Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om RTK – tekniken (Real Time Kinematik) i framtiden kan komma att användas vid lotsning i Sverige, ombord på fartyg med begränsat vattendjup under kölen.  Squateffekten påverkar fartyg vid passage över grunda partier i farleder och i kanaler. För att minska ner på squateffekten så kan man minska ned på farten eller ändra fartygets trim. Studien har utformats utefter en kvalitativ metod, som handlar om att man väljer att bearbeta och analysera sin information genom att verbala analysmetoder används. Detta har genomförts genom att intervjua ett antal utvalda lotsar som både är insatta samt mindre insatta i tekniken. På så sätt belystes olika aspekter på tekniken och ifall det finns andra områden som lotsarna kan ha nytta utav denna utrustning i sitt dagliga arbete. Vid genomförandet av uppsatsen valdes en systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningar genomfördes globalt för att få fram information om var det skett olyckor pga. squateffektens inverkan samt vilka länder som genomfört tester ombord med RTK-tekniken. Resultatet av ett användande av RTK-tekniken är att lotsar och sjöbefäl har möjlighet att få reda på hur fartyget rör sig och när det då utsätts för squateffekten. Detta för RTK-tekniken har möjlighet att ge information om hur fartyget rör sig med en noggrannhet på 3-4 centimeter i alla led samt få en exaktare hastighet även i sidled. Det finns även möjlighet att få fram en tredimensionell bild över fartyget. Resultat visar också att det finns ett behov och intresse för fler tester med RTK-tekniken. Med stöd av RTK-tekniken finns det möjlighet att få fram en bättre positionering och att ha en bättre översikt på hur fartyget rör sig samt i vilken hastighet. Resultatet visade också att tekniken är användbar för lotsarna och på vilket sätt den kan underlätta i deras dagliga arbete. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether RTK - technology (Real Time Kinematic) in the future may be used for piloting in Sweden, on board vessels with limited depth of water under the keel. The squat effect cured vessels when they passing over an area of shallow waters in a fairway or a channel. To reduce the squat effect it can be done to increase the speed or change the trim of the vessel. The study has been designed along a qualitative method, which is about one chooses to process and analyze their information by verbal analysis methods. This has been carried out by interviewing a number of selected pilots that are both familiar and less familiar with the technology. In this way, highlighted various aspects of the technology and whether there are other areas that pilots can use this equipment in their daily work. In the implementation of the essay was elected a systematic literature. It was conducted a global search to obtain information about where the accident occurred of the squat effect and which countries that have been tested this technology onboard. The result of the RTK-technology is that pilots and ship's officers have the opportunity to find out how the vessel is moving and when it is exposed of the squat effect. The RTK-technology are able to provide information how the vessel move with an accuracy of 3-4 centimeters at every stage and get a more exact speed even in sideways. It is also possible to obtain a three-dimensional image of the vessel. The results confirm that there is a need and an interest for further testing with the RTK-technology. The results also showed that the technology is useful for the pilots and how it can useful for them in their daily work.

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Klättring som utförs på överhängande ytor blir allt vanligare och kräver mer avancerad användning av underkroppen. Då tidigare forskning i synnerhet undersökt överkroppsstyrka saknas en muskulär profilering av underkroppen hos klättrare vilket således var syftet med denna studie. Frågeställningarna eftersträvade att undersöka om skillnader i styrka och power i nedre extremiteter kan relateras till prestation hos manliga klättrare. Deltagarna var 10 manliga amatörklättrare som delades in i 2 grupper baserat på idrottsspecifik prestationsnivå. Grupp 1 (n=6) kategoriserades som avancerade klättrare och grupp 2 (n=4) som moderata. Ett isokinetiskt styrketest och två olika hopptester genomfördes av samtliga studiedeltagare. Efter statistisk analys framgick det att det inte fanns några signifikanta skillnader (p= 0,05) mellan grupperna gällande relativ styrka i quadriceps, relativ styrka i hamstrings, H/Q-kvot, hopphöjd vid SJ eller hopphöjd vid CMJ. Gruppen med mer avancerade klättrare presterade signifikant högre vid CMJ kontra SJ (p=0,013). Slutsatserna av denna studie är att klättrare har förhållandevis låga resultat både vid mätning av H/Q-kvot vid 90°/s (grupp 1: 51% vs. grupp 2: 53,9%), 210°/s (59,4% vs. 57,9%) och vid vertikala hopptester (SJ: 32,1cm vs. 31,7cm; CMJ: 35,8 cm vs. 33,9 cm) samt att hoppteknik verkar kunna vara en bidragande faktor för prestation inom klättring. / Rock climbing performed on overhanging surfaces is becoming more common and requires more advanced use of the lower body. Since previous research has mostly examined upper body strength there is a need for a muscular profiling of the lower body of climbers, which was the purpose of this study. The study sought to investigate whether differences in strength and power in the lower extremities can be related to climbing performance in male climbers. The participants were 10 male amateur climbers divided into two groups based on athletes-specific performance level. Group 1 (n=6) where categorized as advanced climbers and group 2 (n=4) as moderate. An isokinetic strength test and two different jump tests were performed by all study participants. After statistical analysis, there were no significant differences (p= 0,05) between the groups in relative strength in the quadriceps, relative strength in hamstrings, H/Q-ratio, jump height at SJ or jump height at CMJ. The group with more advanced climbers performed significantly higher at CMJ versus SJ (p = 0.013). The conclusions of this study are that climbers have relatively low results when measuring H/Q-ratio at 90°/s (group 1: 51% vs. group 2: 53,9%), 210°/s (59,4% vs. 57,9%) and height at vertical jump tests (SJ: 32,1cm vs. 31,7cm; CMJ: 35,8 cm vs. 33,9 cm) and that jump technique seems to be a contributing factor in climbing performance.

