Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Barucci.pdf: 388683 bytes, checksum: 50a5d510139298fc297eda9d914f5ad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / This research aims to investigate the configuration of the attendance policies to the childhood, as well as to elucidate the configuration of the childhood in Nursery Schools of the municipal district of São Paulo, in the end of 1980s and at the beginning of 1990s, period of the left government (PT Workers Party). The choice of the period (1989 to 1992) was influenced by the initial question: Which subjects of rights are those? Within a period of great political and economic crisis in the whole country, the nursery school policies implemented in the municipal district not only considered the social inequalities, prioritizing the attendance to the poor, but also considered the different social expectations in the construction of the institutional time of the childhood, focusing the child as a historical subject. The documental research offers the analysis and brings extracts of the documents produced by the Secretaryship from which the Nursery Schools were located, in order to compose a reflexive registration. The research intends to contribute for the understanding of the object (attendance policies to the childhood in the municipal nursery schools from São Paulo) inserted in its historical context. The research has as theoretical support the Childhood Sociology, especially with the authors Dahlberg, Moss e Pence, in order to analyze the configuration of the educational action in the institutions for the first period of childhood. The results reveal that in this period some policies were constituted facing the childhood, which focused the child as an active participant in the construction of the social time / Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar a configuração das políticas de atendimento à infância, bem como elucidar a configuração da infância nas creches do município de São Paulo, no final da década de 1980 e início dos anos 1990, período de governo petista. A escolha do período (1989 a 1992) foi influenciada pela questão inicial: Que sujeitos de direito são esses? Em tempos de grande crise política e econômica em todo o país, as políticas de creche implementadas no município, nesse período, não só consideraram as desigualdades sociais, priorizando o atendimento aos pobres, como também consideraram as diferentes expectativas sociais na construção do tempo de infância institucional, focalizando a criança como sujeito histórico. Prioritariamente documental, a pesquisa oferece análise e traz excertos dos documentos produzidos pela Secretaria à qual estavam locadas as creches, buscando compor registro reflexivo. A pesquisa pretende contribuir para a compreensão do objeto (políticas de atendimento à infância nas creches municipais paulistanas) inserido em seu contexto histórico. Busca apoio teórico na Sociologia da Infância, especialmente na colaboração de Dahlberg, Moss e Pence, para análise da configuração da ação educativa nas instituições para primeira infância. Os resultados revelam que nessa gestão se constituíram políticas voltadas para uma infância que focalizaram a criança como ser de ativa participação na construção desse tempo social

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T13:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE EDNA.pdf: 1820433 bytes, checksum: 2778120341ebf9c4e883791a305ba706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Introduction: There has been considerable academic work documenting poor living conditions among the Afro-Brazilian population. However, there are few studies in the health literature that document the role of race/skin color as a contributor to health inequalities. Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze differences in mortality by external causes by race/color in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil during the period 1998-2003. Methods: First, we conducted a literature review on social inequalities in both the US and Brazil. Our inclusion criteria were: studies used race/color as a variable, were published in public health or epidemiologic literature, and were published over the period 1986-2005. Next, we conducted a descriptive study in which we calculated the years of potential life lost (PYLL) due to external causes, stratified by gender, age, type of external cause, and, by race and skin color classification. Finally, we conducted an ecological spatial study with areas equivalent to census tracts as the unit of analysis in Salvador. We used a binomial regression model to test the hypothesis that areas with a majority black male population between the ages of 15-49 years will have the highest proportion of mortality by all external causes and by homicide. Results: Of the 56 American studies and 7 Brazilian articles reviewed, 68% were published between 2002-5, 52 were cross studies, being 11 surveys, 6 were observational studies, 3 ecological and 2 were longitudinal studies. Of these, 60.3 % were population based studies and 39.7% studied the health of specific groups. The variable race/color or ethnicity was positively associated with the outcome studied in 84% of the analytical studies and the observed differences were statistically significant in