<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji proučavano je građenje kompleksa&nbsp;kobalta(II) sa hloridnim i &nbsp;bromidnim jonima u vodenim&nbsp;rastopima tipa&nbsp;xCa(NO3)2&middot;zH₂O&nbsp;&ndash; (1-x)NH₄NO_3&nbsp;pri različitom sastavu soli (x= 0,3 &ndash; 0,9), različitom sadržaju vode (z= 2,67 &ndash; 6,67) i na različitim temperaturama (45, 55 i 65^oC).</p><p>Istraživanja su imala za cilj proučavanje reakcije građenja&nbsp;kompleksa kobalta(II) sa hloridnim i bromidnim jonima u&nbsp;vodenim rastopima xCa(NO₃)₂&middot;zH₂O &ndash; (1&ndash;x)NH₄NO₃, &nbsp;uticaja&nbsp;temperature, sastava elektrolita i sadržaja vode na proces&nbsp;kompleksiranja, kao i određivanje termodinamičkih parametara&nbsp;koji karakteri&scaron;u reakcije asocijacije u ovim sistemima. Ovakvi&nbsp;rastopi soli su posebno interesantni zbog svoje niske tačke&nbsp;topljenja i visoke latentne toplote topljenja pa se mogu koristiti&nbsp;kao fazno-promenljivi materijali za skladi&scaron;tenje toplotne&nbsp;energije.</p> / <p>In this thesis absorption spectra of cobalt(II) chloride and&nbsp;bromide in calcium nitrate &ndash; ammonium nitrate &ndash; water&nbsp;system of the composition&nbsp; xCa(NO₃)₂&middot;zH₂O &ndash; (1&ndash;x)NH₄NO_3&nbsp;(x= 0.30 - 0.90 and z= 2.67 &ndash; 6.67) have been&nbsp;investigated in the wavelength range 400-800 nm at three&nbsp;different temperatures: 45, 55 and 65^oC.</p><p>Temparature, composition of the melt and water&nbsp;content influence on complex formation reactions between&nbsp;cobalt(II) and halide ions in aqueous xCa(NO₃)₂&middot;zH₂O &ndash;<br />(1&ndash;x)NH₄NO₃ melts have been studied. Thermodynamic&nbsp;parameters for cobalt(II) &ndash; halide association process in&nbsp;different solvents also were determined.</p><p>Investigated systems are interesting because of&nbsp;their high values of latent heat of fusion and low melting&nbsp;points. Due to these reasons, some melts are proposed for&nbsp;<br />heat energy storage materials, usually known as phase&nbsp;change materials (PCM).</p>

The coastal, indigenous communities around Alaska have subsisted on marine animals for generations, often focusing on large apex predators such as seals, sea lions, and whales. Three species of pinnipeds (harbor seal, Steller sea lion, northern fur seal) and the northern sea otter have all undergone significant population declines since the 1970s, some regions more than others. Archived vibrissae (whiskers) and body tissues from these four species were available from the Bering Sea and throughout the Gulf of Alaska from the 1990s and early 2000s. Tissues from these species are exceedingly difficult to obtain; thus, the archived tissues provided a finite and irreplaceable resource of data. Analysis of these archived tissues indicates which species, tissues, and gender bioaccumulate metals more readily. In this study twelve heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc) were analyzed in vibrissae from the four select species, and in body tissues from harbor seals and Steller sea lions. The samples were collected from three regions (southeastern, southcentral, and southwestern Alaska) during the 1990s through early 2000s. Significant differences of heavy metal concentrations in vibrissae were detected among elements (p2(110) = 454.81, p2(66) = 310.88, p

Quinoa is coated with a thin layer of saponins, glycosylated triterpenoids, that produce a bitter flavor when consumed. The average saponin content in commercial varietals from Bolivia average around 2.7% saponins and organoleptic testing shows the threshold for noticing a bitter flavor is below 0.12% (Medina-Meza et al., 2016). Current industrial processing methods use a combination of abrasion and turbulent water flow to remove saponin. This study will address the following research question: How will grain-to-grain and grain-to-surface abrasion affect the processing time to remove saponin from quinoa? In particular, can effective saponin removal be achieved in less than 10 minutes without washing with water? Three different laboratory scale systems for generating grain-to-grain abrasion alone and in combination with grain-to-surface abrasion were constructed. Preliminary studies using mass balance and visual observation found the tubular system removed 4.45% of the quinoa mass in saponin containing fractions compared to the conical system (1.33%) and fluidized bed (0.62%). After preliminary studies, a saponin estimation method was adapted and the conditions of the tubular system were determined. A randomized experiment was carried out in triplicate at three levels of time (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and mass (200, 300, and 400 grams). The effect of surface roughness in the tubular system was also evaluated. The samples were collected and saponin content in each sample was quantified using the adapted method. The saponin levels were compared to commercially processed quinoa in the market. The processing conditions of 15 minutes at an input mass of 300 grams yielded the lowest saponin level of 0.19%. The four processing conditions of (10 minutes/200 grams, 10 minutes/400 grams, 15 minutes/200 grams and 15 minutes/300 grams) were statistically different (p The tubular system showed promise for reducing process time and saponin content in commercially processed quinoa without washing. However, further experimentation is needed for industrial implementation. The system would provide the industry with a sustainable process with better saponin removal capacity.