Loin d’être homogène, l’habitat est à la fois le reflet de l’assignation des femmes à un rôle de sexe et, dans le même temps, un instrument politique du changement social, de la transgression des normes sociales fixées sur le genre. De quelles manières des actions collectives féministes qui se réclament de l’émancipation peuvent-elles, par le biais de pratiques habitantes, affirmer un autre possible, construire d’autres modes d’être et d’agir en vue d’une vie plus libre ? La mise en œuvre de notre questionnement a conduit à choisir comme objet d’étude le « squat » associé à une critique féministe de l’ordre social. Du squat féministe, un regard se pose sur l’ordre social, un discours est porté sur les raisons de cet engagement dans les marges de la société. Des attitudes, des manières de faire et d’agir s’y construisent afin d’élaborer des réponses à la question des rapports sociaux, des rapports de genre. Nous avons comparé deux modèles de squat féministe : les squats politiques français soumis à une grande instabilité du fait de leur statut « sans droit ni titre » et les squats « légalisés » allemands qui, au regard du contexte historique et politique, s’inscrivent dans un temps plus long. La thèse permet d’élaborer une sociologie du genre renouvelée à partir d’une remise en question de l’ordre social par un engagement féministe autour de pratiques habitantes et de rendre compte de la façon dont des actrices sociales répondent aux problèmes féministes en fabriquant un « autre » modèle. / Far from being homogeneous, the habitat is both a reflection of the relegation of women to the role of sex and, at the same time, a political instrument of social change, of the transgression of social norms of gender. In what ways can feminist collective actions, which claim to be representative of emancipation, affirm another possible, develop other modes of being and acting for a freer life, through inhabitants’ practices? The implementation of our questioning has led us to choose as the object of study the "squat" associated with a feminist critique of the social order.. From the feminist squat, one’s gaze rests on the social order, a speech is focused on the reasons for this engagement in the margins of society. Attitudes, ways of doing and acting, develop to answer the question of social relationships, of gender relationships. We compared two models of feminist squat: in France, political squats which are instable because of their status "without right or title" and in Germany, "legalized" squats which, in terms of historical and political context, are in a longer timeframe.The thesis allows the development of a sociology of gender, from a feminist questioning of the social order around inhabitants’ practices. It also helps to account for how the social actors respond to feminist problems by making an "other" model.

Arbetet med att minska sjöfartens miljöpåverkan är något som är högaktuellt och under ständig utveckling. Vid en omdirigering där delar av sjötrafiken från Stora Bält förflyttas till Flintrännan, skulle miljöbelastningen minska regionalt och öka lokalt. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur bränsleförbrukningen förändrades för den del av sjötrafiken som förflyttades till Flintrännan. Genom detta kunde man också se en tendens till hur sjöfartens bidrag till luftföroreningar i Malmö stad kan förväntas förändras. Slutsatserna var att referensfartygen nästan halverade bränsleförbrukningen när dom valde den kortare rutten via Flintrännan framför Stora Bält. Det framkom att sjöfartens totala bidrag till CO2 utsläppen förväntas minska med 60-190 000 ton. Resultatet uppnåddes genom en insamling av trafikflödesdata samt bränsleberäkningar på tre referensfartyg. / Efforts to reduce shipping's environmental impact are something that is highly topical and constantly evolving. At a redirection where parts of the sea traffic from Stora Bält moved to Flintrännan, environmental impact would decrease regionally and increase locally. The purpose of this paper was to find out how the bunker consumption changed for the part of the sea traffic that were moved to Flintrännan. This could also indicate a tendency to change the contribution of shipping to air pollution in Malmö city. The conclusions were that the reference vessels almost halved the bunker consumption when they chose the shorter route via Flintrännan. It was found that shipping's total net contribution to CO2 emissions is expected to decrease by 60-190 000 tons. The result was achieved through a collection of traffic flow data and fuel calculations on three reference vessels.

