Suicidal behavior, including suicide attempt, may result from maladaptive explanatory patterns for past negative life events, in which a person attributes the causes of stressors to internal, stable and global factors. Conversely, an optimistic explanatory style involves perceiving negative life events as external, transient and specific, and may be related to reduced suicide risk. We examined the association between attributional style and lifetime suicide attempts in 135 college students, covarying age, race and ethnicity. Participants provided informed consent and completed an online survey. An optimistic explanatory style was associated with reduced risk of suicide attempt; this effect persisted in a model controlling for hopelessness and depressive symptoms. The manner in which an individual interprets negative life events may buffer against suicidal behavior. Therapeutic strategies to promote an optimistic explanatory style may be successful in the prevention of suicide.

The objective of this study was to examine the combined moderating effects of life stress and loneliness on the association between social problem solving ability (SPS) and suicidal behaviors. We assessed SPS, suicidal behavior, loneliness, and stressful life events in a sample of 385 ethnically diverse college students. Overall, only loneliness moderated the association between SPS and suicidal behaviors. Across ethnic groups, loneliness moderated the association between SPS and suicidal behavior for Blacks, Whites, and Asians; life stress was a moderator for Hispanics. For most individuals, loneliness increases the strength of the association between poor problem-solving and suicidal behaviors. For Hispanics, life stress exacerbates this relationship. Ethnically-specific prevention strategies targeting loneliness and life stress may promote effective problem-solving, reducing suicide risk.

Defines Beck Hopelessness Inventory.

The role of comorbidity as a risk for suicide attempts is investigated in a random sample of 3021 young adults aged 14–24 years. The M-CIDI, a fully standardized and modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, was used for the assessment of various DSM-IV lifetime and 12-month diagnoses as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Of all suicide attempters, 91% had at least one mental disorder, 79% were comorbid or multimorbid respectively and 45% had four or more diagnoses (only 5% in the total sample reached such high levels of comorbidity). Suicide attempters with more than three diagnoses were 18 times more likely (OR = 18.4) to attempt suicide than subjects with no diagnosis. Regarding specific diagnoses, multivariate comorbidity analyses indicated the highest risk for suicide attempt in those suffering from anxiety disorder (OR = 4.3), particularly posttraumatic stress disorder followed by substance disorder (OR = 2.2) and depressive disorder (OR = 2.1). Comorbidity, especially when anxiety disorders are involved, increases the risk for suicide attempts considerably more than any other individual DSM-IV diagnoses.

Low cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol-lowering therapies have been suggested to be associated with increased suicidality. This article examined the association of cholesterol, triglycerides, and body-mass index (BMI) with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Findings are based on a nationally representative community sample of n = 4,181 subjects (18–65 years) examined with a standardized diagnostic interview (CIDI) for (DSM-IV) mental disorders. Controlling for age and gender the study revealed a moderate positive association between cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and suicide attempts in subjects with depressive symptoms during the past 12 months (n = 1,205). The results of this study are compatible with two recent epidemiological cohort studies showing a positive association between cholesterol and completed suicide.

