A produção acadêmica motivada pela epidemia de HIV e Aids impulsionou as pesquisas relativas à sexualidade configurando novos campos de investigação, em especial sobre os gays. No entanto, não é significativa no Brasil a produção acadêmica que aborde a vulnerabilidade às DSTs a partir da identidade lésbica. A saúde sexual das mulheres presumidamente heterossexuais tendeu a permanecer subsumida à exclusiva preocupação com a reprodução ao longo da trajetória das políticas de atenção à saúde das mulheres, mesmo frente à Aids. De forma ainda mais acentuada que a sexualidade feminina heterossexual, a homossexualidade feminina tendeu à invisibilidade na sociedade brasileira e frente ao discurso médico-ginecológico. O advento da epidemia contribuiu para a manutenção desta invisibilidade por força da crença de que o corpo lésbico seria o único infenso à infecção pela via sexual. Nesta tese busca-se compreender a transformação discursiva do corpo lésbico dos primeiros tempos da epidemia até hoje. Mais especificamente, como um corpo imune à epidemia está calcada na idéia de que a vulnerabilidade das lésbicas é o passaporte para a afirmação/inclusão de um dado marco identitário na agenda de políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, o campo em que se desenha a disputa do corpo lésbico face às DST/Aids é marcado pela tensão entre prática sexual e identidade sexual. / The academical production motivated by HIV and Aids epidemic has impelled researches related to the sexuality configurating new investigations fields, mainly about gays. However, in Brazil, its not significant the academical production which addresses to the STD vulnerability taking into an account the lesbian identity. The sexual health of women, expected to be heterosexual, was be connected to the unique preoccupation about the reproduction. Along the course of policies in terms of the attention to the womens health, even facing AIDS. In a more increasing way, considering the heterosexual female sexuality, the female homo sexual has tended, on the Brazilian society, to the invisibility toward the medical / gynaecologic speech. The epidemic contributed to this invisibility maintenance by strong beliefs in which the lesbian body would be the unique immune to the infection through the sexual via. This thesis objectives is based on the study about the change regarding the speech construction of the lesbian body since the first stages of the epidemic. More specifically, how a body that is immune to the epidemic is transformed into a vulnerable body. The hypothesis that guides this paper is centered on the idea in which the lesbian vulnerability is the passport to the affirmation / inclusion of a certain marl of identity in public policies. This way, the field in which the lesbian body dispute is drawn regarding STDs/AIDS is marked by tension between sexual practice and sexual identity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à compreender como as culturas sexuais e culturas juvenis vivenciadas por alguns jovens homossexuais sÃo traduzidas no exercÃcio da prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids. E de que forma seus direitos sÃo exercitados nesta perspectiva. E ainda, como determinadas polÃticas de prevenÃÃo tÃm considerado essas questÃes para levar adiante propostas de contenÃÃo da propagaÃÃo HIV, mais eficazes entre esses grupos, os quais, historicamente, tÃm sido os mais atingidos pela Aids. Para construir uma abordagem sobre esse processo, esta pesquisa traz um panorama geral sobre a epidemia de Aids no mundo e um breve histÃrico social dos percursos da doenÃa no Brasil. Aborda ainda alguns apontamentos sobre a polÃtica de controle e enfrentamento do HIV/Aids em Fortaleza, principalmente em relaÃÃo aos grupos gays e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens. Para entender de que maneira o exercÃcio de prÃticas preventivas se relaciona com as experiÃncias desses jovens, procuro reconstruir, a partir de suas narrativas, roteiros sexuais que me permitam interpretar o modo como as identificaÃÃes que constroem de si, a sociabilidade e as prÃticas envolvem culturas juvenis e culturas sexuais para pensar as possibilidades que configuram sexualidades e polÃticas de prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids / The aim of this study is to understand how certain trials related to the experience of sexuality for young gays, in Fortaleza - CearÃ, relate to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. To build an approach on this process, this research provides a general overview of the AIDS epidemic in the world and a brief social history of the pathways of the disease in Brazil. It also addresses some issues about the politics of control and counter of HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, especially in relation to gay groups and other Men who have Sex with Men. To understand how the prevention of STD/HIV/AIDS relates to the experiences of homosexual youths, I try to rebuild from sexual scripts and narratives brought by several young people interviewed and heard, how the identification, sociability and practices involve juvenile and sexual cultures to think of the possibilities that shape certain trials of sexuality and prevention

