Tratar de ciganos à luz do discurso de não-ciganos pede discussões sobre estigmatização e dos termos a ela associados. Esse caminho produzirá, como demonstramos na tese, a contribuição para a compreensão do (des)prestígio social de uma comunidade isolada. Historicamente, por séculos, a estigmatização negativa arraiga o preconceito que ecoa no imaginário social do não-cigano ao referir o cigano. Esse quadro ainda é constatado no século XXI, e ainda ocorre manifestando os mesmos traços peculiares observados em pesquisas das áreas de Antropologia, Sociologia e Educação as quais tomam como objeto de discussão esse povo, de cultura tão hermética. Esse isolamento dos ciganos, hipotetizamos, é observável no discurso do não-cigano por meio de informações localizadas em diversos pontos de uma sentença ou de um texto. Para lidar com esse fenômeno, recorremos às teorias givonianas (1990), em especial o princípio da iconicidade e seus subprincípios, quais sejam: de ordenação linear, de integração e de quantidade, os quais, ao se entrelaçarem, revelam a complexidade cognitiva. O reconhecimento desses ecos históricos por meios de vários tipos de documentos recolhidos de arquivos históricos e redes sociais. Ao final dessa análise, estabelecemos um contraponto com a opinião de paulistanos por meio de um questionário aleatoriamente distribuído a indivíduos de vários estratos sociais. A ideia era a de verificar se a estigmatização continuava ecoando nos discursos atuais. Concluída essa etapa da pesquisa, pudemos referendar que, a despeito do desenvolvimento humano (na concepção de Maturana e Varela, 2011), a estigmatização e o preconceito continuam andando de mãos quando o tópico é cigano. / To treat Roma (gypsy) by the sense of the non-Roma (non-gypsy) speech prompts some discussions about stigmatization and terms associated with it. This way will produce, as demonstrated in the thesis, the contribution to the (un) social prestige understanding of an isolated community. Historically, for centuries, the negative stigma rooted prejudice that echoes the social imaginary of the non-gypsies when referring to the gypsy in their discourse. This picture is still found in the 21st. century, and it is still manifesting the same peculiar traits observed in researches in the Anthropology, Sociology and Educational areas which take as their subject of discussion these people, in its so hermetic culture. It is hypothesized that this isolation of the Roma (gypsy) is observable in the discourse of non-gypsy through information located in various parts of a sentence or of a text. To deal with this phenomenon, we use the givonian theories (1990), in particular the principle of iconicity and its subprinciples, namely: linear ordination, integration and quantity, which, when intertwined, reveal the cognitive complexity. The recognition of these historical echoes by means of various documents types collected from historical archives and social networks. At the end of this analysis, we established a counterpoint to the opinion of São Paulo inhabitants (paulistanos) through a questionnaire randomly distributed to individuals from various social strata. The idea is to verify if the stigma was still echoing in today\'s speeches. On this research stage completion, we could endorse that, in spite of human development (conception of Maturana and Varela, 2011), stigmatization and prejudice continue progressing when the theme is gypsy people.