Οι ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια βρίσκονται σε υψηλό κίνδυνο για αυτοκτονικό ιδεασμό, απόπειρες αυτοκτονίας, και επιτυχημένες απόπειρες. Παρ’ όλα αυτά, η αυτοκτονική συμπεριφορά κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόδρομης περιόδου της σχιζοφρένειας και μια πιθανή συσχέτιση μεταξύ της πρόδρομης αυτοκτονικής συμπεριφοράς και της αυτοκτονικότητας μετά την έναρξη της ενεργούς ψυχώσεως δεν είχε μελετηθεί. 106 συνεχόμενες εισαγωγές ασθενών με πρόσφατη έναρξη σχιζοφρένειας εκτιμήθηκαν αναδρομικά για πρόδρομα συμπτώματα και αυτοκτονικότητα κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόδρομης φάσης καθώς και μετά την έναρξη της ενεργούς ψυχώσεως. Επιπρόσθετα, 106 σταθμισμένοι μάρτυρες από το γενικό πληθυσμό εκτιμήθηκαν για αυτοκτονική συμπεριφορά κατά τη διάρκεια της ίδιας περιόδου με την πρόδρομη φάση του αντίστοιχου ασθενή. Αυτοκτονικός ιδεασμός και απόπειρες αυτοκτονίας κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόδρομης περιόδου βρέθηκαν στο 25.5% και 7.5% των ασθενών το οποίο είναι αντίστοιχα 3.8 φορές και 8 φορές πιο συχνό από ότι στους μάρτυρες. Οι ασθενείς με αυτοκτονική συμπεριφορά είχαν μεγαλύτερο αριθμό πρόδρομων συμπτωμάτων από ότι οι ασθενείς χωρίς αυτοκτονική συμπεριφορά. Η πρόδρομη καταθλιπτική διάθεση, η εκσεσημασμένη έκπτωση στη λειτουργικότητα, και το κάπνισμα καπνού βρέθηκαν να ασκούν ανεξάρτητη επίδραση στον αυτοκτονικό ιδεασμό, ενώ η καταθλιπτική διάθεση ήταν το πρόδρομο σύμπτωμα σημαντικά πιο συχνό στους ασθενείς με απόπειρες αυτοκτονίας. Οι απόπειρες αυτοκτονίας συσχετίστηκαν με πρώιμη έναρξη της πρόδρομης συμπτωματολογίας και της ενεργού ψυχώσεως. Όλοι οι ασθενείς με απόπειρα αυτοκτονίας στην πρόδρομη περίοδο ήταν καπνιστές. Ο αυτοκτονικός ιδεασμός κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόδρομης φάσης είχε ισχυρή συσχέτιση με την δια βίου αυτοκτονικότητα μετά την έναρξη της ενεργούς ψυχώσεως. Συμπερασματικά, η αυτοκτονική συμπεριφορά είναι αρκετά συχνή κατά τη διάρκεια της πρόδρομης περιόδου. Ο συνδυασμός καπνίσματος, καταθλιπτικής διάθεσης, έκπτωσης λειτουργικότητας, και ενός μεγάλου αριθμού προδρόμων συμπτωμάτων, ειδικά σε ασθενείς με πρώιμη έναρξη συμπτωματολογίας, συνεπάγεται σημαντικά αυξημένο κίνδυνο αυτοκτονικού ιδεασμού. Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή απαιτούν οι ασθενείς με αυτοκτονικό ιδεασμό κατά την πρόδρομη περίοδο μετά την έναρξη της ενεργούς ψυχώσεως διότι ο κίνδυνος απόπειρας αυτοκτονίας είναι υψηλός. / Patients with schizophrenia are at high risk for suicide ideation, attempts and completed suicide. However, suicidal behavior during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and a possible association between prodromal suicidal behavior and suicidality after the onset of overt psychosis are not studied. 106 consecutively admitted schizophrenia patients with recent onset were evaluated retrospectively for prodromal symptoms and suicidality during the prodromal phase and after the onset of frank psychosis. Additionally, 106 matched control subjects from the general population were evaluated for suicidality during the same age period of the prodromal phase of the corresponding patient. Suicide ideation and attempt during the prodromal period were reported in 25.5% and 7.5% of the patients that is 3.8-fold and 8-fold greater than in the controls, respectively. Patients with suicidal behavior experienced a greater number of prodromal symptoms than those without. Prodromal depressive mood, marked impairment in role functioning, and tobacco smoking exerted an independent effect on suicide ideation, whereas depressive mood was the symptom significantly more frequent in patients with suicide attempt. Suicide attempts were associated with an earlier onset of prodromal symptoms and frank psychosis. All patients with prodromal suicide attempts were cigarette smokers. Suicide ideation during the prodromal phase was strongly associated with lifetime suicidality after the onset of frank psychosis. In conclusion suicidal behavior is quite common during the prodromal period. The association of smoking, depressive mood, impaired functioning, and a large number of prodromal symptoms, particularly in patients with an early onset of symptoma¬tology carries a substantially increased risk for suicide ideation. Particular care is needed in patients with prodromal suicide ideation after the onset of frank psychosis because the risk to attempt suicide is high.