Le squat est un défaut de fatigue de contact apparaissant à la surface du rail et dont le mécanisme d’amorçage est mal compris. Afin de pallier ce manque, une analyse tribologique locale de la bande de roulement du rail est mise en oeuvre à proximité d’un squat naissant. Cette caractérisation révèle une anisotropie importante des couches superficielles du rail associée aux développements de Transformations Tribologiques Superficielles. Ces résultats témoignent de conditions de contact roue/rail particulières dans la zone d’étude, notamment d’un niveau d’efforts de cisaillement inhabituel pour une voie en alignement. Dans le but de valider ces observations, plusieurs essais sont effectués. D’une part les conditions de contact roue/rail dans une zone de squats sont mesurées à partir d’un train instrumenté. D’autre part, la réponse tribologique de l’acier à rail à ces conditions de contact est étudiée à travers le suivi régulier d’une zone d’essais soumise à la circulation ferroviaire. Ces essais permettent d’identifier un déséquilibre important des efforts de traction sur les bogies moteurs et des glissements locaux élevés de la roue sur le rail. Différents mécanismes d’amorçage thermo-mécaniques sont alors proposés au sein d’un schéma global de la réponse tribologique de l’acier à rail. / Squats have recently become recognised as one of the major rolling contact fatigue defects in modern railway networks for which there is currently no solution other than preventive grinding operations or costly rail renewal. To better understand the entire damage mechanism of squat, A tribological and metallurgical analysis of the rolling band and the near surface layer was performed close to an incipient squat. This characterization show a significant anisotropy of the rail surface layer associated with developments of Tribological Transformation of Surface. These results reflect some specific wheel/rail contact conditions in this squat area, including an unusual level of shear forces in a straight track. In order to validate this observations, two tests were performed. On the one hand, the contact conditions in a squat area were measured from an instrumented train. On the other hand, the tribological response of the rail steel was studied through regular monitoring of a test site subjected to railway traffic. These tests allow to identify a high imbalance of the traction forces and the presence of local slips at the wheel/rail interface. Several thermomechanical initiation mechanism of squats are then given in a overall diagram of the tribological response of rail steels.

La reconstruction chirurgicale est le traitement préconisé après rupture du Ligament Croisé Antérieur (LCA) chez les patients sportifs. Cette opération est suivie d'une longue période de rééducation et les résultats en termes de reprise du sport et de récidive ne sont pas totalement satisfaisants. Ainsi ce travail s'articule autour de deux objectifs : l'amélioration de la récupération après lésion du LCA et la prévention des primo-ruptures. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué les altérations cinématiques et dynamiques présentes chez les patients, lors d'un mouvement de saut, 7 mois après reconstruction du LCA. Les études conduites mettent en évidence des performances plus faibles et des asymétries plus importantes chez les patients, notamment pour le travail mécanique articulaire total. La jambe opérée présente des déficits au niveau du genou, de la hanche et de la cheville sur des paramètres tels que les amplitudes articulaires, les moments et puissances articulaires. Des altérations ont également été retrouvées sur la jambe non-opérée. Elles se traduisent par une modification des angles de la cheville, du genou, et un plus faible moment articulaire total. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux possibilités de prévention des ruptures du LCA chez les athlètes féminines. Nos résultats démontrent qu'il est possible de détecter et de diminuer les facteurs de risque neuromusculaires, dont le « valgus dynamique », tout en augmentant la performance de saut chez de jeunes basketteuses. En conclusion, l'amélioration des résultats après lésion du LCA requiert, dans le protocole de rééducation et le suivi des patients, une attention particulière à la qualité d'exécution des mouvements pluriarticulaires, sur chacun des deux membres inférieurs. En parallèle, la détection et la prise en charge des facteurs de risque neuromusculaires devraient être systématisées dans les pratiques ou les publics à risque afin de prévenir les ruptures du LCA / Surgical reconstruction is the common treatment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in athletes. It usually requires a long period of rehabilitation and the results in terms of return to sport and re-injury rates are not fully satisfactory. The present work has two aims: the enhancement of recovery after ACL tear and the prevention of initial injury. Firstly, we assessed the kinematic and kinetic alterations during a jump task in patients 7 months after ACL reconstruction. Our findings highlight both a lower jumping performance, and greater asymmetries in patients, particularly considering the total joint mechanical work. The operated leg presents deficits at the knee, hip and ankle joints on parameters such as joint range of motion, joint moments and powers. In addition, changes are also found on the non-operated leg, characterized by a modification of the knee and ankle joint angles, and by a lower total joint moment. Secondly, we focused on ACL injury prevention in female athletes. We determinate a way to detect and reduce the neuromuscular risk factors, including “dynamic valgus”, while increasing jumping performance in young basketball female players. In conclusion, maximizing the recovery after ACL tear requires, in the rehabilitation protocol and the patients follow-up, a particular emphasis on the quality of execution of multi-joint task, on each of both lower limbs. Moreover, the detection and management of the neuromuscular risk factors should be systematized in sports or public at risk in order to prevent ACL injury