all of the descriptive studies (where the author used a statistical test). The articles published in the US recognized the limitations of such analyses and have attempted to go beyond mere description of the disparity toward understanding the factors that contribute to these inequalities. On the other hand, the Brazilian literature appears to be at the beginning stage of documenting the existence of these inequalities. In the second study, we found that black males lost 21.8 times more PYLL compared to white men. The observed differences in the indicator PYLL/100.000 inhabitants and in the ratios of that indicator remained the same after the standardization by age. In the third study, we found that areas with the highest burden of mortality for all external causes and for homicide tended to cluster in areas with large proportions of black males age 15-49. (RR 1.18, p=0.03; IC 1.011 1,368) was obtained for the association between the proportion of the male population whose ages range from 15 to 49 years and the mortality rate by all the external causes adjusted by co-variables. Conclusions: We produced empirical evidence that black male population in the age range of 15-49, dies at a higher rate and shows major risk of death for external causes and specifically for homicide. We realize that these studies only reveal small facets of a very complex problem and thus we hope that these results will stimulate discussion about the causes and effects of inequalities on health among blacks in Brazil, and that such research will lead toward the development of public policies, which will address these inequalities. / Introdu??o: Existe uma razo?vel produ??o acad?mica em algumas ?reas do conhecimento que aponta piores condi??es de vida para a popula??o brasileira afro descendente. Entretanto, s?o poucos os estudos na ?rea de sa?de que abordam a ra?a/cor da pele como importante determinante da falta de equidade entre grupos. Objetivos: analisar os diferenciais da mortalidade por causas externas, segundo a ra?a/cor em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no per?odo 1998-2003. Material e M?todos: O primeiro dos tr?s artigos que comp?em o presente trabalho corresponde a uma revis?o de literatura sobre desigualdades sociais em sa?de no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos contemplando estudos que abordaram a ra?a/cor da pele, publicados em peri?dicos da ?rea de Sa?de Publica/Epidemiologia no per?odo de 1996 a 2005. O segundo ? um estudo descritivo no qual se calculou o n?mero de anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP) por causas externas por sexo, faixa et?ria e tipo de causa externa, segundo a ra?a/cor da pele. O terceiro artigo se constitui em um estudo ecol?gico espacial, que teve como unidade de an?lise as ?reas de pondera??o de Salvador. Mediante modelagem de Regress?o Binomial Negativa foi testada a hip?tese de que ?reas com maior propor??o de popula??o masculina negra entre 15 e 49 anos apresentavam maior mortalidade por todas as causas externas em conjunto e por homic?dio. Resultados: Dos 56 estudos norte-americanos e 7 brasileiros revistos, 68,7% foram publicados entre 2002 e 2005, 41 eram do tipo transversal (65,0%), 11 do tipo inqu?rito (17,5%), 6 eram de vigil?ncia (9,5%), 3 ecol?gicos (4,8%) e 2 longitudinais (3,2%). Desses 60,3% se referiram ? sa?de da popula??o e 39,7% a sa?de de grupos populacionais espec?ficos. A vari?vel ra?a/cor da pele/etnia esteve associada ao efeito estudado em 84,4% dos estudos anal?ticos e as diferen?as observadas se mostraram estatisticamente significantes em todos os estudos descritivos em que os autores utilizaram algum teste estat?stico. Todavia, enquanto nos artigos dos Estados Unidos se observou uma tend?ncia de supera??o das limita??es observadas nesses tipos de estudos, no Brasil essa literatura est? apenas come?ando a descrever a exist?ncia desse tipo de desigualdade. No segundo artigo verificou-se que os homens negros perderam 21,8 vezes mais anos potenciais de vida quando comparados aos homens brancos. As diferen?as observadas no APVP/100.000hab. e nas raz?es de APVP/100.000 se mantiveram mesmo ap?s a padroniza??o por idade. No ?ltimo estudo verificou-se que ?reas com altas taxas de mortalidade por todas as causas externas e por homic?dio tenderam a se aglomerar e tinham como caracter?sticas comuns uma maior propor??o de popula??o negra masculina com idade entre 15 e 49 anos. ?reas com maior propor??o de popula??o masculina negra entre 15 e 49 anos apresentavam maior mortalidade por causas externas (RR=1,18; p=0,03 para a associa??o entre propor??o da popula??o masculina negra com idade de 15 a 49 anos e taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas externas ajustada por propor??o de chefes de fam?lia negros com renda de ≤2SM ). Conclus?es: Foram produzidas evid?ncias de que a popula??o negra, especificamente a masculina negra com idade entre 15 e 49 anos, morre mais precocemente e apresenta maior risco de ?bito por causas externas e, especialmente por homic?dios. Entende-se que foram reveladas apenas uma das facetas de um problema bastante complexo, por?m, espera-se que tais resultados estimulem e subsidiem a discuss?o sobre a falta de equidade em sa?de segundo a ra?a/cor da pele e contribuam para a formula??o de pol?ticas p?blicas especificas.