The thesis is focused on social work with people with mental illness with emphasis on the ethical component. The aim was to ascertain how the social workers work with the given target group and how they´re influenced by ethics at their work. With help of expert sources, the meritorious part is theoretically focused on issues of mental illness with respect to the psychiatric care system in the Czech Republic, submits principles of social work with the corresponding target group and presents the ethical point of view including the most influential ethical trends. It also pays attention to a significant change - reform of psychiatric care that has been currently taking place. Its task is to update the psychiatric care and enhance the quality of life of people with mental illness. The discussion part confronts the theory with practice based on conversation with social workers. The conclusion confirms the conformity resulting from the discussion. The statements of social workers correspond to problems that are described in professional publications. One can assume from the thesis, life with mental illness is not easy. However, people suffering from mental illness have their dignity and should be an integral part of society. They shouldn´t be discriminated nor perceived only as a diagnosis.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to map the ideas of persons with schizophrenia about possible ways for increasing their well-being and to compare this data with the view of metal health care personnel. The theoretical part is divided in three parts. The first one describes schizophrenia, it's specifics, symptomatology, etiology and epidemiology and currently used terapeutic interventions. In the second part can be fond the topic of well-being, it's definition, the most important models and mostly it's known determinants. The third part will be dedicated to the topic of well-being of people with schizophrenia. The empirical part of the diploma thesis is designed as a qualitative research. Ten interviews were undertaken both with people with schizophrenia and with mental health care personnel. The interviews covered informations about which areas of life find persons with schizophrenia important in increasing their well-being. Similar interview about the needs od people with schizophrenia was conducted with mental health staff and the opinions of both groups were compared. The results are in detail described and compared with current literature and research. Key words: schizophrenia, well-being, social relationships, stigmatization, recovery

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-07T17:03:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Yvelônia dos Santos Araújo Barbosa_.pdf: 2074465 bytes, checksum: eb08fd1d1b413062b08aa4a80860481a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T17:03:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Yvelônia dos Santos Araújo Barbosa_.pdf: 2074465 bytes, checksum: eb08fd1d1b413062b08aa4a80860481a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a estigmatização dos adolescentes em conflito com a lei e a influência que a TV tem, para tanto, relacionando a construção histórica do olhar que se tem sobre a criança e o adolescente (que inclui a evolução das leis que trataram desta questão), mas que, infelizmente, não teve a mesma evolução no olhar da sociedade. Concretamente, trata-se de um estudo da representação social realizada sobre o adolescente e o jovem infrator que é alvo de certos programas televisivos com grande influência na formação da opinião pública e sobre a sociedade. Neste estudo, é possível clarear uma diferenciação entre “menores” e crianças, os quais ocupavam denominações diferentes de acordo com sua condição social e financeira, mas que no referencial empírico, o programa de TV pesquisado, Balanço Geral, apresentado no Distrito Federal, apresentava como a denominação dada aos adolescentes envolvidos em situações de cometimento de ato infracional. Na análise proposta, os procedimentos metodológicos foram desenvolvidos em etapas, sendo, a primeira, a análise documental, realizada através de levantamento bibliográfico sobre a construção da proteção de crianças e adolescentes e da estigmatização juvenil; sobre medidas socioeducativas, da legislação que trata das propostas de redução da idade penal; e sobre os efeitos das mensagens trazidas pela mídia. A segunda etapa se baseou em uma Análise de Conteúdo, buscando a análise do fenômeno de forma profunda, pontuando suas particularidades, suas relações, assim como suas interlocuções na sociedade. Utilizou-se, ainda, de recursos das metodologias informacionais aplicadas à pesquisa qualitativa, mais especificamente, o software ATLAS.TI. Sendo assim, a partir da investigação de uma amostra de programas gravados e transcritos, evidenciou-se o posicionamento da mídia, que considera que os fatos de violência se dão por causa de que os adolescentes não seriam suficientemente responsabilizados e, por isso, seria necessária uma ação mais efetiva de punição, que passa pelo sentimento de impunidade, podendo ser superado com a redução da maioridade penal, como forma de resolver o problema da violência. É fato que estes posicionamentos não levam em consideração as situações de violência também sofridas pelo adolescente a quem se imputa o ato infracional, de forma que se destaca que a vítima teve sua história interrompida, desconhecendo-se uma história precedente do adolescente infrator. / This dissertation presents a study about the stigmatization of adolescents in conflict with the law and the influence that TV has, in order to do so, relating the historical construction of the gaze that one has about the child and the adolescent (which includes the evolution of the laws that dealt with this issue), but that, unfortunately, did not have the same evolution in the eyes of society. Specifically, it is a study of the social representation performed on the adolescent and the young offender who is the target of certain television programs with great influence in the formation of public opinion and on society. In this study, it is possible to clarify a differentiation between "minors" and children, who occupy different denominations according to their social and financial condition, but that in the empirical referent, the TV program researched, ‘Balanço Geral’ transmitted in the Federal District, presented as the denomination given to adolescents involved in situations of committing an infraction. In the proposed analysis, the methodological procedures were developed in stages, the first being the documentary analysis, carried out through a bibliographical survey on the construction of protection of children and adolescents and juvenile stigmatization; on socio-educational measures, legislation dealing with proposals to reduce the age of criminal offenses; and on the effects of the messages brought by the media. The second stage was based on a Content Analysis, seeking the analysis of the phenomenon in a profound way, punctuating its particularities, its relations, as well as its interlocutions in society. It was also used resources of the informational methodologies applied to the qualitative research, more specifically, the software ATLAS.TI. Therefore, based on the investigation of a sample of recorded and transcribed programs, the positioning of the media was evidenced, considering that the facts of violence are due to the fact that adolescents would not be sufficiently responsible and, it would be necessary a more effective action of punishment, which passes through the feeling of impunity, and can be overcome with the reduction of the penal age as a way of solving the problem of violence. It is a fact that these positions do not take into consideration the situations of violence also suffered by the adolescent to whom the infraction is imputed, so that it stands out that the victim had its history interrupted, not knowing a previous story of the offending teenager.

