La prise de décision dans les phases amont de conception est autant cruciale que difficile. Les besoins des parties prenantes et leurs perceptions sont difficiles à prédire et à partager au sein de l’équipe de conception. Il est ensuite difficile de comprendre quels concepts sont à plus forte valeur ajoutée.Cette thèse s’inspire des méthodes de conception orientées valeur et développe une méthodologie en trois étapes pour aider à la prise de décision dans les phases amont de conception.La méthodologie a été testée et validée sur plusieurs cas industriels. / Decision making in early design stages is crucial as well as difficult. Stakeholders’ needs and perceptions are difficult to predict and share among the design team. It is then difficult to understand which design concepts are the most valuable to explore.This thesis builds upon value-oriented design methodologies and develops a three-step methodology to maximize value creation in early design stages.The methodology was tested and validated on several industrial use cases.

This diploma thesis deals with a static analysis of a highway bridge structure with respecting of construction stages. Computational models of the bridge were created using RFEM 6 software. Gradual prestressing of the structure was applied in the models. Construction stages analysis is also applied to the bridge models in combination with modal and stability analysis. This thesis also deals with time – dependent analysis, therefore influence of rheological properties of material.

The main content of this master's thesis is a determination of the fatigue properties by using non-destructive testing methods – the acoustic emission technique and the X-ray diffraction. The reactor steel, that is named GOST 15Ch2NMFA, is used as a model material and is used to manufacture VVER-1000 reactor pressure vessels. The supplied material was made of two different steel melting, designated as H and S. For the basic measurement of the fatigue properties the stress-cycle asymmetry R = -1 was used. Some of the samples were used for approximate determination of the fatigue strength stress-cycle asymmetry R = 0. During the loading process the resonance frequency of the loading machine and acoustic emission signals were recorded. The changes in microstructure were estimated from the record of acoustic emissions during the whole fatigue life. The change of the microstructure was experimentally observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The mechanism of the fatigue can be described by the observation of the microstructural processes as well as the relevant bifurcation with sufficient sensitivity. The results of the used methods indicate a decay and re-growth of mosaic blocks during the whole loading process. Therefore, it is important to find a correlation of these two non-destructive methods, or to use other non-destructive testing methods in the future.

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The performance of paperboard materials in packaging application has been investigated and evaluated for a long time. This is because it plays a decisive role for product protection and decoration in packaging applications. Potential damages during transportation sometimes affect the consistency of the performance. Therefore, the capability of the material to resist these external disturbances was of interest. A multiply paperboard was chosen as the experimental material. The analysis conducted in this thesis aimed to reveal the tensile behavior in the cross-machine direction (CD) of the material against various kinds of local or global changes. The changes included global and local climate variations, cutouts, and regional weakening and strengthening, which were applied during the intervals between preloading and reloading. The digital image correlation (DIC) analysis computed the time-varying strain fields from the gray level information contained in the recorded videos of loading processes.  The generated strain fields were imported to post analysis. Comparison between comparable stages (two stages with the same average strain value from different loading sections) was considered as the scheme of isolating the influences of the changes and investigating them individually. The cosine image similarity method and the eigenface algorithm were used to validate this scheme, while the directional average calculation and the strain field compensation method were introduced to realize the isolation. The differences between the front and back outer plies of the paperboard sheets were detected as individual. Moreover, both global and local climate changes were affecting the strain distributions of the specimens proportionally on account of the moisture ratio within the material. In addition, the invisible mechanical weakening and strengthening were captured evidently with the analysis, which caused strain concentrations due to the uneven distribution of expansion capability. The relaxation and bending in unloading processes were two of the primary disturbing factors within all the deformed specimens, which were related to time and bending direction, correspondingly. / Egenskaperna hos kartongmaterial för förpackningstillämpningar har varit ett ämne att undersökning under lång tid. Detta för att dessa egenskaper spelar en avgörande roll som produktskydd och dekorativ utformning i mängde av tillämpningar. Potentiella skador under transport påverkar bland annat materialets tillförlitlighet och prestandard. Därför är det aktuellt att undersöka samt förstå materialets förmåga att motstå yttre störningar. Experimentmaterialet som användes bestod av en typ av flerskiktskartong. Analyser som utfördes i denna avhandling har syfte att identifiera de mekaniska förändringarna i materialets dragegenskaper i tvärsmaskin-riktningen (CD) på grund av olika lokala eller globala förändringar. Förändringarna innefattar både globala och lokala klimatvariationer, utskärningar, och lokala försvagningar samt förstärkningar. Dessa förändringar infördes vid intervallet mellan på- och avlastning. Den digital bildkorrelations analys (DIC) användes för att beräknade de tidsvarierande töjningsfälten från den grånivåinformationen i som registrerades med hjälp av inspelade videor under belastningen  Den genererade töjningsfälten importerades för vidare analys. Två tillstånd med liknande medelvärde av töjningsnivån från olika delar av belastningen jämfördes, detta för att isolera påverkan av förändringarna och undersöka dem individuellt. Två olika metoder för jämförelse av bilderna (cosine image similarity och eigenface algorithm) användes för att validera analysschemat, där riktning-medelvärdesberäkningar och töjningsfälts kompensations-metoden användes för att realisera dessa isoleringar. Enstaka skillnader upptäcktes mellan de främre och bakre ytskikten på kartongarken. Dessutom påverkades töjningsfördelningarna för proverna både av den globala och lokala klimatförändringar på grund av fukttillståndet i materialet. Vidare kan de osynliga mekaniska försvagningar och förstärkningar tydligt fångas med de utförda analyserna, vilket ledde till töjningskoncentrationers uppkomst på grund av det inhomogena expansions-förmåga hos arket. Relaxationen och böjningen vid avlastning relaterade till tid och böjningsförmåga var två av de primära faktorerna som påverkade analysens kvalité.