Det finns många biotekniska analys- och detekteringsmetoder. Metoderna används för identifiering och kvantifiering av biomarkörer. Denna studie har analyserat detekteringsmetoder i de fall där två hjärtspecifika biomarkörer används, troponin och kreatinkinas. Studien avsåg att först identifiera tillämpningsfrekvensen av detekteringsmetoder i Sverige samt internationellt. Vidare identifieras sambandet mellan avgörande parametrar i val av detekteringsmetod. Metoden gick ut på att först bestämma den mest frekventa detekteringsmetoden i Sverige med hjälp av en enkät som skickades till olika laboratorier, sedan studerades tidigare studier publicerade på olika internationella databaser. Studierna som tillämpades var på hjärtspecifika troponin och kreatinkinas för att identifiera val av detekteringsmetod, detekteringskaraktäristika och användarvänlighetsparametrar. Studiens resultat visade att nationellt finns det tre detekteringsmetoder som är de mest använda för identifiering av kreatinkinas: masspektrometri, elektrokemisk luminescence och spektrometri. Internationellt är den dominerande metoden däremot elektrokemisk luminescence. För troponin är den dominerande metoden nationellt: elektrokemisk luminescence och flödescytometri, medan internationellt: elektrokemisk luminescence. Elektrokemisk luminescence är i många fall en stark vinnare i tillämpningen. Ytterligare iakttogs korrelationskoefficienter mellan parametern för att identifiera det starkaste respektive svagaste sambandet. Avgörande parametrar i val av elektrokemisk luminescence, visar på flera samband. Elektrokemisk luminescence och kreatinkinas tilldelas en korrelationskoefficient nära ett för parametrar som volym och känslighet och en korrelationskoefficient nära minus ett för linjärt mätområde och volym, samt kostnad och minimummängd. Medan för troponin och elektrokemisk luminescence erhålls en korrelationskoefficient nära ett för parametrar som känslighet och kostnad och en koefficient nära minus ett för kostnad och tid. / There are many biotechnological analysis- and detection methods. The methods are used for identification and quantification of biomarkers. This study has analyzed detection methods incases where two heart-specific biomarkers are used, troponin and creatine kinase. The study was intended to first identify the application frequency of detection methods in Sweden and internationally. Then identify the relationship between crucial parameters in the choice of detection method. The method consisted of first determining the most frequent detection method in Sweden with the help of a questionnaire that was sent to different laboratories, then previous studies published on various international databases were observed. The studies applied were on topics regarding cardiac-specific troponin and creatine kinase to identify choice of detection method, detection characteristics, and ease of use parameters. The results of the study showed that nationally, the detection methods most used for creatine kinase are mass spectrometry, electrochemical luminescence, and spectrometry. Internationally, however, the dominant method is electrochemical luminescence. For troponin, on a national level the dominant methods are electrochemical luminescence and flow cytometry, while internationally: electrochemical luminescence. Electrochemical luminescence is in many cases a strong winner in application. In addition, correlation coefficients are observed between the decisive parameters for a detection method, to identify the strongest and weakest relationships. Electrochemical luminescence and creatine kinase are assigned a correlation coefficient close to one for parameters such as volume and sensitivity and a correlation coefficient when minus one for measurement range and volume, as well as cost and minimum amount. While for troponin and electrochemical luminescence, a correlation coefficient close to one is obtained for parameters such as sensitivity and cost and a coefficient close to minus one for cost and time.