Este estudo metodológico teve como objetivos adaptar o Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire (PSQ) e o Social Comfort Questionnaire (SCQ) e avaliar a validade e a confiabilidade, em uma amostra de brasileiros que sofreram queimaduras. O PSQ e o SCQ, avaliam, respectivamente, a percepção de estigmatização e o conforto social entre vítimas de queimaduras. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Éticas das instituições envolvidas. Foram incluídos pacientes acima de 18 anos em fase de reabilitação, com ou sem necessidade de hospitalização, em duas Unidades de Queimados no Brasil. O processo de adaptação dos instrumentos foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais. A validade de constructo relacionada à dimensionalidade dos instrumentos foi avaliada por meio das análises fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC). A análise da confiabilidade foi realizada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. A reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC). A validade de constructo foi avaliada pela análise multitraço-multimétodo (MTMM) com constructos correlatos: autoestima (Escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg), depressão (Inventário de Depressão de Beck); e afeto/imagem corporal e relações interpessoais (Burn Specific Health Scale-Revised). A análise de grupos conhecidos foi testada comparando-se os escores dos instrumentos, de acordo com a percepção do sujeito de visibilidade da queimadura, superfície corporal queimada e sexo. O nível de significância adotado foi 0,05. Participaram do estudo 240 pacientes queimados. Os índices de ajuste ao modelo foram satisfatórios para o escore total do PSQ, porém não para a subescala comportamento hostil. Essa subescala foi modificada, eliminando-se três itens e obtendo-se um melhor ajuste: a versão refinada do PSQ (BR-PSQ-R) (?2=229,53; g.l.=132, p<0,001; RMSEA=0,06; CFI=0,94; TLI=0,94). O alfa de Cronbach variou de 0,65 a 0,88. O valor do ICC foi de 0,87 para escore total do BR-PSQ-R. O BR-PSQ-R apresentou forte e positiva correlação com depressão (0,63; p<0,001) e forte e negativa correlação com autoestima (-0,57; p<0,001), afeto/imagem corporal (-0,63; p<0,001) e relações interpessoais (-0,55; p<0,001). O escore total do BR-PSQ-R foi significante e maior nos pacientes com cicatrizes visíveis (tamanho do efeito=0,51; p=0,029). Na AFC do SCQ, foram identificados índices de ajuste ao modelo insatisfatório para o modelo original unidimensional com oito itens, assim o modelo foi reduzido para seis itens (BR-SCQ-R), sendo identificado melhor ajuste ao modelo (?2=458,7; g.l.=7; p<0,001; RMSEA=0,05; CFI=0,99; TLI=0,99). O alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,80, e o ICC no teste-reteste foi de 0,86 para o escore total do SCQ. A versão final mostrou forte e negativa correlação com depressão (-0,56; p<0,001); forte e positiva correlação com afeto/imagem corporal (0,60; p<0,001), relações interpessoais (0,57; p<0,001) e autoestima (0,52; p<0,001). Na análise de grupos conhecidos, foi identificada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os pacientes que consideraram suas cicatrizes visíveis (tamanho do efeito=-0,49; p=0,012). Os resultados mostraram que as versões refinadas do PSQ e do SCQ apresentam confiabilidade e validade comparável à versão original. Entretanto, a estrutura em relação à subescala comportamento hostil do BR-PSQ-R e a sensibilidade de ambos os instrumentos devem ser revisadas em estudos futuros. / This methodological study had the following objectives: to adapt the Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Social Comfort Questionnaire (SCQ); and to assess the validity and reliability in a sample of Brazilians who suffered burns. The PSQ and the SCQ assesses respectively, the perception of stigmatization and the social comfort among burn victims. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the institutions studied. We included patients over 18 years old undergoing rehabilitation process of burn, with or without hospitalization in two Burn Units in Brazil. The cross-cultural adaptation process of the instruments was performed according to international guidelines. The construct validity related to the dimensionality of the instruments was evaluated by the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability analysis was performed using the Cronbach\'s alpha. The reproducibility of the instruments was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The construct validity was assessed by the multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM) through the constructs: self-esteem (Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and affection/body image and interpersonal relationships (Burn Specific Health Scale-Revised). The analysis of known-groups was tested by comparing the scores of the instruments according to the burn visibility, body surface in the area burned and gender. The significance level was 0.05. A total of 240 burn patients participated in the study. The goodness-of-fit indices were satisfactory for the total score of the PSQ, however, not for the subscale hostile behavior. This subscale was modified by removing 3 items to obtain a better adjust: the PSQ refined version (BR-PSQ-R) (?2=229.53; d.f.