The Understen-Märket trench is located in the Southern Quark and is the only deep-water connection between the Baltic Propper and the Gulf of Bothnia. Bathymetric mapping reveals a number of eroded channels and drift deposits exists on the seafloor, indicating that the area is heavily affected by current activity. Bottom current behavior in the area is not thoroughly understood, but generally in the BalticBasin, there is southward flowing fresh surface waters compensated by denser northward-flowing more saline bottom waters. The dominant direction of flow for bottom waters in the Southern Quark is northward. Northward speeds often exceed the threshold required to erode fine material on the seafloor. Using geophysical data and marine sediment cores, this study shows that current eroded channels and drift deposits in the Understen-Märket trench were initially formed in the late Holocene between 3 – 4kyr BP, during the transition from the Littorina to the Post Littorina stages of the Baltic Sea. Application of the sortable silt (SS) proxy for current sorting show three distinct regimes that closely match the assigned lithologic units (LU) based on core descriptions. Downcore grain size analysis of three marine sediment cores reveals a gradual boundary to sandy sediments that caps two of the cores recovered from an eroded channel. The third core was recovered from the drift deposit which mostly consists of silt. The progressive coarsening suggests that the current activity has increased during the late Holocene. A simplified model is presented that shows how moderate (20-50 m) shallowing of the sill, which has occurred in response to isostatic rebound between 8 and 4 kyr BP, could have generated the higher current speeds seen today. However, this should be explored using more advanced paleo-circulation models.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att skapa klarhet kring vad som definierar begreppet den terapeutiska relationen, samt att ge en beskrivning av vad man som professionell samtalsledare bör tänka på när det gäller att skapa en så god terapeutisk relation som möjligt.Detta har gjorts i utgångspunkt av kvalitativa djupintervjuer med sju professionella samtalsledare, vilka i sina respektive beskrivningar, tillsammans kommit att utgöra en bild av hur man kan se på dessa två olika aspekter av begreppet. Det insamlade materialet från dessa intervjuer har sedan kommit att tematiseras utifrån en hermeneutisk tolkningsmetod, varpå resultatet tolkats utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt, samt ett inlärningsteoretiskt perspektiv.Av resultatet framkom, bland annat, att en definition av begreppet den terapeutiska relationen var svår att särskilja från konkreta beskrivningar av hur en samtalsledare bör arbeta för att skapa en god terapeutisk relation, samt vilka personliga egenskaper som utmärker en god terapeut.Nyckelord:, Common factors, Den terapeutiska alliansen Den terapeutiska relationen, Four stages of competence, Samtalsbehandling, Socialkonstruktivism / The main purpose of this report was to bring clarity to the definition about the concept of the therapeutic relationship, as well as providing a description of what the therapist needs to consider, when it comes to creating the “good therapeutic relationship”.This has been done on the basis of qualitative in-depth interviews with a total of seven therapists, who in their descriptions, together came to form an understanding of these two different aspects of the concept. The collected material from these interviews was then thematized, in the basis of a hermeneutic interpretation method, in after witch these results were interpreted from a social constructivist, and a learning-theory perspective.The main results show that a definition of the therapeutic relationship was difficult to distinguish from the descriptions of how therapists work to create a good therapeutic relationship, as well as the personal characteristics of “the good therapist”.Keywords: Common factors, Four stages of competence, Social constructivism, The therapeutic alliance, The therapeutic relation, Therapy