A implantação de ações voltadas à prevenção das DST/aids em serviços de atenção primária à saúde (APS) é uma estratégia proposta no Brasil e internacionalmente desde os anos 1990. Por ser considerada uma estratégia sustentável de ampliação da cobertura e do acesso, está entre as prioridades do Ministério da Saúde. O presente estudo avalia a implantação destas ações em uma unidade de atenção primária organizada pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Assume como pressuposto que a possibilidade desta implantação será tanto maior em unidades de APS cuja organização tecnológica esteja orientada pela noção de integralidade. Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, realizada por estudo de caso em profundidade, utilizando entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação direta das atividades da USF. Os resultados indicam que o perfil tecnológico da USF não difere significativamente dos tradicionais serviços de APS. O cuidado médico individual centraliza e determina o trabalho, reduzindo-se a prevenção, basicamente, à reiteração de orientações prescritivas, à semelhança do modelo da educação sanitária. Orientações específicas para a prevenção das DST/aids são realizadas em algumas das ações previamente existentes na USF; a única ação especificamente implantada com essa finalidade é a testagem para HIV, sífilis e hepatites. Os achados indicam que as características tecnológicas dominantes limitam o potencial de concretização da atenção integral, prejudicando particularmente as atividades preventivas que se realizam prioritariamente pelo diálogo e que demandam abordagens singulares. Contudo, a realização de algumas ações de prevenção das DST/aids, bem como sua valorização no plano discursivo, indicam potencialidades de integração. O processo de implantação dessas ações, ao proporcionar a entrada de questões complexas e de novos valores no cotidiano destes serviços, tem o potencial de tensionar o modelo predominante, contribuindo para a concretização de novos e melhores arranjos tecnológicos direcionados à consecução da integralidade. Considera-se que os desafios para a objetivação dos valores que orientam o plano ético-normativo da resposta brasileira à aids nas práticas de prevenção requer maiores investimentos dos órgãos gestores na definição tecnológica dessas ações e no processo de implantação / The implementation STD/AIDS prevention activities into primary health care (PHC) facilities is proposed in Brazil and internationally since the 1990s. Understood as a sustainable strategy to amplify the coverage and access of such activities, its among the priorities of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This study evaluates the implementation of STD/AIDS prevention activities into one primary health care (PHC) facility organized by the Family Health Strategy, located at the São Paulos metropolitan region. It assumes that the potential of such implementation will be higher in PHC facilities oriented towards comprehensive care. Its an evaluative research, through an in depth case study, using semistructured interviews and direct observation of the activities of USF. Results show that the FHCF technological organization doesnt differ significantly from the traditional Brazilian PHC facilities Individualize medical care determines the work organization and prevention is limited, basically, to standardized orientations, as in the sanitary education model. Specific STD/AIDS prevention orientations are delivered in some of the FHCF preexisting activities; the activity specifically implemented to STD/AIDS prevention is the testing for HIV, syphilis and hepatites B and C. The findings indicate that the dominant technological characteristics limit the potential for comprehensive care, particularly damaging the preventive activities done through dialogue and that require singular approaches. However, the execution of some actions to prevent STD/AIDS, as well as its recovery plan in discursive, indicates potential for integration. The implementation process may introduce in the daily work of these facilities some complex questions and new values and, therefore, it may tension the predominant health care model, contributing to the building of new and better technological models oriented towards comprehensive health care. We consider that the challenges to concretize, in the prevention activities, the values that orientate the ethical and normative plan of the Brazilian response demand a bigger investment on the technological definition on these activities, as well as in their implementation process

Among women in Haiti, there are a number of factors, including intimate partner violence (IPV), childhood sexual abuse, and alcohol abuse that lead to increased vulnerability to STI/HIV and its sequelae. This study examined the factors associated with IPV and the associations between IPV and HIV in a sample of adult Haitian women. The current study is a secondary analysis of data collected from HIV+ and HIV- women attending the GHESKIO centers in Haiti. The measures include: Self-reported Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20); Attitudes Towards Gender Roles; Partner Violence; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); Partner Support; Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS); Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); and, Vaginal Episode Equivalent (VEE). Descriptive statistics were used for demographic characteristics. Pearson correlations, t-Test, Generalized linear model, Logistic regressions, and Generalized linear mixed models were used for estimating the strength of associations. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 25.5 (5.4) years. Approximately 68.4% had some secondary school education and only 0.9% had a college or professional degree. The majority of participants (82.2%) had a partner, but did not live with them. Generalized linear mixed modelling showed that lack of family support (β = 0.28, p < 0.05), history of childhood sexual abuse (β = 0.66, p < 0.05), and traditional gender-based attitudes (β = 0.10, p < 0.001) predicted major IPV. Results from logistic regression analysis showed that age at sexual debut (AOR: 0.745; 95% CI: 0.585, 0.948) and physical violence (AOR: 3.482; 95% CI: 2.316, 5.235) were significantly associated with HIV seropositive status. Generalized linear mixed modelling analysis showed that decreased relationship control subscale scores (β = -0.26, p < 0.05) and alcohol use problems (β = 0.18, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with high levels of risky sexual behaviors over time. In summary, a history of IPV was significantly associated with traditional gender based attitudes, history of childhood sexual abuse, and lack of family support. History of IPV and age of first sexual experience were significantly associated with HIV seropositive status. Finally, relationship control and alcohol use problems were significantly associated with sexual risk behavior. These findings indicate potential areas of further study and intervention among Haitian women.