Actuellement les gynécologues sont en France les professionnels de santé les plus impliqués dans le dépistage des cancers gynécologiques, mais les généralistes, qui voient l’ensemble de la population, sont les mieux placés pour dispenser des soins préventifs à tous et de façon équitable.Ce travail visait à comprendre la variabilité des pratiques de dépistage des cancers gynécologiques (par le frottis cervico-utérin et la mammographie) chez les femmes consultant en médecine générale, en fonction notamment de la position sociale des patientes et de l’organisation du cabinet de leur médecin.Il s’intègre dans une étude menée en 2005-06 sur les principaux soins préventifs destinés aux adultes des deux sexes. Sur une période de deux semaines, toutes les patientes de 50 à 69 ans de 59 généralistes franciliens tirés au sort (taux de participation des généralistes : 39 %) ont été incluses au fil des consultations. Les données ont été recueillies auprès des patients par téléphone et auprès des médecins en face-à-face à leur cabinet. L’essentiel des analyses a été réalisé avec des modèles logistiques mixtes à intercept aléatoire pour tenir compte de la structure hiérarchique des données.Au total, 66,7 % des patients éligibles (n=4106) ont participé à l’étude, sans différence selon le sexe des patients.Même parmi des femmes utilisant le système de santé, on observe des inégalités sociales, mais uniquement concernant le frottis (n=858). Un gradient de dépistage défavorable au bas de la hiérarchie sociale existe pour la profession (indice relatif d’inégalité = 2,3), le niveau d’études (IRI = 2,0) et les revenus (IRI = 3,0). L’analyse des contributions à ces gradients de diverses dimensions de la position sociale (logement, quartier, richesse du foyer, statut vis-à-vis de l’emploi, relations sociales et assurance santé) montre que la richesse du foyer, les caractéristiques du quartier et le type d’assurance santé expliquent entre 20 et 60 % de ces inégalités.L’investissement des généralistes dans le dépistage semble restreint comme en témoignent les taux de renseignement d’une date de dernier frottis ou de dernière mammographie dans les dossiers médicaux (23 % pour le cancer du col utérin et 38 pour le cancer du sein). Les praticiens semblent mieux renseigner les dossiers des patientes du bas de la hiérarchie professionnelle et les dossiers des femmes dont ils savent qu’elles ne sont pas suivies par un gynécologue.L’organisation des consultations apparaît centrale dans notre enquête. La participation des patients à l’étude était meilleure parmi les médecins proposant des consultations sur rendez-vous (OR = 2,12 pour les patients hommes et 3,38 pour les femmes). Cette organisation jouerait aussi sur les pratiques de soins : les médecins ayant des consultations plus courtes s’impliquent moins dans le dépistage du cancer du sein (n=898, OR = 0,65). Ces aspects organisationnels permettent d’expliquer environ un quart de la variabilité des pratiques entre les médecins.Ces résultats devraient inciter les généralistes à investir davantage les dépistages des cancers gynécologiques et peut-être à opérer des changements organisationnels. Ce travail, au croisement de la recherche en médecine générale et de l’épidémiologie sociale, a fait émerger une réflexion sur l’analyse de données provenant de patients suivis sur le long cours par des professionnels de santé. Il ouvre aussi des perspectives sur la mise en place d’interventions pour réduire les inégalités sociales observées dans les patientèles. / Currently gynecologists are the healthcare professionals most involved in screening for gynecologic cancers in France, but general practitioners, who see the entire population, are best placed to provide preventive care equitably and to all.The aim of this work was to understand the variability in practices of screening for gynecologic cancers (by Pap smears and mammography) among women seeing general practitioners, especially as a function of the patient's social position and the organization of their doctor's office.It was included as part of a study conducted in 2005-06 of the principal types of preventive care for adults of both sexes. Over a two-week period, this study included all consecutive patients aged 50-69 years seen by 59 randomly drawn