anglicky: Title of the thesis: Today's France: Report on Colonial Heritage: New National Identity Keywords: colonization, decolonization, immigration, integration, the Law of February 23 2005, suburban social unrest in 2005, Great Debate on National Identity Abstract: The following study deals with history of colonization and its repercussions on the current situation in France and its demography from the sociological, cultural and political point of view. The study is divided into two parts: the history and the present. The first part is based on works of historians and analyses the colonial history of France and the process of decolonization. The second part focuses on legacy of the colonial adventure on the present, it follows the discussions in the French press, works on French immigration and integration and analyses of researchers studying repercussions of colonial past on the present. The second part also includes history and specificities of immigration and integration in France, the Law of February 23 2005 on the positive role of French presence abroad, the suburban unrest of 2005 and the Great Debate on National Identity.

In this thesis, I analys suburb- and housing planning and interior decoration carried out primarily in Stockholm between the 1930s and the 1950s. Functionalism, the overall concept of the period, has perhaps been interpreted in terms of ideological concepts, interpreted as "democratic" and as a progressive dividing line between the past and the future. I examine how housing and suburban planning in Sweden in the mid-20th century was affected by how housing and town planning related to that period's clear class boundaries and well-defined gender roles. I analyse both rhetoric and physical planning. Whether the architect had explicit ambitions to achieve spatial differentiation of socio-economic categories, how suburban planners dealt with their historical inheritance and the principles about categorisation and spatial separation. I also analyse how ideas of class, gender and spatial differentiation of family members affected the organisation and design of rooms in the housing planning of the mid-20th century. The general conclusion of the thesis as a whole is that ideas about class, sex and familial hierarchy were reflected in functionalist housing and interior decoration. The planned suburbs in Stockholm involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs. The planned suburbs, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the suburban planning of the period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating population categories in different suburbs, a strategy that was concretised in physical suburban planning. Terraced housing in one area, småstugor in another, blocks of flats in a third, detached houses in a fourth. Sociological arguments justified this type of suburban planning. The emotional affinity between neighbours was considered to be better if the neighbours belong to the same socio economic category. Planned homes, which were regarded as paradigmatic cases for the housing planning of this period, involved explicit strategies for differentiating family members into different rooms, distinguishing between private and public rooms within the sphere of the home, a strategy that was concretised in physical housing planning. I analyse how the magazine's editorial content contributed to producing a middle-class housing ideal. A central aspect of modern housing planning and the debate in around 1930 was the launch of the home as an essentially private sphere. The editorial team behind the magazine Hem i Sverige launched the home as a reaction against the idea of the home as essentially a private sphere, with a clear spatial hierarchy and division between different family members, between private and public spheres. I examined the participation of the Nordiska Kompaniet department store in the 1930 Stockholm exhibition. As an influential commercial actor, the store's management had a strategy of combining consumption with both benefit and enjoyment, dreams, pastimes and goal-oriented purchases. The starting point for Nordiska Kompaniet's interior decoration approach was the organisation and content of the upper middle-class home. The drawing rooms, the dining room, the serving area, the homes with clear dividing lines between private and public sphere. Family structures and familial hierarchy were emphasised on the basis of the upper middle-class family's tradition. / Forskarskolan för estetiska vetenskaper