Объектами исследования являются модельные растворы антиоксидантов и многокомпонентные объекты, содержащие антиоксиданты: этанольные экстракты лекарственных растений, промышленные напитки, витаминные препараты. Цель работы: разработка тест-систем для экспрессной оценки содержания антиоксидантов в продуктах питания и объектах фармации. Разработаны прототип калориметрической тест-системы, а также электрохимическая тест-система, представляющая микрофлюидную ячейку, для экспресс-оценки содержания антиоксидантов. С использованием разработанных тест-систем оценена антиоксидантная емкость модельных растворов антиоксидантов и их смесей; оценена антиоксидантная емкость пищевых объектов на примерах промышленных напитков и фармацевтических препаратов – этанольных экстрактов лекарственного растительного сырья и витаминных препаратов, содержащих аскорбиновую кислоту и α-токоферол; правильность результатов анализа оценена методом «введено-найдено» и сравнением с результатами известных оптических и электрохимических методов анализа. / The objects of study are model solutions of antioxidants and multicomponent objects containing antioxidants: ethanol extracts of medicinal plants, industrial drinks, vitamins. Purpose of the work: development of test systems for rapid assessment of the antioxidants content in food and pharmaceuticals. The prototype of a calorimetric test system, as well as an electrochemical test system, representing a microfluidic cell, for rapid assessment of the antioxidants content have been developed. Using the developed test systems, the antioxidant capacity of model solutions of antioxidants and their mixtures was evaluated. On the examples of industrial drinks and pharmaceuticals - ethanol extracts of medicinal plant materials and vitamins, containing ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, the antioxidant capacity of food objects was estimated. The correctness of the analysis results was assessed by the "introduced-found" method and by comparison with the results of known optical and electrochemical methods of analysis.

Pyrolytic oils produced from poultry litter differ in physico-chemical properties and the chemical composition. The litter is composed of manure and bedding material with traces of spilled feed and feathers. The type and amount of bedding material was varied to investigate its influence on the pyrolysis of layer manure. 400g of each feedstock: manure, wood (pine and oak), and mixtures of manure and wood in proportions (75:25 50:50, and 25:75 w/w %) respectively were subjected to fast pyrolysis at 450oC in a fluidized bed reactor. The total pyrolytic oil yield ranged from 43.3% to 64.5 wt%. The highest bio oil yield and the lowest char yield were obtained from oak wood. The manure oil had the highest HHV of 29.7 MJ/kg, the highest pH (5.89), the lowest density (1.14 g/cm3) and a relatively low viscosity of 130cSt. The oils had relatively high nitrogen content ranging from 5.88wt% to 1.36 wt%; low ash content (approximately <0.07wt %) and low sulfur content (<0.28wt %). FT-IR, 13CNMR, and 1HNMR analysis showed that manure oil was rich in aliphatic hydrocarbon and primary and secondary amides and the addition of wood introduced oxygenated compounds like aliphatic alcohols, phenols, aromatic ethers, and carbonyl/carboxylic groups into the oil. TG/DTG analysis also showed that the thermal decomposition of the oils were different depending on the amount and the type of wood in the manure/wood mixture. The parametric variables used for the mixture of 50% manure and 50% pine wood shavings study were; temperature (400-550°C), nitrogen gas flow rate (12-24 L/min), and feed rate (160-480 g/h). The results showed that the pyrolysis product yields, physical properties and the chemical composition of the oil were influenced by all parameters. Temperature was the most influential factor and its effect on the liquid, char and gas yields were significant. It was evident that depending on the gas flow rate and the feed rate, a maximum oil yield (51.1wt.%) can be achieved between 400-500 oC. Also an increase in temperature significantly increased the oil viscosity and decreased the carbonyl/carboxylic and the primary aliphatic alcohol functional groups in the oil. The study on the influence of wood on the stability of the oils when stored at ambient conditions for 8 months in a 30ml glass bottle showed that the viscosity of the oils increases when stored, however the manure oil was relatively more stable and the oil from the 50/50 mixture for both pine and oak was the least stable. It was found that the stability of the oils from the manure and wood mixtures were dependent on the amount and the type of wood (pine or oak) added to the manure. Also the addition of 10% solvent (methanol/ethanol) to the oil from 50% manure and 50% pine reduced the initial viscosity of the oil and was also beneficial in slowing down the increase in viscosity during storage. / Master of Science