general practitioners in the Paris metropolitan region (participation rate of general practitioners: 39%). Data were collected from the patients by telephone and from the physicians in face-to-face interviews in their office. Most of the analyses were performed with mixed logistic models with a random intercept to take the hierarchical structural of the data into account.Overall, 66.7% of the eligible patients (n=4106) participated in the study; this rate did not differ by sex.Social inequalities were observed even among women who use the health-care system, but only for the Pap smear (n=858). A gradient with screening lowest at the bottom of the social hierarchy was observed for occupation (relative index of inequality = 2.3), educational level (RII = 2.0), and income (RII = 3.0). Analysis of the contributions to these gradients of diverse dimensions of social position (housing, neighborhood, household wealth, employment status, social relations, and health insurance) showed that household wealth, neighborhood characteristics, and type of health insurance explain between 20 and 60% of these inequalities.General practitioners' investment in screening seems limited, as shown by the rates of information in the medical files about the date of the last Pap smear (23%) or the last mammography (38%). Physicians appear to keep this information better for women at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy and women whom they know are not seeing a gynecologist.The organization of doctors' consultations appeared central in our survey. Patient participation in this study was best among the physicians who offered appointments for consultations (OR = 2.12 for male patients and 3.38 for the women). This organization also appeared to play a role in care practices: physicians with shorter consultations were less involved in screening for breast cancer (n=898, OR = 0.65). These organizational aspects explained approximately a quarter of the variability of practices between physicians.These results should encourage general practitioners to spend more time in screening for gynecologic cancers and perhaps to modify the organization of their practice. This study, at the intersection between research in general practice and in social epidemiology, leads to a discussion about the different strategies for analysis of data from patients followed over the long-term by healthcare professionals. It also opens up perspectives for interventions to reduce social inequalities in patient lists.

Les jeunes, et en particulier ceux qui sont marginalisés, investissent un temps et une énergie considérable dans la construction de leur statut et de leur estime auprès de leurs pairs, ainsi que dans la société plus large. Cette thèse explore les pratiques sociales par lesquelles des jeunes Français noirs, d’origine africaine et antillaise, construisent leur identité ethnique, raciale et genrée, tout en gagnant et négociant leur pouvoir et leur prestige. Examinant la culture populaire noire dans des contextes publics, privés et « virtuels », cette thèse se concentre sur les sociabilités musicales de la scène afro, telles qu’elles émergent dans des boîtes de nuit, des maisons de jeunes, des centres commerciaux, des sites de réseaux sociaux, des maisons et des rues de la région parisienne. Les pratiques sociales et les formes d’interaction de ces jeunes attestent non seulement de leur adaptabilité et leur ingéniosité, mais de leur capacité à se voir du point de vue d’un autre. Cette compétence interpersonnelle sophistiquée est illustrée dans leur habilité à puiser dans, et à alterner entre, une multiplicité des ressources culturelles et de styles comportementaux. C’est au moyen de pratiques sociales telles que le bluff, la frime et le commérage que les jeunes Noirs, tentant de concilier leurs ambitions individuelles avec les contraintes d’une vie relationnelle particulièrement intense, acquièrent et négocient leur statut social. / This dissertation investigates the social practices whereby French young people of African and Caribbean background, both construct distinctive ethnic, racial and gendered identities, and acquire and negotiate power and prestige, in a context of unacknowledged structural racism. These young people often invest considerable time and