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird am Beispiel des Berliner Umlandes der Frage nachgegangen, ob ein Wohnort im suburbanen Raum trotz postfordistischer und postsozialistischer gesellschaftlicher Einflüsse einschränkend auf den Alltag von Frauen wirkt. Die Annahme genderspezifischer Differenzen ergibt sich vor dem Hintergrund eines „frauenfeindlichen“ Images, welches dem Umland von Städten seit Jahrzehnten anhaftet. Es wird für Bewohnerinnen herausgestellt, ob und in welchem Maße ihnen Handlungsressourcen zur Verfügung stehen, welche sie den möglichen Begrenzungen entgegensetzen können. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Analyse zeigen, dass die Kombination einer geringen Ausstattung mit wohnortnahen Arbeitsstätten mit der vorrangigen Zuständigkeit von Frauen für Reproduktionsarbeit(smobilität) dazu führen, dass die Mehrheit der Umlandbewohnerinnen eindeutig constraints ausgesetzt ist. Die Arbeitsteilung gilt hierbei nach wie vor als stark Geschlechterrollen determinierend. Neben der räumlichen Ausstattung mit Erwerbsarbeitsmöglichkeiten übt die Verfügbarkeit von Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen einen Einfluss auf den weiblichen Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt aus. Wie für den Bereich der Arbeit kann auch für den der Mobilität dem Differenzierungsmerkmal der Sozialisation eine maßgebliche Bedeutung beigemessen werden, da ost- und westdeutsch sozialisierte Personen immer noch den jeweiligen, sie prägenden Gesellschaftsmodellen der beiden deutschen Staaten verhaftet scheinen. Den mit Arbeit und Mobilität verbundenen Einschränkungen können Frauen jedoch nicht in kompensierendem Umfang die Ressource des Sozialkapitals entgegensetzen, da sie ihre „typisch suburbane“ Lebensweise an der Entwicklung eines gemeinschaftlichen Lösungsansatzes hindert. Aus den dargestellten Ergebnissen leitet sich die Aufforderung ab, die Herausforderung der Gestaltung suburbaner Räume anzunehmen und durch die genaue Kenntnis spezifischer Teilräume eine gendergerechte Planung zu ermöglichen. / This thesis examines the question if residence in a suburban area – region surrounding Berlin taken as an example – imposes constraints on women’s day-to-day life despite the social impact of post-Fordism and post-Socialism. One can assume gender-specific differences since suburban residential areas have been labelled as “women-unfriendly” for decades. Ten study areas have been chosen with the objective to establish if any and what particular course of action is available to female residents to compensate the likely constraints. The empirical analysis proves that the lack of employment sites available for women in the vicinity of the place of their residence comes into collision with women’s paramount role in reproductive labour (mobility) and results in evident constraints imposed on the majority of female suburban residents. The division of labour is assumed to strongly determine gender roles to this day. The availability of paid work in a given area along with the access to childcare institutions determines women’s chances at the job market. Different patterns of socialisation were found to play an essential role in the work as well as in the mobility practices, since people of the East- or the West German origin seem still to be shaped by the respective society models. The constraints on work and mobility can hardly be compensated through the resources of social capital since women’s “typically suburban” art of living hinders a cooperative search for solutions. The results presented in this thesis urge to rise to the challenge of designing the suburban areas and, with the help of better knowledge of specific area divisions, to facilitate suburban planning which would better meet the needs of both men and women.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PerissonDN.pdf: 662338 bytes, checksum: f4a5cc7b4ebd762a1ebedce30d9f6017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This thesis discusses family as a social and historical construction and concerns to the perceptions developed by the peripheral youth living in suburbs. It investigates the speeches of young boys and girls who take part in Engenho de sonhos a forum composed by a pool of eleven non-governmental organizations and UFRN which aim is the elaboration and execution of projects focusing local development of poor communities in violence and social exclusion context. Throughout interactive diagnosis seminars in five communities in West Side of Natal with six hundred teenagers, it was detected the need to work with family relationships. In order to build the methodological corpus a range variety of procedures were done such as: interviews, focal groups and psychosocial questionnaires with nine local young leaders. The purpose to understand data guided the research through the theory of social imagery and pointed out the following themes: conceptions, relationship, roles, family projects. Live stories of these young population reveals conflicts when it comes to the configuration of family ties, far from the family model stated by society. Family is also, in their perception, an important space to the development of affection, in experiences of all sorts, affecting personality development and determining behaviors in local contexts. The research concludes stating the urge to comprehend this academic work as a way to fight against symbolic and emotional poverty in family context producing discussions and critical reflection in a permanent relation between juvenile social vulnerability (characterized by lacks of all orders) and potential / O trabalho tem como objetivo central uma reflex?o sobre a fam?lia institui??o constru?da social e historicamente partindo da percep??o de jovens moradores de bairros perif?ricos de Natal/RN. Nossa pesquisa investiga essa quest?o ? luz dos discursos produzidos por jovens participantes do F?rum Engenho de Sonhos, projeto que re?ne onze ONG s e a UFRN, na elabora??o e execu??o de projetos