Hematology analyzers can be used for screening patients for blood abnor-malities. The techniques used in a hematology analyzer include impedanceanalysis, flow cytometry and spectroscopy, which allow for measuring of forexample absolute count, sizes and concentration of different cells in a patient’sblood sample. Hyperlipidemia, which refers to elevated blood lipid levels, isthe primary cause of heart-related illness and fatalities in today’s developedor developing countries. Currently, blood lipid levels are not measured as aparameter with hematology analyzers. Since hematology analyzers allow for arapid general screening of blood parameters, an area of interest is therefore tobe able to measure blood lipids with a hematology analyzer. Thus, this studyaims to investigate the possibility of detecting and measuring blood lipids witha hematology analyzer, using flow cytometry and/or spectrophotometry. In order to investigate this possibility, two simulating methods were conductedwhere in the first method Intralipid 20% was mixed with saline into sampleswith different lipid concentrations. In the second method, diluent wasused instead of saline. Lastly a Correlation study was performed whereIntralipid 20% was mixed with donor blood to prepare samples with differentlipid concentrations. All samples were then analyzed in a hematologyanalyser and scatter plots from flow cytometry and light absorption datafrom spectrophotometry measurements were obtained. The methods showedthat there is a strong correlation between number of detected pulse countsfrom the scatter plots and lipid concentration. Same applies to lightabsorption compared to the lipid concentration of the samples, measured withspectrophotometry. The results from this study show that it is in fact possible to detect andmeasure blood lipid levels with a hematology analyser using flow cytometryand spectrophotometry. Further development within this area could thereforeenable simple screening of this additional parameter and early detection ofindications of hyperlipidemia. / Hematologianalysatorer möjliggör screening av eventuella avvikelser ipatienters blood. De tekniker som används i en hematologianalysatorinkluderar impedansanalys, flödescytometri och spektroskopi, vilka möj-liggör mätning av till exempel absolutantal, storlekar och koncentrationav olika celler i ett patientblodprov. Hyperlipidemi, vilket hänvisar tillförhöjda blodlipidnivåer, är den främsta orsaken till hjärtrelaterade sjukdomaroch dödsfall i dagens utvecklade eller utvecklingsländer. För närvarandemäts inte blodlipidnivåer som en parameter med hematologianalysatorer.Eftersom hematologianalysatorer möjliggör en snabb allmän screening avblodparametrar, är ett intresseområde därför att kunna mäta blodlipider meden hematologianalysator. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersökamöjligheten att detektera och mäta blodlipider med en hematologianalysator,med hjälp av flödescytometri och/eller spektrofotometri. Två simuleringsmetoder genomfördes, där den första metoden innefattadeblandning av Intralipid 20% med saltlösning till prover med varierandelipidkoncentration. I den andra metoden användes spädningsvätska iställetför saltlösning. Slutligen genomfördes en korrelationsstudie där Intralipid20% blandades med donatorblod och prover med olika lipidkoncentrationerförbereddes. Alla prover analyserades sedan i en hematologianalysator ochspridningsdiagram och ljusabsorptionsdata från spektrofotometrimätningarerhölls. Resultaten visade att det finns en stark korrelation mellan antalet de-tekterade pulsräkningar från spridningsdiagrammen och lipidkoncentrationen.Samma gäller för ljusabsorption jämfört med lipidkoncentrationen i proverna,mätt med spektrofotometri. Resultaten från denna studie visar att det faktiskt är möjligt att detektera ochmäta blodlipidnivåer med en hematologianalysator med hjälp av flödescyto-metri och spektrofotometri. Vidare utveckling inom detta område skulle därförkunna möjliggöra enkel screening av patienters blod lipidkoncentration samtunderlätta en tidig upptäckt av indikationer på hyperlipidemi.

This diploma thesis is focused to the determination of procaine using flow injection and sequential injection analysis coupled with spectrophotometric detection. This determination is based on the reaction of procaine with a colouring agent, 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid. An orange coloured product is formed, which is determined spectrophotometrically at the wavelength 484 nm. The high of the absorption signal of the product is directly proportional to the concentration of procaine. The aim of this work was to optimize the parameters of both methods of flow analysis so that the limit concentration of procaine can be as low as possible and at the same time, high sensibility is achieved. The next step was to apply these methods on the determination of procaine in real samples. It was found that in flow injection analysis, the absorbance of procaine hydrochloride obeys Beer's law for concentrations from 2.5 to 120 µg/ml. The linear regression equation of calibration graph was y = 0.0059x - 0.0051, with a linear regression correlation coefficient 0.9993. Limit of detection was 0.72 µg/ml. Effects of standing time (stopped-flow), flow rate, concentration of colouring agent, pH and the volume of the sample loop have been examined and optimized. It was also found that in sequential injection...