energy in building status and esteem for themselves, among their peers and in society at large. Examining contemporary Black popular culture in public, private, and “virtual” settings, this dissertation focuses on the musical sociabilities of the afro scene, as they emerge in nightclubs, youth clubs, shopping malls, social media sites, homes and streets in the Paris region. The social practices and patterns of interaction of these young people attest not only to their versatility and ingenuity, but more importantly, to their ability to see themselves from another’s point of view. This refined interpersonal competence is made manifest through their capacity to draw from, and switch between, a multiplicity of cultural resources and behavioral styles. It is by means of social practices such as bluffing, flaunting or gossiping that young Black people, aiming to reconcile their individual ambitions with the constraints of a particularly intense relational life, acquire and negotiate personal standing.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Este trabalho à resultado de uma pesquisa sobre os percursos de vida e as perspectivas de futuro de estudantes do 3 ano do ensino mÃdio da Escola ParÃquia da Paz, instituiÃÃo pÃblica estadual, localizada no bairro Aldeota, em Fortaleza - CearÃ. Procura-se conhecer as intenÃÃes, anseios, e, por conseguinte, dificuldades e possibilidades que os sujeitos tÃm, considerando suas trajetÃrias pessoais e suas experiÃncias escolares. Procura-se conhecer como sÃo elaboradas as estratÃgias para realizaÃÃo de seus propÃsitos de vida em seus cotidianos, a partir da socializaÃÃo que vivenciaram em suas realidades concretas. Para pensar o campo de possibilidades desses jovens, enquanto cenÃrio possÃvel e moldÃvel em que se està inserido, discutem-se, à luz de diferentes autores, diversas categorias de suporte, tais como desigualdades sociais e escolares, acumulaÃÃo do privilÃgio cultural, marginalizaÃÃo e ocultaÃÃo de saberes e prÃticas sociais, currÃculo, inteligÃncia, dom individual e mÃrito pessoal. As ponderaÃÃes aqui traÃadas sÃo frutos de reflexÃes, estudos teÃricos e empÃricos, que revelam o desafio que à romper com as circunscritas oportunidades reservadas aos jovens e adultos das camadas populares. As chances de consumaÃÃo dos projetos ou propÃsitos de vida, escolares ou profissionais, para os menos abastados, sÃo escassas e contundentes. Considerando que o prÃprio sistema social e escolar filtra e classifica desigualmente, a pesquisa se propÃe a desnaturalizaÃÃo das definiÃÃes de sucesso e fracasso de vida, expressas pelas hierarquias de saberes e prÃticas arregimentadas socialmente, como escolha ou competÃncia individual. / This work is a result of a research about the lifeâs ways and the future perspectives of the students of the third year of high school at the ParÃquia da Paz School, public state institution, located in Aldeota neighborhood, in Fortaleza-CearÃ. I research the studentâs intentions, aspirations, and further, their difficulties and possibilities, considering their personal path and scholar experiences. I try to know how the strategies for achieving their life purposes in their daily lives are elaborated, from the socialization that they experienced in their concrete realities. To think about the field of possibilities of these youths, I discuss from the ideas of different authors, several support categories, such as social and scholar differences, cultural privileges accumulation, marginalization and concealment of knowledge and social practices, curriculum, intelligence, individual gift and personal merit. The considerations outlined here are made thought reflections, theoretical and empirical studies, which show the challenge of breaking with the circumscribe opportunities reserved to the youths and adults of popular classes. The chances of consummation of studentâs project or purposes of life, professional or educational to the poorest people are scarce and pointed. Considering that the own social and educational system filter and classify in a unequal way, the research propound the denaturalization of the definitions of success and failure in life, express by the hierarchies of knowledge and practice that are regimented socially as individual choice or competence.