preocupados com o desenvolvimento local sustent?vel das comunidades de baixa renda, em contexto de viol?ncia e exclus?o sociais. Por meio de um diagn?stico interativo com os jovens nos cinco bairros atingidos pelo F?rum, detectou-se a necessidade de trabalhar e discutir as rela??es familiares, permeadas de conflitos e crises de identifica??o. A constitui??o de corpus deu-se atrav?s de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, question?rio de perfil psicossocial e grupos focais, numa amostra composta por nove jovens, l?deres articuladores. Foi utilizada an?lise dos discursos, na perspectiva da teoria do imagin?rio social, para compreens?o dos daods obtidos, considerando como pontos de an?lise : concep??o, rela??es, pap?is e projetos de fam?lia. Os jovens relatam est?rias de vida marcadas por dificuldades de di?logo e compreens?o nas rela??es familiares e v?em-se em conflito entre as concep??es tradicionais de fam?lia e a realidade vivida, tendo em vista que suas configura??es e rela??es familiares divergem muito do modelo de "fam?lia estruturada" imposto pela sociedade. A fam?lia ? concebida como espa?o privilegiado da afetividade, seja nas viv?ncias de apoio ou de conflito, afetando o desenvolvimento da personalidade individual, determinando as condutas que o jovem apresenta no contexto social. Conclui-se a pesquisa com a import?ncia deste trabalho como uma forma de combater a pobreza simb?lica e afetiva vivida no ambiente familiar, por meio de discuss?es que colaborem na reflex?o ativa e cr?tica dos jovens com rela??o ? situa??o desfavor?vel em que vivem, reconhecendo tamb?m as suas potencialidades existentes

This thesis explores the zombie’s rise to prominence in popular culture, with a focus on its development within the comics medium. The zombie is not just a ‘floating signifier’ (according to Jerrold E. Hogle), but a revenant signifier, actively and aggressively linking with existing concepts, and transforming them. The thesis also considers both the zombie figure and zombie genre within the parameters of several media – comics, television, film, and literature. The medium of comics is examined in detail as it has evolved through the influence of the zombie just as the zombie has been reshaped by each new representation. In contemporary horror comics, The Walking Dead series is not just commercially successful, it exploits properties of the medium (including panel arrangement, transitions, repetition, and the liminal space within the gutter) to thoroughly explore the metaphors and allusions that have been associated with the zombie. I discuss these metaphors by charting the zombie’s development. A lack of pre-twentieth century literary texts featuring this creature frustrates easy comparison with the monsters of Gothic fiction. Rather than evolving within the novel form, as its rival horror icons have done, the zombie has maintained a visual and visceral identity, maturing with each new incarnation, and becoming ever more gruesome: the walking corpses of ancient texts; a symbol of eternal slavery within Haitian Voodoo folklore; and its modern interpretation as violent and virulent monster. The recent notion of a zombie plague has redefined the creature as a representation of modern fears, and has led to ‘zombie apocalypse’ becoming a commonly-used fantasy scenario. The zombie’s connection to apocalyptic literature is simultaneously ancient and contemporary, with the creature being a signifier of social disorder and disrupted identity. While the emphasis throughout is on the shifting relations between media, comics are the main focus of this study. The symbolism present in the zombie, and the political and cultural ideas stemming from its slow maturation are revealed within The Walking Dead and sustained through the functions of the comics medium. Through the application of Scott McCloud’s comics theory, the closure between panels and the transition within the gutter enhance these ideas, and provide further understanding of the zombie as depicted in comics. The visual/textual relationship within comics is compared with Jacques Lacan’s modalities of consciousness, and the psychoanalytic reading provided here explores the crises of identity within the zombie, and within the fragmented narrative of the comics medium. Alternative psychoanalytic readings, and the physiology/pathology of the zombie itself are undertaken, revealing the creature to be responsive to Julia Kristeva’s concept of the abject, and Slavoj Zizek’s postmodern reworking of Lacanian ideas. The thesis also returns to notions of the Gothic, haunted spaces, and the role of suburbia in the zombie narrative. This is augmented with a study of intertextuality and the “revenant” status of the zombie, and of comics. Through incorporating the critical theory of Kristeva, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Jacques Derrida, and by positioning in parallel comics theorist Thierry Groensteen’s concepts of braiding and arthrology, I emphasise the operations of the zombie figure in the comic book, and other media, asserting that the zombie is a revenant signifier continually returning and transforming, never resting, but endlessly cannibalising and reconstructing debate about identity, morality, and society.