El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar la correlación entre el torque isocinético máximo de cuadriceps y la potencia de la cadena muscular involucrada en el squat jump. Treinta y un hombres sanos y no entrenados con una edad promedio de 21.8 +1.03 años fueron sometidos a una medición antropométrica, una prueba de squat jump sobre una plataforma de contacto y una evaluación isocinética de cuadriceps. La potencia se calculó en base a la altura máxima de salto y el peso corporal de cada sujeto. El torque isocinético máximo de cuadriceps se calculó a velocidad angular baja de 60º/s (T60), intermedia de 180º/s (T180) y alta de 2400/s (T240) en una máquina isocinética. Potencia (P) y torque (T60, T180, T240) se expresaron en valores absolutos, en función del peso corporal (Pp, T60p, T180p, T240p) del sujeto y en función de la masa magra del mismo (Pm, T60m, T180m, T240m). El test de Pearson indicó la existencia de una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) entre P y el torque isocinético máximo, en donde la mayor correlación se encontró entre P y T180 (r = 0.65). En función del peso corporal, las correlaciones fueron menores y la más alta coincidió con T180p (r=0.57). En relación a la masa magra, se encontraron los menores coeficientes de correlación, con una significancia baja para T180m y T240m (r = 0.35 y r = 0.37 respectivamente) o ausente para T60m(r = 0.19). El presente estudio demuestra la existencia de una correlación significativa entre el torque isocinético máximo de cuadriceps y la potencia de la cadena muscular involucrada en el squat jump, en la muestra utilizada en la investigación.

Titel: The comparative study of predication equations for value calculation 1-RM at the squat and the dead lift. Aim: To evaluate the most exact equation for the calculation 1-RM on the basis of comparation of extracted data with predication equations at the squat and the dead lift. Research complex: The research complex is created by the soldiers of Army of Czech Republic. They are the men at the age from 20 to 40 with health classification A. Used methods: The comparative method with the using of experimental testing. Results: By the mutual comparation of data we have found out, that the most exact predication equation for the calculation 1-RM in a squat or in a dead lift is from the authors O'Conner et al. Squat was predicted with correlation coefficient r = 0.975 and deadlift with a value of r = 0.951. Keywords: sqaut, dead lift, 1-RM, prediction equation, correlation coefficient.

Title: Lower limb muscle activity during squat and technique seoi nage in judo Objectives: Goals of my work is finding activity lower muscle limb using surface electromyography in shallow squat, deep squat and seoi nage technic in judo. From the obtained results will be compared muscle activity in relative to MVC and compared timing activity of measuring muscles between deep squat and technic seoi nage right. Methods: Research component consisted of 10 subjects, 5 of fitness and 5 are active judokas. With using surface electromyography and kinematic analysis we monitored activity of measured muscles in shallow and deep squat, and seoi nage technic. The size of muscle activity was assessed in relation to MVC. Results: Evaluation of the results showed a higher involvement by m. gluteus maximus in deep squat than shallow squat. Deep squat makes higher muscles activity. Performing of seoi nage technique resulted in higher values by m. quadriceps femoris. Sequence involvement of muscles during deep squat and seoi nage techniques in selected subjects showed we a strong similarity with various techniques. Key words: Lower limb muscle,judo, electromyography, squat, seoi nage