Ce travail de thèse étudie la façon dont se construisent les pratiques et les représentations des sciences des enfants en milieux populaires. L’enjeu est de renouveler l’approche des inégalités persistantes dans l’accès aux filières et carrières scientifiques, dans lesquelles les femmes, les classes populaires et les minorités sont largement sous-représentées. Pour interroger à nouveaux frais les rapports de pouvoir qui sous-tendent l’accès aux sciences, cette recherche les considère non seulement comme un ensemble de connaissances et comme un champ professionnel, mais aussi en tant que culture. L’analyse repose sur une enquête empirique longitudinale par entretiens avec une cinquantaine d’enfants suivis du CM1 à la 5e ainsi qu’avec des parents, enseignant·es et médiateur·rices scientifiques. Elle s’appuie aussi sur l’étude détaillée d’un projet éducatif visant à favoriser l’égalité en sciences (quatre années d’observation en classe) qui a impliqué une partie de notre échantillon, et interroge les effets de ce type de dispositif. La thèse établit que la construction de rapports différenciés aux sciences selon le sexe et l’origine sociale procède des pratiques culturelles scientifiques enfantines. D’une part, plusieurs instances de socialisation culturelle(famille, germains, pairs, école) se combinent pour favoriser ou entraver le développement des loisirs scientifiques des enfants. D’autre part, la culture scientifique que consomment et pratiquent les enfants des classes populaires les amène à construire des représentations des sciences comme étrangères et dénuées de possibilités identificatoires, ce qui décourage filles comme garçons de formuler des aspirations scientifiques. / This thesis examines the way working class children’s practices and representations of science areconstructed. It aims to renew the approach of persistent inequalities in access to science pathwaysand careers, in which women and people from the working class and/or ethno-racial minoritiesremain largely underrepresented. In order to question power relationships underlying access toscience in a new way, this research considers science not only as a body of knowledge and aprofessional eld, but also as a culture. Evidence for this study comes from longitudinal interviewsconducted with about 50 children (two interviews, in the 4th and 6th grade) and with parents,teachers, and science mediators. The analysis also relies on the detailed ethnographic study (4years of observation in classrooms) of an educational project aimed at promoting equality inscience which involved part of our sample, thus questioning the effects of this type of program.The thesis establishes that the social construct of gendered, classed and racialised patterns ofattitudes to science is the result of science-related cultural practices developed during childhood.On the one hand, several instances of cultural socialization (family, siblings, peers, school)combine to favor or hinder the development of children’s science hobbies. On the other hand, thescientific culture that children from the working class consume and practice leads them to constructrepresentations of science as other, and devoid of identificatory possibilities. This discourages girlsand boys from formulating science aspirations.