=132; p<0.001; RMSEA=0.06; CFI=0.94; TLI=0.94). Cronbach\'s alpha ranged from 0.65 to 0.88. The ICC value was 0.87 for the total score. The BR-PSQ-R showed strong and positive correlation with depression (0.63; p < 0.001), and strong and negative correlation with self-esteem (-0.57; p<0.001), and affection/body image (-0.63; p<0.001), and interpersonal relationships (-0.55; p<0.001). The total score of the BR-PSQ-R was significant and higher for patients with visible scars (effect size=0.51; p=0.029). In the CFA of the SCQ was identified unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit for the original model with one-factor structure with 8 items, thus, the model was reduced to 6 items (BR-SCQ-R) and better goodness-of-fit indices were identified (?2=458.7; d.f.=7; p<0.001; RMSEA=0.05; CFI=0.99; TLI=0.99). Cronbach\'s alpha was 0.80 and the ICC value in the test-retest was 0.86 for the BR-PSQ-R. The final version showed strong and negative correlation with depression (-0.56; p<0.001); and strong and positive correlations with affection/body image (0.60; p<0.001), interpersonal relationships (0.57; p<0.001) and self-esteem (0.52; p<0.001). In the analysis of known- groups we identified statistically significant difference between patients who considered their scars visible (effect size=-0.49; p=0.012). The results showed that the refined versions of the PSQ and SCQ showed reliability and validity comparable to the original versions. On the other hand, the structure related to the hostile behavior subscale of the BR-PSQ-R and the sensitivity of both instruments must be evaluated in future studies.

Tratar de ciganos à luz do discurso de não-ciganos pede discussões sobre estigmatização e dos termos a ela associados. Esse caminho produzirá, como demonstramos na tese, a contribuição para a compreensão do (des)prestígio social de uma comunidade isolada. Historicamente, por séculos, a estigmatização negativa arraiga o preconceito que ecoa no imaginário social do não-cigano ao referir o cigano. Esse quadro ainda é constatado no século XXI, e ainda ocorre manifestando os mesmos traços peculiares observados em pesquisas das áreas de Antropologia, Sociologia e Educação as quais tomam como objeto de discussão esse povo, de cultura tão hermética. Esse isolamento dos ciganos, hipotetizamos, é observável no discurso do não-cigano por meio de informações localizadas em diversos pontos de uma sentença ou de um texto. Para lidar com esse fenômeno, recorremos às teorias givonianas (1990), em especial o princípio da iconicidade e seus subprincípios, quais sejam: de ordenação linear, de integração e de quantidade, os quais, ao se entrelaçarem, revelam a complexidade cognitiva. O reconhecimento desses ecos históricos por meios de vários tipos de documentos recolhidos de arquivos históricos e redes sociais. Ao final dessa análise, estabelecemos um contraponto com a opinião de paulistanos por meio de um questionário aleatoriamente distribuído a indivíduos de vários estratos sociais. A ideia era a de verificar se a estigmatização continuava ecoando nos discursos atuais. Concluída essa etapa da pesquisa, pudemos referendar que, a despeito do desenvolvimento humano (na concepção de Maturana e Varela, 2011), a estigmatização e o preconceito continuam andando de mãos quando o tópico é cigano. / To treat Roma (gypsy) by the sense of the non-Roma (non-gypsy) speech prompts some discussions about stigmatization and terms associated with it. This way will produce, as demonstrated in the thesis, the contribution to the (un) social prestige understanding of an isolated community. Historically, for centuries, the negative stigma rooted prejudice that echoes the social imaginary of the non-gypsies when referring to the gypsy in their discourse. This picture is still found in the 21st. century, and it is still manifesting the same peculiar traits observed in researches in the Anthropology, Sociology and Educational areas which take as their subject of discussion these people, in its so hermetic culture. It is hypothesized that this isolation of the Roma (gypsy) is observable in the discourse of non-gypsy through information located in various parts of a sentence or of a text. To deal with this phenomenon, we use the givonian theories (1990), in particular the principle of iconicity and its subprinciples, namely: linear ordination, integration and quantity, which, when intertwined, reveal the cognitive complexity. The recognition of these historical echoes by means of various documents types collected from historical archives and social networks. At the end of this analysis, we established a counterpoint to the opinion of São Paulo inhabitants (paulistanos) through a questionnaire randomly distributed to individuals from various social strata. The idea is to verify if the stigma was still echoing in today\'s speeches. On this research stage completion, we could endorse that, in spite of human development (conception of Maturana and Varela, 2011), stigmatization and prejudice continue progressing when the theme is gypsy people.