Nongovernmental actors have long been involved in the funding of U.S. K-12 public schools. With recent cuts to state funding to public education, however, groups called school-supporting nonprofits (Nelson & Gazley, 2014) have taken on a much larger role in school funding. Nonacademic, volunteer, parent-led groups such as parent teacher associations (PTAs), parent teacher organizations (PTOs), and booster clubs, especially, have grown in number and in amount of revenues raised, and are funding core school needs and functions. This situation confuses obligations of public institutions, undermines equity, and complicates the role of educational leaders. This mixed-methods study explores the influence of school-supporting non-profit organizations (SSNPs), in the suburban districts in the Richmond, VA quad-county metropolitan area. The focus of the current study is on the intersection of student economic disadvantage and race/ethnicity with the presence and types of SSNPs, their volunteer capacity and activities, and their financial capacity and impact. This study further examines why and how SSNPs exist as they do and how educational and nonprofit leaders manage their roles. Results show meaningful differences between groups in almost every variable, showing socioeconomic and racial disparities exacerbated by parent-led SSNP organizations. SSNPs at the most affluent schools with the most White and Asian students justify their work by touting the benefits to SSNP members’ children, explaining that the raising of funds and providing of volunteer staffing is both a virtuous activity and needed for the schools they support to function. Educational leaders must share power with these groups. This phenomenon raises questions about the purpose of SSNPs as civic and nonprofit organizations, exacerbates already inequitable availability of educational opportunities and resources across schools, and threatens the public nature of public education. While many policy remedies for this problem exist, a priority is more public revenues and funding of public schools.

L’activité de recherche a eu lieu alternativement dans le cadre de l‟École doctorale le Simion Mehedinți”, Faculté de Géographie, Université de Bucarest et au laboratoire „PAVE- Profession, Architecture, Ville, Environnement”, École Nationale Supérieure d‟Architecture et du Paysage de Bordeaux, France. Durant la réalisation de cette thèse on a suivi également des stages de formation et perfectionnement au laboratoire de recherche „ThèMA”, Université de Franche Comté, France, ESRI Roumanie et dans le cadre de l'Unité Régionale de Formation à l'Information Scientifique et Technique, URFIST de Bordeaux, France. / The research period took place alternatively to the Doctoral School “Simion Mehedinţi”, Bucharest University, Geography Department and to the PAVE Research Laboratory (ENSAP Bordeaux), member of the Emile Durkheim Research Center (UMR5116). During the realization of this PhD work we have also was also carried out training courses to the research laboratory „ThèMA”, University of Franche-Comté, France, ESRI Romania and to the Regional Training Unit for Scientific and Technical Information, URFIST de Bordeaux, France.

This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed after the second world war, when Stockholm district Vällingby became an example for underground railway-serviced ”new towns”. It is argued that important changes were made in the housing and town planning policy in Stockholm in this period that paved the way for the successful ensuing period. Foremost among these changes was the uniquely developed practice of municipal leaseholding with the help of site leasehold rights (Erbbaurecht). The study is informed by recent developments in Foucauldian social research, which go under the heading ’governmentality’. Developments within urban planning are understood as different solutions to the problem of urban order. To a large extent, urban and housing policies changed during the period from direct interventions into the lives of inhabitants connected to a liberal understanding of housing provision, to the building of a disciplinary city, and the conduct of ’governmental’ power, building on increased activity on behalf of the local state to provide housing and the integration and co-operation of large collectives. Municipal leaseholding was a fundamental means for the implementation of this policy. When the new policies were introduced, they were limited to the outer parts of the city and administered by special administrative bodies. This administrative and spatial separation was largely upheld throughout the period, and represented as the parallel building of a ’social’ outer city, while things in the inner ’mercantile’ city proceeded more or less as before. This separation was founded in a radical difference in land holding policy: while sites in the inner city were privatised and sold at market values, land in the outer city was mostly leasehold land, distributed according to administrative – and thus politically decided – priorities. These differences were also understood and acknowledged by the inhabitants. Thorough studies of the local press and the organisational life of the southern parts of the outer city reveals that the local identity was tightly connected with the representations connected to the different land holding systems. Inhabitants in the south-western parts of the city, which in this period was still largely built on private sites, displayed a spatial understanding built on the contradictions between centre and periphery. The inhabitants living on leaseholding sites, however, showed a clear understanding of their position as members of model communities, tightly connected to the policy of the municipal administration. The organisations on leaseholding sites also displayed a deep co-operation with the administration. As the analyses of election results show, the inhabitants also seemed to have felt a greater degree of integration with the society at large, than people living in other parts of the city. The leaseholding system in Stockholm has persisted until today and has been one of the strongest in the world, although the local neo-liberal politicians are currently disposing it off.