This study will look at the possible interpretations and implementation methods that a state may adopt in accordance with internationally recognised standards and best practices. This will be in light of the special context of Africa and specifically as regards the disposition of women in the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The author critically analyse article 14(1)(e)of the African Women’s Protocol and establish possible interpretations that best advance the public health goal of arresting the spread of HIV in Africa / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Patrice E. Vahard of the Faculty of Law, Addis Ababa University / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The college student population has a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI)s due to their participation in higher risk sexual behaviors such as serial relationships, drug and alcohol use and abuse, and inconsistent use of condoms. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between student exposure of sexual education and their sexual behaviors among college going students in Virginia. Guided by the health belief model, this quantitative cross-sectional study involved a random selection process to recruit college students to test the hypothesis. The research questions were designed to examine participants' exposure to sexual education, sexual behaviors, perceptions of contracting STIs with no condom use, and their perceptions of STI education added to college curriculums. The sample included 656 participants who ranged between 18-24 years old and were enrolled in a Virginia 4-year public university. Data were collected through an online survey. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the variables sexual education (independent) and sexual behaviors (dependent). Prior research has indicated that STI prevention education programs implemented within a schools' curriculum has assisted in bridging the gap between public health and education. The study results have shown that the students who had some form of sexual education and were sexually active are less likely to participate in risky sexual practices. The study also indicated that 92.5% of the participants perceive that adding STI courses to the college curriculum will help prevent STIs among college students. These results highlight the sexual health of Virginia college students and promote positive social change among Virginia's college campuses by identifying the inconsistencies of STI knowledge and practices, which can encourage better education.

The background for this study is anchored in the growing problem that is pupils’ lack in motivation in physical education, and how it affects the active participation in class. The aim for the survey was to investigate the motivations (Deci &amp; Ryan, 1971) effectiveness in active participation in terms of experienced autonomy, experienced competence and belonging. The questions at issue were as following: How can pupils´ autonomy be described and what correlation can be seen to students’ active participation? How can pupils’ experienced competence be described and what correlation can be seen to students’ active participation? How pupils´ responded to questions related to experienced belonging in physical education and how it correlated to active participation? The study was based on a quantitative method in which a survey targeted to pupils between the ages fifteen to nineteen was sent out. 33 high- and elementary schools were contacted whereas two chose to participate. From these two schools, 71 pupils answered the survey. The results displayed that the student experienced a low autonomy, competence and belonging. The results indicated that there was no correlation between the above three categories and motivation towards active participation. By looking at the report from an objective point of view there is some parts that in revising would get altered. An excerpt of these can be rephrasing of survey question, in relation to some that ended up being systematic defects.