Bakgrund: Runtom i världen är det cirka 800 000 personer som begår självmord varje år. Årligen i Sverige, är det cirka 1800 personer under 19 år som någon gång har försökt ta sitt liv och en tredjedel av alla unga vuxna har haft självmordstankar. Av dessa unga vuxna lyckas 40-50 stycken ta sitt liv. Suicid har under de senaste 15 åren minskat men dock inte bland unga vuxna. Självmordsförsök och självmordstankar går att förebygga. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka unga vuxnas upplevelser av omvårdnad vid suicidtankar och efter suicidförsök samt deras känslor runt detta. Metod: Deskriptiv design med litteraturstudie som metod användes. Litteraturstudien baserades på 11 vetenskapliga, kvalitativa originalartiklar. Artiklarna granskades enligt SBU:s (2014), granskningsmall för patientupplevelser. Vid analys av inkluderade artiklar tillämpades innehållsanalys enligt Forsberg och Wengström (2016). Resultat: Bemötandet från vårdpersonalen hade stor betydelse för unga vuxna. Unga vuxna hade en längtan av att bli sedda och respekterade, det skapade trygghet för dem, speciellt när de fick en god relation med personalen. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av unga vuxna upplevde god omvårdnad vid sin suicidalitet. Resterande unga vuxna upplevde en känsla av att bli nedvärderade, speciellt inom den somatiska vården. De flesta unga vuxna är nöjda med sin vård och är beredda på att blicka framåt i livet samt att börja leva. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalen bör utbilda sig mer inom psykisk ohälsa. Det är viktigt att unga vuxna blir sedda och förstådda i sin suicidalitet och att deras känslor blir uppmärksammade. Om individerna får denna bekräftelse kommer unga vuxna troligtvis kunna se en större mening med livet. Det krävs mer forskning på hur unga vuxna upplever omvårdnaden vid suicidalitet. / Background: All around the world, around 800 000 individuales succeed with suicide every year. Every year in Sweden, it is 1800 persons under 19 years old try to take their life and a third of all young adults have had suicidal thoughts. Of these young adults there are 40-50 persons who succeed to take their life. Suicide has under the past 15 years reduced but not with young adults. Suicide attempt and suicide ideation can be prevented. Aim: The aim was to describe young adults experiences of nursing care in suicide ideation and after suicide attempt and their feelings around it. Method: Descriptive design with litterature study was chosen. The litterature study was based on 11 scientific, qualitative original articles. The quality of the articles were examined by SBU:s (2014), reviewed tampled for patients´ experiences. The analysis of the included articles, where content analysis by Forsberg and Wengström (2016), was elected. Result: The reception from nursing staff meant a lot to young adults. Young adults had the desire to be seen and respected, that created safety for them, especially when they had a good relationship with the staff. The result showed that the majority of young adults experienced good nursing in their suicidality. Remaining young adults experienced a feeling of being undervalued, especially in somatic care. Most young adults are satisfied with their care and are prepared to look forward to life as well as to start living. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should be more trained in mental health. It is important that young adults are seen and understood in their suicidality and that their feelings are brought to attention. If individuals get this attention, young adults will probably be able to see a bigger meaning in life. More research is required on how young adults experiences nursing in suicidality.