A noção de pirataria, pertencente ao vocabulário humano desde a Antiguidade, ganha novos sentidos no atual período histórico. Neste período da globalização, o modo de produção capitalista e o meio técnico-científico-informacional se tornaram planetários. Consolida-se, portanto, uma mesma base técnica do funcionamento das sociedades nos distintos territórios, acompanhada da globalização de normas de controle cada vez mais rígidas, como se procura mostrar, neste trabalho, a partir da expansão do sistema de patentes e de proteção de direitos intelectuais. Entretanto, as novas tecnologias informacionais e comunicacionais são progressivamente mais flexíveis e possibilitam, nos lugares onde se instalam, usos não previstos e, por isso mesmo, classificados como ilegais. Nesta pesquisa, defende-se que a expansão do meio técnico-científico-informacional no Brasil engendra novas formas de piratarias, sejam aquelas praticadas pelos agentes do circuito superior da economia urbana, sejam aquelas características do circuito inferior, de acordo com a proposição de Santos (1971; 2004 [1975]). A pirataria não pode, portanto, ser analisada como uma aberração ao processo de globalização em curso, mas, ao contrário, uma de suas manifestações mais notáveis. Assim, análises econômicas e jurídicas sobre o fenômeno, mesmo predominantes, não permitem a compreensão da totalidade dos agentes e situações envolvidos. O processo de urbanização do território combina a seletividade de objetos e informações, a desigualdade de renda e a manutenção de baixos salários, associados à ampla difusão de novas mercadorias cujo consumo é incentivado pela propaganda. Nesta situação brasileira, a pirataria, contraposta ao elevado preço das mercadorias ditas originais, tem uma função central no processo recente de modernização do território. Finalmente, almejando revelar a pirataria como um uso das técnicas e informações contemporâneas a partir dos lugares, são analisadas situações geográficas reveladoras de formas de vida e de produção baseadas na desapropriação como fonte de criação de novas economias urbanas, especialmente em São Paulo, Belém do Pará e Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este. / The notion of piracy, which has been used by human vocabulary since old times, acquires a new sense during the historic period. At this globalization period, the way of capitalist production and the informational scientific technical environment have become worldwide. It consolidates, therefore, on the same technical basis of the society functioning in distinct territories, followed for the more and more rigid world rules of control, as it is presented, on this essay, on the expansion of legal right system and the protection of the intellectual rights. However, the new informational and communicational technologies are progressively more flexible and they allow, where they are set on, non-predict uses and, for that, classified as illegals. This research takes into consideration the expansion of the informational scientific technical environment in Brazil cause new ways of piracy, those that are practiced by the agent of higher circuit of the urban economy, or those whose features of the lower circuit, according Santos proposition(1971; 2004 [1975]). The piracy cannot, therefore, be analyzed as nonstandard to the globalization process in course, but, on the contrary, one of the most remarkable manifestations. So, economic and juridical analysis on the phenomenon, predominant or not, do not allow the comprehension of the totality of the involving agents and situations. The process of urbanizing of the territory combines the selectivity of objects and information, the social inequalities and the maintenance of low incomes, combined to the enormous diffusion of the new goods whose consumption is stimulated by propaganda. In this Brazilian situation, the piracy, contrasting to the higher price of goods so called originals, has a central function on the recent process of modernization of the territory. Finally, getting into the point to reveal piracy as a use of the up-to-date technics and information from the places, they are analyzed as revealed geographical situations of life style and of the production based on embezzlement as source of creation of an urban economy, especially in São Paulo, Belém do Pará and Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este.

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Introduction. La notion d'" embodiment " propose que chaque humain est à la fois un être social ainsi que biologique, intégrant le monde dans lequel il/elle vit. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que la position socioéconomique pendant l'enfance peut être biologiquement incorporée, conduisant à la production des inégalités sociales de santé entre les sous-groupes de population. La charge allostatique (CA) est un concept qui tente de capturer l'usure physiologique globale du corps liée à l'activation répétée des mécanismes physiologiques compensatoires en cas d'exposition à des stress chroniques. La CA pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des voies biologiques qui jouent un rôle potentiel dans la construction du gradient social de santé des adultes. Objectif. Pour explorer l'hypothèse d'incorporation biologique, nous avons examiné les voies de médiation entre les adversités psychosociales et la position socioéconomique précoces et la CA à 44 ans. Nous avons également confronté l'indice de CA à une mesure multidimensionnelle de santé latente à 50 ans. Méthodes. Les données sont issues de la cohorte Britannique de naissance de 1958 (n=18 000). La CA a été construite avec les données de l'enquête biomédicale conduite à 44 ans, comme une mesure physiologique synthétique, multi-système, à l'aide de 14 biomarqueurs représentant les systèmes neuroendocrinien, métabolique, immunitaire / inflammatoire et cardiorespiratoire. Résultats. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent que la CA pourrait être un indice approprié pour capturer partiellement la dimension biologique des processus d'embodiment. Discussion. Comprendre comment l'environnement affecte notre santé en se " glissant sous la peau " et pénétrant dans les cellules, les organes et les systèmes physiologiques de notre corps est un principe clé dans la recherche en santé publique. Promouvoir le recueil de marqueurs biologiques dans des grandes études prospectives et représentatives est crucial pour continuer la recherche sur ce sujet. Les études de réplication pourraient faire partie des futures perspectives de recherche, pour comparer entre populations avec des contextes culturels différents pour observer si un index de CA peut être considéré comme "universel ". / Introduction. The notion of embodiment proposes that every human being is both a social and a biological organism that incorporates the world in which (s)he lives. It has been hypothesized that early life socioeconomic position (SEP) can be biologically embedded, potentially leading to the production of health inequalities across population groups. Allostatic load (AL) is a concept that intends to capture the overall physiological wear-and-tear of the body triggered by the repeated activation of compensatory physiological mechanisms as a response to chronic stress. AL could allow a better understanding of the potential biological pathways playing a role in the construction of the social gradient in adult health. Objective. To explore the biological embedding hypothesis, we examined the mediating pathways between early SEP and early adverse psychosocial experiences and higher AL at 44 years. We also confronted an AL index with a latent multidimensional and integrative measure of health status at 50y. Methods. Data are from the 1958 British birth cohort (n=18 000) follow-up to age 50. AL was operationalized using data from the biomedical survey collected at age 44 on 14 parameters representing the neuroendocrine, metabolic, immune-inflammatory and cardiovascular systems. Results. Overall, our results suggest that AL could be a suitable index to partially capture the biological dimensions of embodiment processes. Discussion. Understanding how human environments affect our health by 'getting under the skin' and penetrating the cells, organs and physiological systems of our bodies is a key tenet in public health research. Promoting the collection of biological markers in large representative and prospective studies is crucial to continue to investigate on this topic. Replication studies could be part of the future research perspectives, to compare with other cultural context and to observe if an AL index can be 'universal'.

À l’instar de nombreux pays en développement, la prévention et la prise en charge du paludisme présente occupent une place centrale dans les politiques publiques en Côte d’ivoire. En vue de fournir des outils d’aide à la décision aux acteurs politiques, plusieurs études sur l’évaluation de l’efficacité et des coûts des programmes sont régulièrement engagées. Toutefois, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur les dimensions éthiques de ces programmes. En conséquence, nous avons choisi d’explorer dans une perspective éthique les programmes de prévention et de prise en charge du paludisme en Côte d’Ivoire à travers une analyse documentaire descriptive. La méthode qualitative fut retenue à cet effet. Ce mémoire vise à démontrer que la lutte contre le paludisme est une entreprise qui intègre des valeurs éthiques implicites notamment de solidarité et de promotion de la vie en santé. En outre, des mesures particulières notamment de gratuité d’accès aux services de prévention et de prise en charge sont prévues dans le but de prendre en compte les populations vulnérables face au paludisme. Le chapitre d’analyse nous permettra de montrer comment ces dispositions présentent des limites en ce qui concerne l’équité. Enfin, nous allons démontrer que ces dispositions spécifiques sont susceptibles in fine de générer voir d’accentuer les risques d’inégalités sociales. / In the Ivory Coast, like in many developing countries, prevention and management of malaria has occupied a central place in public policy. Many studies evaluating the effectiveness and program costs are regularly conducted to provide tools in order to help improve decision-making for political actors. However, very few studies have examined the ethical dimensions of these programs. I therefore chose to explore the programs of prevention and treatment of malaria in Ivory Coast through an ethical perspective by examining the descriptive literature. The qualitative method was chosen for this purpose. This master’s thesis aims to demonstrate that the fight against malaria implicitly incorporates ethical values such as solidarity and promotion of life through healthcare. In addition, special measures including free access to prevention and care are provided in order to take into account the populations that are particularly vulnerable to malaria. The analysis will show how these measures have limitations in terms of equity. Finally, I demonstrate that these specific measures are generating or even accentuating social inequalities.