La chaîne himalayenne constitue le paradigme actuel des chaînes de collision. Cependant, les processus de formation de cette chaîne sont toujours en discussion. Bien que fondamentales pour comprendre la formation de la chaine, les klippes de Haut Himalaya Cristallin (HHC) sont paradoxalement assez peu intégrées dans les différents modèles. Dans la klippe de Jaljala (Centre – Ouest Népal) la combinaison d’études structurales pétrographiques et géochronologiques (40Ar/39Ar) ont permis de caractériser près du front de l’Himalaya la géométrie et la cinématique du Main Central Thrust (MCT) et d'une zone de cisaillement top vers le nord : la zone de cisaillement de Jaljala, failles qui encadrent le HHC. Les résultats montrent que le MCT et la zone de cisaillement de Jaljala ont été replissés et que le que la zone de cisaillement de Jaljala est proche du MCT au nord de la klippe. Une faille normale intra – séquences téthysiennes (TH) a été découverte, faille interprétée comme étant la zone de cisaillement de Jaljala sur le flanc sud de la klippe. Les données pétrographiques montrent une augmentation progressive de la température entre 350 et 550 °C au travers du MCT dans le Haut Himalaya Cristallin alors qu’elle atteint plus de 650 °C au Nord dans les zones internes. Les pseudosections montrent que ce pic de température est atteint après un échauffement isobare à desvaleurs de pression variant entre 7 à 9 kbars. Les âges 40Ar/39Ar sur micas montrent trois populations : environ 20, environ 40 et environ 100 Ma dans le HHC et dans les séquences téthysiennes. Deux hypothèses peuvent être proposées : soit l’exhumation est marquée par les âges à 40 Ma ce qui représente une date relativement ancienne pour l’exhumation du Haut Himalaya Cristallin au front de la chaîne, soit elle est datée à 20 Ma ce qui représente des âges plus communs d’exhumation sur le MCT et sous le STD (South Tibetan Detachment). La nature des roches observées, leurs déformations ainsi que les corrélations avec les résultats des autres klippes montrent que la zone de cisaillement de Jaljala ne peut être connecté au STD des zones internes. Le MCT et le STD ne peuvent se rejoindre en profondeur au front de la klippe ce qui exclut le modèle de prisme tectonique. Enfin la continuité des pressions et températures des zones internes avec les roches de la klippe va à l’encontre du modèle de fluage de croûte chenalisée puisqu’il n’y a pas de fusion partielle dans la klippe de Jaljala. Les structures, les conditions métamorphiques et les âges seraient plutôt compatibles avec la formation d’un duplex de Haut Himalaya Cristallin dont la géométrie est cependant mal contrainte et qui nécessiterait de présenter un système de plat – rampe frontal pour transférer les écailles les plus internes sur le front de la chaîne et ainsi former les klippes comme la klippe de Jaljala qui seront ensuite isolées de la zone interne par la formation d’un duplex Moyen Himalaya. / The Himalayan belt is the actual paradigm of collision mountain belt. However, formation model remains still under discussion. Even fundamental to understand the belt formation, the High Himalaya Cristalline (HHC) klippen are poorly integrated to the different existing models. In the Jaljala klippe (Western Central Nepal) a combination of structural, petrographic and geochronological (40Ar/39Ar) studies have allowed to caracterise close to the Himalaya front, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and a top - to - the North shear zone : the Jaljala shear zone geometry and kinematics, faults that bordered the HHC. Results show that the MCT and the Jaljala shear zone have been refolded and the Jaljala shear zone is close to the MCT in the North of the klippe. An intra téthyan sequences (TH) have been discovered and interpreted as the Jaljala shear zone in the southern flank of the klippe. Petrographic datas show a progressive augmentation of temperature between 350 and 550 ° C cross to the MCT in High Himalaya Cristalline instead of 650 °C in the internal zones. Pseudosections show this temperature peak is achieved after an isobaric warming at pressure varying between 7 and 9 bars. 40Ar/39Ar ages on micas show three ages populations : about 20, about 40 and about 100 Myrs in the HHC and in Tethyan sequences. Two hypothesis can be proposed : on the one hand, the exhumation can be testified by 40 Myrs ages which represent an ancient age for the High Himalaya Crystalline in the front belt, on the other hand, it is dated at 20 Myrs which represent more commons ages for exhumation on MCT and under STD (South Tibetan Detachment). Rock lithology and their deformations and correlations with results for other klippen show that the STD in the Jaljala klippe cannot be connected width the STD in internal zones. The MCT and the STD cannot converge in depth at the front that excluded the tectonic wedge model. Finally, the pressures and temperature continuities in internal zones and with the klippe rocks excluded the channel flow model because partial melting is absent in the Jaljala klippe. Structures, metamorphic conditions and ages are more compatible with High Himalaya Crystalline duplex formation whose geometry is still poorly constrained and which necessitate a frontal flat - ramp system to transfer crustal nape on the front of the belt and then to form klippe as the Jaljala klippe that will then isolated from internal zones by Lesser Himalaya duplex formation.

Abstract Purpose: The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of any industrialized nation. Adolescents who have their first sexual intercourse at a young age are at increased risk for teen pregnancies and acquiring a sexually transmitted disease. This study examines predictors of early onset sexual intercourse in male and female residents of the United States. Methods: A nationally representative sample of N=7,643 females and N=4.928 males ages 15-44 was procured from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle 6. Age at first sexual intercourse was used to define early onset of sexual debut(<18 years). Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of the respondents, demographic and selected reproductive characteristics of the respondent's parents were examined using multiple logistic regression modeling. Results: Non-fispanic black, being raised without both parents, having a mother less than 18 years old at the age of first birth and age difference between partners were significant predictors of early onset of sexual intercourse for both males and females. Maternal education less than high school was a significant protective factor for female respondents [OR=0.72 (95%CI=0.58- 0.90)] and paternal education completed high school only [OR=1.4 (95% CI=l. 1-1.7)] was a significant risk factor for male respondents. Conclusions: Racelethnicity, age difference between partners, not being raised by both parents, having a mother who had her first birth before the age of 18 and parental education are important predictor variables. Further study should be conducted to investigate the protective effect of lack of maternal education for female respondents. Intervention programs for teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection prevention should target these at risk groups.

This essay investigates how realized variance affects the GARCH-models (GARCH, EGARCH, GJRGARCH) when added as an external regressor. The GARCH models are estimated with three different distributions; Normal-, Student’s t- and Normal inverse gaussian distribution. The results are ambiguous - the models with realized variance improves the model fit, but when applied to forecasting, the models with realized variance are performing similar Value at Risk predictions compared to the models without realized variance.