Se a criança é negligenciada ou passou por experiências traumáticas durante o processo de desenvolvimento, isso pode desencadear, além de sofrimento psíquico intenso nesta fase, predisposição para uma série de transtornos mentais e prejuízo ao funcionamento na vida adulta, inclusive levando a tentativa de suicídio. Objetivos: A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a ocorrência de traumas infantis em adultos sobreviventes de suicídio atendidos no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre no Rio Grande do Sul, além da ocorrência de perda de figura significativa na infância, presença de doença psiquiátrica atual, intensidade de sintomas depressivos, perda de pessoa significativa recente e apoio social em comparação a controles. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo de caso-controle (28 casos; 56 controles). O estudo foi realizado de 20 de agosto de 2015 a 21 de março de 2016, utilizando os seguintes instrumentos: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), e Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). Justificativa: A escolha do tema justificou-se pelo expressivo número de sujeitos que ingressam no referido hospital por tentativa de suicídio (TS), constituindo uma população em que o entendimento de fatores de risco pode auxiliar na identificação de diferentes fatores envolvidos neste fenômeno e na elaboração de estratégias de intervenção e prevenção. Resultados: A amostra examinada (n=84; 28 casos e 56 controles) demonstrou uma distribuição semelhante em relação ao gênero (M/F = 46,4%/53,6%) com uma idade média de 35,6 anos (DP=12,8). Através do instrumento CTQ foram avaliados os traumas na infância. Os grupos (caso x controle) apresentaram médias distintas nas variáveis abuso emocional (p<0,001), abuso físico (p<0,001), negligência emocional (p<0,001) e negligência física (p<0,001). Nos casos de tentativas de suicídio foi realizada uma análise através do BDI e MINI, onde 94,4% (n=17) tinham risco elevado de reincidência de uma nova tentativa e apresentavam Transtorno Depressivo Grave em comparação aos controles onde nenhum paciente apresentou risco de suicídio elevado e Transtorno Depressivo Grave (p <0,001) . Segundo a MOS, a contagem de um parente e/ou amigo a mais protege o risco de suicídio em 24%. Quando somados, a dimensão afetiva com a interação social, um ponto a mais protege em 70% (p<0,001). Ao relacionarmos a dimensão emocional com a dimensão informação, ficou em 63% (p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo apontaram uma importante associação entre traumas na infância e tentativa de suicídio na vida adulta, apontando por exemplo a importância da adoção de ações preventivas e terapêuticas relacionadas a maus-tratos durante o desenvolvimento infantil como fator importante na redução de risco para o suicídio. A rede de apoio possui importância no suporte social na vida de qualquer pessoa. Nesta pesquisa, os pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram mais suporte social, com maior probabilidade de serem mais ativos e interativos com o meio em que vivem. / If a child is neglected or experiences traumatic events during development, this can unleash—beyond the intense psychological suffering at the time—a predisposition for a number of mental disorders, up to and including suicide attempt, and impair functioning as an adult. Objectives: The present study sought to identify the incidence of childhood trauma as well as the loss of a loved one during childhood, the presence of current psychiatric illness, intensity of depression symptoms, recent loss of a loved one, and social support in comparison to controls in adult suicide attempt survivors treated at Hospital de Pronto Socorro in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: The study is considered a case-control study (28 cases, 56 controls). It took place from August 20th, 2015 to March 21st, 2016 and utilized the following instruments: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Medical Outcomes Study (MOS). Justification: The choice of topic was justified by the considerable number of subjects admitted to the hospital for suicide attempt (SA). The subjects constituted a population for which the understanding of risk factors could help in the identification of the various elements involved in this phenomenon and in the elaboration of intervention and prevention strategies. Results: The examined sample (n = 84; 28 cases and 56 controls) had an approximately equal gender distribution (M/F = 46.4%/53.6%) and a mean age of 35.6 years (SD = 12.8). Childhood trauma was evaluated via the CTQ instrument. The groups (case and control) presented distinct means in variables of emotional abuse (p < .001), physical abuse (p < .001), emotional neglect (p < .001), and physical neglect (p < .001). The suicide attempt cases were analyzed using the BDI and MINI, which indicated 94.4% (n = 17) had elevated risk of relapsing into another suicide attempt and presented Major Depressive Disorder relative to the controls, where no patient had an elevated risk of suicide attempt or Major Depressive Disorder (p < .001). According to MOS, having a close relative and/or friend offered the greatest protection against suicide risk in 25% of cases. When added, the affective and social interaction dimensions the protection is 70% (p < .001). By linking the dimension emotional with the informational, 63% is achieved (p < .001). Conclusions: The results of the study point to a strong relationship between childhood trauma and suicide attempt in adulthood, indicating, for example, the importance of the adoption of preventative and therapeutic actions related to mistreatment in childhood as a key factor in the reduction of suicide risk. The support network plays a critical role in the social well-being of any person. In this study, control group patients presented greater social support and were likelier to be more active and interactive in their communities.