The work deals with two problems of mass rapid transit system operation: The development of flexible timetables and the realisation of flexible timetables. In both cases, genetic algorithms are used. In the process of (flexible) timetabling in suburban railways, a transport offer perfectly adapted to demand is searched for (temporal and spatial adaptation of demand as well as adaptation of capacity of the trains). After determination of the number of train runs per line and hour and their capacity, optimal departure times have to be found (with a precision of a minute down to 10 s), which fulfil criterias of the passengers (short waiting times) as well as of the operator (small number of vehicles needed). Two different codings for use with genetic algorithms have therefore been developed. They are tested on several case studies of the Dresden suburban railway network, assuming different degrees of flexibilisation. In the process of realising a flexible timetable, transitions between train headways as well as running time and dwell time reserves (margins in the order of a few seconds) are slightly modified in order to coordinate braking and accelerating trains and thereby reduce energy costs of a system of trains. Genetic algorithms can be applied for this problem as well, the proposed methods are tested on several case studies (S-Bahn Berlin, Metro Lille). / Die Arbeit behandelt zwei Probleme der Betriebsplanung von Stadtschnellbahnen: Die Erstellung flexibler Fahrpläne und die Umsetzung flexibler Fahrpläne. In beiden Fällen werden zur Lösung Genetische Algorithmen verwendet. Bei der Ermittlung flexibler Fahrpläne von S-Bahnen wird ein bestmöglich an die Verkehrsnachfrage angepasstes Verkehrsangebot gesucht (zeitlich, räumlich und bezüglich der Kapazität der einzelnen Züge angepasst). Nach stundenfeiner Festlegung der Fahrtenhäufigkeiten und Kapazitäten der einzelnen, sich überlagernden Linien werden deren Abfahrtszeiten gesucht (mit einer Genauigkeit von Minuten bis etwa 10 s), so dass sowohl die Wünsche der Fahrgäste nach gleichmäßigen Zugfolgezeiten als auch Betreiberwünsche (geringe Fahrzeuganzahl) erfüllt werden. Hierzu werden zwei verschiedene Kodierungen für die Verwendung mit Genetischen Algorithmen vorgestellt und das geschaffene Verfahren an verschiedenen Flexibilisierungsszenarien für die S-Bahn Dresden erprobt. Bei der Umsetzung flexibler Fahrpläne, die sich im Bereich weniger Sekunden abspielt, werden Übergänge zwischen Zugfolgezeiten, Fahr- und Haltezeitreserven geringfügig modifiziert, so dass durch bestmögliche Koordination von Anfahr- und Bremsvorgängen eines Systems von Zügen die Energiekosten minimal werden. Methodisch werden wiederum Genetische Algorithmen verwendet, die Erprobung des Verfahrens erfolgt anhand von Linien der S-Bahn Berlin und der Metro in Lille.

At the turn of the 19th century, cities were vibrant with strong economies, increasing populations, large building movements and most importantly, technological innovations. Availability of frequent and efficient transportation was key to the sustenance and growth of cities. This thesis is an exploration of the impact the street and interurban railway systems made on the city of Indianapolis and its suburbs during their heyday of service between 1864 and 1930.To verify the value of railway locations in relation to the direction of Indianapolis suburb growth, an effort to conduct quantifiable research was applied. First, population growth in Marion County, Indiana and its surrounding eight counties was studied. Evidence of significant growth in areas served by streetcar and interurban systems in comparison to areas that were served only by steam railroad or no service were highlighted. Second, historical land use change research was conducted to determine how land along Indianapolis corridors served by the streetcar railway system was affected by the introduction of such service. Finally, a review of popular response to the systems was undertaken to better understand the effects of the railways on the population. / Department of Architecture