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-07T14:33:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fatima Sabrina Rosa.pdf: 969225 bytes, checksum: 1955f26438b5920a8ab28dd66dff570a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fatima Sabrina Rosa.pdf: 969225 bytes, checksum: 1955f26438b5920a8ab28dd66dff570a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-14 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação é o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre os chamados bondes de Porto Alegre. O estilo de sociabilidade desses bondes é análogo às galeras cariocas, jovens que se reúnem para sair e desfrutar os espaços de lazer. A configuração desses grupos se dá na junção de indivíduos, moradores das periferias da cidade, os quais sofrem um processo de segregação e estigmatização que tende a confiná-los em seus espaços de moradia. Negando essa territorilização, mas sem perder o sentido de pertença, esses jovens agregam-se em torno de símbolos de poder, masculinidade e violência, para semantizar seu grupo, e saem em circulação pelos espaços movimentados da capital onde possam fazer-se visíveis. A associação desses jovens não se dá apenas pela noção de proximidade vicinal e de pertença à periferia, mas também como resposta a uma situação de conflito sentida no interior do grupo pela forma como são mal vistos em suas incursões até o centro. A partir da definição dessa situação, os jovens se organizam em grandes grupos que levam, no nome ou nos cantos que entoam, a defesa simbólica da comunidade em que vivem. Eles se utilizam do conflito e a da estigmatização que sofrem, por parte dos demais moradores da cidade, para estabelecer uma experiência social compartilhada, fundando nela sua subjetivação. Este trabalho se desenvolveu mesclando, paralelamente, pesquisa de campo com integrantes e ex-integrantes dos bondes nas suas comunidades e pesquisa bibliográfica como forma de compreender cada dado novo por diferentes perspectivas. Desse modo, o estudo é dividido em capítulos que conjugam teoria e empiria num esforço por observar a ação dos bondes a partir de diferentes clivagens. Para compreender os diferentes conteúdos semânticos constituidores dessa sociabilidade, este trabalho foi estruturado em eixos teórico-analíticos: periferia e estigmatização, conflito e violência, identidade e reconhecimento e estética e gênero. Assim, a abordagem metodológica deste estudo conformou a percepção dos bondes atravessados por cada eixo temático numa tentativa de olhar o objeto por diferentes planos. / This dissertation is the result of a research on so-called bondes in Porto Alegre. The sociability style of these trams is analogous to Cariocas galleys locals, young people who get together to hang out and enjoy the leisure spaces. The configuration of these groups occurs at the junction of individuals, residents of the city’s outskirts, which suffer a process of segregation and stigmatization that tends to confine them in their places of residence. Denying this territorialisation, but without losing the sense belonging, they add up around symbols of power, masculinity and violence to semanticizing your group, and go into circulation by the capital’s crowded spaces where they can make themselves visible. The association of these young people not only gives the vicinal closeness sense and belonging to the outskirts, but also in response to a situation of conflict felt within the group by how are perceived negatively in their forays to the center. From the definition of the situation, young people are organized in large groups that lead, in name or corners to chant in symbolic defense of the community in which they live. They use the conflict and stigmatization suffered by the others residents of the city to establish a shared social experience, founding it their subjectivity. This work was developed merging parallel, field research with members and former members of the bondes in their communities and bibliography research as a way to understand each new data from different perspectives. Thus, the study is divided into chapters that combine theory and empiricism an effort to observe the action of bondes from different divisions. To understand the different semantic matter of this sociability, this work was structured into theoretical and analytical axes: outskirts and stigmatization, conflict and violence, identify and recognition and aesthetics and gender. So, the methodological approach of this study complied the perception of bondes traversed for each thematic axis in an attempt to look at the object though different plans.