In this thesis, the life history and population biology of an endemic and declining California butterfly, Speyeria adiaste clemencei (Comstock, 1925) is described from Chews Ridge, Monterey Co., CA. S. a. clemencei can be successfully reared on commercially available Viola spp., facilitating captive rearing for restoration. Larvae of S. adiaste can be distinguished morphologically from sympatric S. callippe and S. coronis larvae based upon coloration of the dorsal and dorsolateral scoli, head capsule coloration, and coloration of setae, facilitating identification in the field. Adequate access to nectar sources throughout the flight period, especially during drought years, as well as host plant density and distribution, are critical aspects for maintaining viable S. a. clemencei populations. To gain a better understanding of its population biology, three seasons of weekly Pollard walk counts and two seasons of mark recapture (MR) were conducted. The population declined during the study period, which may be associated with decreasing rainfall. MR estimates were very strongly correlated with weekly Pollard walk counts. Differences in habitat use between the sexes were observed, with males showing a slight preference for ridge over meadow plots, whereas females preferred meadow plots containing Viola host plants. Analysis of survival and dispersal indicated this species is relatively short-lived with low dispersal ability, two traits associated with its life history that have important implications for re-colonization dynamics and population structure.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) involverar idag mer än bara 3D-modellering och möjligheter finns att addera dimensioner som tid (4D) och kostnad (5D). De positiva effekterna av 5D-BIM och potentialen att involvera fler aktörer tidigare i projektet gör det intressant att studera de faktiska behoven av 5D-BIM i tidigt skede av projektet. I denna studie har ett organisatoriskt perspektiv på förändring tillämpats där fokus läggs på uppfattningen av 5D-BIM och hur tekniken ska implementeras.  Examensarbetet har skrivits i samarbete med JM och intervjuer är utförda med aktörer aktiva i tidigt skede inom JM koncernen. Studiens resultat är baserat på bostadsutvecklaren JM, vilka karakteriseras av att äga hela produktkedjan från förvärv till förvaltning och har relativt standardiserade produkter. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka behov av 5D-BIM hos aktörer i tidigt skede samt vilken nivå på informationen som är nödvändig. Studien fokuserar även på att undersöka vilka organisatoriska förutsättningar som krävs för att motivera implementationen av informationssystem i existerande organisationsstrukturer. Det framkommer i intervjustudien att det är viktigt att vara tydlig i sin definition av begrepp likt BIM. Då respondenternas behov är kopplade till vilken förförståelse som respondenten har på BIM.  Studien visar att implementeringen av 5D-BIM är starkt kopplat till samarbete och informationshantering mellan aktörer inom organisationen samt att ökat samarbete är en förutsättning för att skapa ett integrerat informationsflöde. Enligt respondenterna finns det idag ett behov av ett integrerat system med ett informationsflöde som hänger ihop, då ett integrerat informationsflöde gör det möjligt att göra successiva beräkningar på tid och kostnad samt se effekterna av beslut som tas. Idag saknar BIM-modellerna spårbarhet vilket efterfrågas. Utan spårbarhet blir informationen projektspecifik och går inte att utnyttja i andra projekt. För en lyckad implementering av 5D-BIM anser respondenterna att det är viktigt att teknik implementeras stegvis och är anpassad till de behov som finns.  Studien visar att en organisations struktur och kultur är viktiga förutsättningar för implementation av 5D-BIM. Implementationen underlättas även av ett strukturerat arbetssätt och en förändringsbenägen kultur. Motivation för förändring inom organisationer grundar sig i att skapa värde för individerna. Intuitiva system är en förutsättning för att individer ska se värde i förändringen och känna tillit till tekniken. / Today Building Information Modelling (BIM) involves more than just 3D-modeling and the dimensions time (4D) and cost (5D) can be added. The positive effects of 5D-BIM and the potential to involve more actors earlier in the project make it interesting to study the needs of 5D-BIM in the early stages of the project. This study has an organizational perspective on change where focus is on how 5D-BIM is perceived and how the technic should be implemented.  This master thesis has been written in collaboration with JM and the interviews are based on actors in early stages within the JM organization. The results of the study are based on JM, which are characterized by ownership of the entire project process from acquisition to management and deliver relatively standardized products. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the needs of 5D-BIM in early stages and the level of information required. The study also focuses on examining the organizational conditions required to motivate the implementation of information systems in existing organizational structures. It appeared in the interview study that it is important for the organization to be clear in its definition of concepts like BIM. The needs found are linked to the knowledge the respondent have on BIM and their definition of BIM. The study shows that the implementation of BIM is strongly linked to collaboration and information management between stakeholders, and that enhanced collaboration between actors is a prerequisite for creating an integrated flow of information. Today there is a need for an integrated system created from a connected flow of information. An integrated flow of information answers the need of making successive calculations on time and cost as well as understanding the effects of decisions made. Today, models lack traceability as desired. Without traceability, the information is specific to the project and cannot be used in other projects. For a successful implementation of 5D-BIM, respondents believe it is important that the technology is implemented step-by-step and adapted to the existing needs. This study indicates that a company's structure and culture are important prerequisites for the implementation of information technology. Implementation is also facilitated by a structured way of working and a culture positive toward changes. Motivation for change within organizations is based on creating value for individuals. Intuitive systems are a prerequisite for individuals to see value in the change and to trust the technology.

No description available.