Parmi les nitrures III-V, le matériau InGaN a été intensément étudié depuis les années 2000 pour des applications photovoltaïques, en particulier pour des cellules multi-jonctions, grâce à son large gap modulable pouvant couvrir quasiment tout le spectre solaire. On pourrait alors atteindre de hauts rendements tout en assurant de bas coûts. Cependant, l’un des problèmes de l’InGaN est l’absence de substrat accordé en maille provoquant une grande densité de défauts et limitant ainsi les performances des composants. Nous avons donc étudié la faisabilité de cellules solaires simples jonctions à base d’InGaN sur des substrats alternatifs comme le silicium et le verre afin de baisser les coûts et d’avoir de larges applications. Afin d’adapter l’InGaN sur ces substrats alternatifs, nous avons utilisé une couche tampon en ZnO. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR NewPVonGlass. Plus particulièrement, dans ce projet, mon travail avait pour objectifs de réaliser des caractérisations électriques et optiques des matériaux et des composants. Les deux premières parties de cette thèse introduisent le matériau InGaN et l’effet photovoltaïque. Les techniques de caractérisation utilisées sont expliquées dans le troisième chapitre. Ensuite, les résultats obtenus lors de la caractérisation cristalline du matériau InGaN sont présentés en fonction du substrat, de la concentration d’indium et de l’épaisseur de la couche. Puis, la cinquième partie développe les caractérisations des premières cellules à base d’InGaN sur saphir. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, des simulations de cellules solaires à base d’InGaN ont été réalisées. Le modèle développé nous a permis d’optimiser la structure et le dopage du composant et de déterminer les paramètres critiques. Nous montrons donc, dans ce travail, le développement d’une cellule solaire à base d’InGaN : des caractérisations des matériaux de base à celles des cellules solaires, en passant par la modélisation. / Among III-V nitrides, the InGaN material has intensively been studied since the year 2000 for photovoltaic applications, in particular for multi-junction solar cells, thanks to its large tunable band gap covering almost the entire solar spectrum. Then, it will be possible to reach high efficiency and low cost. However, one of the problems of InGaN material is the absence of lattice-matched substrate leading to high defect density which limits device performances. We have thus studied the feasibility of single junction InGaN based solar cells on alternative substrate such as silicon and glass in order to lower the price and to benefit from their wide application fields. To adapt InGaN material on these new substrates, we have utilized ZnO buffer layer. This work has been carried out within the framework of the ANR project NewPVonGlass. More particularly, in this project, I was in charge of the electrical and optical characterizations of the materials and devices. In the two first parts of this manuscript, the InGaN material and the photovoltaic effect are introduced. Then, the characterization techniques are explained in the third chapter. In the fourth part, the results obtained during crystalline characterization of the InGaN materials are presented depending on the substrate, the indium percentage and the InGaN layer thickness. Then, the fifth chapter presents the first InGaN-based solar cell characteristics on sapphire substrate. Finally, in the last part, simulations of InGaN-based solar cell have been performed. The developed model was able to optimize the structure and to determine the critical parameters. Thus, we have shown in this work the development of an InGaN-based solar cell from the base material characterizations to the device tests, through modeling.

Processos de fotodegradação de compostos orgânicos tóxicos têm sido bastante estudados. Este trabalho trata da aplicação do processo foto-Fenton para a degradação de atrazina em água (composto modelo). O efeito das concentrações dos seguintes compostos foi avaliado: peróxido de hidrogênio (2 a 6 mmol L-1) e ferrioxalato de potássio (0,2 a 1 mmol L-1). Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator com lâmpada UV - 8W (254nm). O processo de fotodegradação foi monitorado por medidas de espectrofotometria de absorção molecular automatizada por injeção seqüencial (SIA) para determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio e por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) para determinação de atrazina e metabólitos. Os experimentos demonstram que o processo de foto-Fenton é viável para o tratamento de atrazina em água. / Photo-degradation processes of toxic organic compounds have been widely studied. This work describes the application of the photo-Fenton process for degradation of atrazine in water. Atrazine was used as a model compound. The effects of the concentration of the following substances were evaluated: hydrogen peroxide (1 to 6 mmol L-1) and potassium ferrioxalate (0.2 to 1 mmol L-1). The experiments were accomplished in a reactor with an 8W UV lamp at 254 nm. The photo-degradation was monitored by molecular absorption spectrophotometry automated by sequential injection analysis (SIA) for determination of hydrogen peroxide and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determínation of atrazine and its metabolites. Experimental results demonstrated that the photo-Fenton process is feasíble for the treatment of atrazine.