljer för inkluderings- och exkluderingskriterier i sin studie. Primärdokumenten vittnar om olika orsaker till varför unga kvinnor avsiktligen skadar sig själva, såväl inre som yttre faktorer är avgörande och samspelar med varandra. De unga kvinnorna upplevde att skärandehandlingen var ett effektivt sätt att hantera negativa känslor och att känna emotionell lättnad. Det fanns en stark korrelation mellan självskadehandlingar och dysfuntionella familjeförhållanden. Att självskada genom att skära samt rispa sig blev ett sätt att kanalisera svåra känslor men även att kommunicera med omgivningen då de unga kvinnorna inte lärt sig att på ett mer välgörande sätt uttrycka svåra känslor. De unga kvinnorna internaliserar omgivningens förväntningar – att vara ”den självskadande” – och skapar utifrån dessa en identitet. / The purpose of this systematic review was to highlight different aspects of the state of knowledge available today in terms of non-suicidal self-injury among young women. The question at issue was: How does the research literature – selected parts of it – construct and discuss the topic of non-suicidal self-harm in young women? The paper is a selective knowledge survey consisting of 11 primary document and the results were analyzed using a social constructionist theory. The results showed that women are overrepresented in terms of non-suicidal self-injury with a focus on cutting/scratch, but it may depend on what the researcher selects for inclusion and exclusion criteria in their study. Primary documents show various reasons why young women deliberately harm themselves, both internal and external factors are crucial and interact with each other. The young women felt that the cutting action was an effective way to deal with negative emotions and to feel emotional relief. There was a strong correlation between self-harm acts and dysfunctional family relationships. The young women learned to self-harm as a way to channel hard feelings but also to communicate with the environment because they had not learned to communicate difficult emotions in a more beneficial way. The young women internalize the expectations of - to be "the self-harming young woman” - and creates an identity from these expectations.

A invisibilidade das lésbicas e das mulheres bissexuais, bem como a escassez de conhecimento científico a seu respeito ainda se faz presente no Brasil. Nas políticas de saúde brasileira elas são incluídas na Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher de 2003 e na Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transgêneros de 2010. No entanto, é imprescindível conhecer suas concepções e práticas de saúde, no sentido de possibilitar interpelar as políticas elaboradas e identificar desvantagens sociais relacionadas aos processos de discriminação a que são submetidas. Este trabalho, de vertente qualitativa, teve por objetivo analisar como as lésbicas e mulheres bissexuais vivenciam a sexualidade e experienciam o cuidado à saúde em geral e à saúde sexual, em particular, a partir da abordagem da interseccionalidade. Participaram da pesquisa 17 mulheres com 18 anos ou mais que se auto referiram lésbicas ou bissexuais. A produção dos dados empíricos se deu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas seguindo roteiro temático previamente elaborado. Os cuidados éticos incluíram explicação detalhada acerca dos objetivos da pesquisa, de modo a garantir a participação voluntária e a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética da USP. Todas as entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas. Para análise dos dados utilizamos a abordagem da interseccionalidade, compreendendo como os marcadores sociais da diferença dialogam com o cuidado à saúde. A idade das participantes variou de 19 a 68 anos; seis eram negras, nove brancas e duas pardas; doze eram lésbicas e cinco bissexuais. Raça/cor e orientação sexual foram auto referidos. A diversidade na composição das participantes foi uma escolha metodológica para abarcar diferentes marcas identitárias quanto à raça, classe social, geração e orientação sexual. A intersecção entre sexualidade e geração opera vulnerabilizando mulheres jovens, pois estão expostas a intenso sofrimento psíquico em função da dependência financeira de familiares. Questões raciais surgiram no discurso de mulheres negras como marca identitária e de opressão em situações para além de contexto de saúde. O sentido e a visibilidade em torno da orientação sexual dependem, entre outras coisas, de experiências racistas. Finalmente, o intercruzamento entre sexualidade e classe social foi apreendida a partir da noção de territorialidade. A periferia de São Paulo parece interferir na maneira como as mulheres se apropriam e performatizam gênero. Percebemos relação entre regiões centrais e maior flexibilidade na expressão de gênero e de orientação sexual. No tocante aos temas relativos à saúde e à saúde sexual, os resultados apontam para a invisibilidade bissexual no contexto clínico. As dificuldades de lésbicas e bissexuais na consulta ginecológica vão desde receios quanto à exposição da orientação sexual até a não validação de sua sexualidade, quando sua vivência sexual com mulher é classificada como não sexo pelo profissional que a atende. A consulta em ginecologia opera com preponderância dos aspectos reprodutivos em detrimentos dos sexuais e é marcada por pressupostos heteronormativos. A intersecção entre orientação sexual e gênero pode produzir invisibilidade às bissexuais, que são lidas socialmente enquanto heterossexuais ou homossexuais / The invisibility of lesbians and bisexual women, as well as the scarcity of scientific knowledge about them, is still present in Brazil. In Brazilian health policies, they are included in the National Policy for Integral Attention to Women\'s Health of 2003 and in the National Policy of Integral Health Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Transgender of 2010. However, it is imperative to know their conceptions and health practices, in order to make it possible to question the policies elaborated and to identify social disadvantages related to the discrimination processes to which they are submitted. This qualitative study aimed to analyze how lesbians and bisexual women experience sexuality and experience general health care and sexual health, in particular, from the intersectionality approach. The study was attended by 17 women aged 18 years or over who reported on lesbians or bisexuals. The production of the empirical data was done through semi-structured interviews following the thematic route previously elaborated. Ethical care included a detailed explanation of the research objectives, in order to guarantee voluntary participation and the signing of the Informed Consent Term. The study was approved by the ethics committee of USP. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. To analyze the data we use the intersectionality approach, understanding how the social markers of difference dialogue with health care. The participants\' ages ranged from 19 to 68 years; six were black, nine were white, and two were brown; twelve were lesbian and five bisexual. Race / color and sexual orientation were self-reported. The diversity in the composition of the participants was a methodological choice to embrace different identity marks regarding race, social class, generation and sexual orientation. The intersection between sexuality and generation operates by vulnerabilizing young women, as they are exposed to intense psychological suffering due to the financial dependence of their families. Racial questions have emerged in the discourse of black women as an identity mark and oppression in situations beyond a health context. The sense and visibility of sexual orientation depend, among other things, on racist experiences. Finally, the interbreeding between sexuality and social class was apprehended from the notion of territoriality. The periphery of São Paulo seems to interfere with the way women appropriate and performatize gender. We perceive the relationship between central regions and greater flexibility in the expression of gender and sexual orientation. Regarding health and sexual health issues, the results point to bisexual invisibility in the clinical context. The difficulties of lesbians and bisexuals in the gynecological consultation range from fears about the exposure of sexual orientation to the non-validation of their sexuality, when their sexual experience with women is classified as non-sex by the professional who attends her. The consultation in gynecology operates with preponderance of the reproductive aspects in detriments of the sexual and is marked by heteronormative assumptions. The intersection between sexual orientation and gender can produce invisibility to bisexuals, who are read socially as heterosexual or homosexual