<p>This research aimed for an extended knowledge and understanding of young people in stigmatized areas and their construction of group identity. With a focus on Roma youths in Konik, Montenegro, and their involvement in hip-hop we wanted to explore what this culture meant to them in relation to their context. An ethnographic approach was used in collecting the empirical data through observations, interpreting music lyrics and conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews. Five young Roma boys from Konik, all involved in hip-hop, were interviewed. Theoretical perspectives on identity, youth culture and stigmatization were central. In addition, Bourdieu’s theory regarding cultural capital was emphasized and connected to youths and hip-hop. The empirical material showed that involvement in hip-hop provided the Roma youths with a group identity that they referred to in positive terms. Contextual factors of stigmatization excluded the Roma group from the majority population and the engagement in hip-hop created a possibility for the youths to be someone. The cultural capital gained through hip-hop was not used to verify and legitimate an authentic Roma identity. It was rather a way for them to create boundaries towards the negative elements in their community.</p>

<p>This essay is about persons who have had social assistance and the individual’s experiences of social assistance. The focus is on how the individual develops in a new life situation and if and how they are motivated to get out of it. The essay has an individual perspective where the relation between society and the individual is important. The result is based on four qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic perspective. The result is also based on the individual’s subjective apprehensions and experiences of the social assistance. Those circumstances withdraws that there can not be any general conclusions made of the result that could be representative for a larger number of people. Important theoretical conceptions are social problems and divergent behaviour, stigmatization, labour and faithful moments.</p><p>What I have wished to express in this essay is the people behind the social assistance conception and the numbers in studies about social assistance. It is about people with individual life destiny’s that in the Swedish sociality today have not been able to provide themselves and had to use society’s last safety net, social assistance. The society looks on people with social assistance have a historical negative background. Social assistance was developed from welfare and help to the poor. The historical stigma still exists in the Swedish society and it is still considered shameful not to be able to provide yourself.</p><p>As an unemployed person with social assistance one can need more support and help than just to be paid money because these often have a weak connection to the labour market. The social studies in Sweden describes that the social services assignment is to liberate and develop the individuals and groups own recourses. This means that the social worker should not only make payments. They should also have an interest in the client in some other way. In this essay it is clear that this is not always the case. The most evident result about the individual’s motivation not to have social assistance is the will to support oneself and labour is an important part of the self image and identity.</p>

<p>This essay will focus on drug addicts and the world as they see it. The essay is based on intervjues with three men and one woman and participant observation of the three men´s social life in the surroundings of Stockholm. The informants’ opinions and experiences are central as well as the observations made of them during an intensive fieldwork. The study which was of an exploring character has revealed a complex relationship between the informants and society. The concepts of subculture and stigmatization seem equally central in the social life and perception of life of these drug addicts. The intricate relationship between the two needs further study before a model of the interrelationship can be presented. In a final discussion of the results of the study with the informants they confirm that they see themselves both as part of a subculture and stigmatized by society.</p><p>The study also includes some ethical reflections on the role of the investigator in relation to informants who are drug addicts.</p>