O papel da religiosidade na determinação do comportamento suicida é controverso, havendo estudos que a consideram um fator protetor e outros um fator de risco. Neste estudo os autores conduziram uma revisão sistemática da literatura para avaliar a relação entre a religiosidade e o comportamento suicida. Dentre os 154 artigos publicados em periódicos científicos inicialmente identificados nas bases Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e PsycInfo, foram selecionados 59 artigos que enfocavam a associação entre religiosidade e comportamento suicida. Para a avaliação dos atributos qualitativos dos artigos foi desenvolvido um Roteiro de Avaliação Qualitativa. Os resultados mostram que grande parte dos artigos encontrados apresentava falta de rigor metodológico na mensuração do conceito de religiosidade, possivelmente devido à característica subjetiva desse constructo. Contudo, verificou-se que o papel protetor contra o comportamento suicida exercido pela religiosidade, sofre variações de acordo com a cultura na qual está inserida, considerando que para algumas culturas o comportamento suicida não é visto com total desaprovação. Porém, a maioria dos estudos reforça a hipótese de que a religiosidade diminui o risco de comportamento suicida nos indivíduos que professam algum tipo de credo e, que participam de algum espaço religioso. Não foram encontrados, nesta pesquisa, estudos que medissem a associação, entre religiosidade e comportamento suicida, em religiões de matriz africana. / The role of religiosity in determining suicidal behavior is controversial, since there are tudies where its considered a protective factor and others, a risk factor. In this study, the authors conducted a systematic literature review to assess the relationship between religiosity and suicidal behavior. Among the 154 articles published in scientific journals initially identified in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and PsycInfo, we selected 59 articles that focused on the association between religiosity and suicidal behavior. To evaluate the qualitative attributes of the articles, a Qualitative Evaluation Script was developed. The results show that most articles found presented a lack of methodological rigor in measuring the concept of religiosity, possibly due to the subjective characteristic of this construct. However, it was found that the protective role against suicidal behavior exercised by religion, varies according to the culture in which it operates, whereas in some cultures suicidal behavior is not seen with total disapproval. However, most studies support the hypothesis that religiosity reduces the risk of suicidal behavior in individuals who profess some kind of belief, and participates in some religious space. Were not found, in this research, studies which measure the association between religiosity and suicidal behavior in religions of African origin.

Bakgrund: Självmord är ett globalt hälsoproblem. Enligt WHO tar årligen 800 000 människor i världen sitt liv och suicidförsöken är långt flera. Syfte: Att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelser av att, på intensivvårdsavdelningen, vårda patienter som har utfört ett suicidförsök. Metod: Beskrivande design med kvalitativ ansats användes. Tio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor inkluderades. Datainsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fem kategorier framkom; Att möta patienter som utfört suicidförsök är komplext, Att möta närstående till patienter som utfört suicidförsök, Att psykiatrin har betydelse för patienter som utfört suicidförsök, Att vårda patienter som utfört suicidförsök väcker flera olika känslor samt Att uppleva begränsningar och möjligheter vid omvårdnaden av patienter som utfört suicidförsök. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskrev att det var utmanande att vårda, kommunicera och bemöta patienter som utfört ett suicidförsök. Dessa patienter beskrevs som en återkommande patientgrupp som ofta hade en tidigare kontakt med psykiatrin. Närstående reagerade olika vid suicidförsök och behövde stöd enligt intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas beskrivningar. De upplevde lång väntan på psykiatrikonsulten vilket bidrog till fördröjd planering av patientens fortsatta vård. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskrev självmord som tragiskt och att det väckte olika känslor hos dem. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskrev vidare att de upplevde skillnader av suicidförsökets allvarlighetsgrad, utifrån metoden patienten använt, samt att fördomar förekom mot denna patientkategori bland deras kollegor. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna upplevde att de saknade kunskap om psykisk ohälsa samt önskade ett bättre samarbete med psykiatrin. Slutsats: Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna beskrev upplevelsen av komplexiteten att vårda, kommunicera och bemöta denna patientgrupp, då de saknar kunskap samt att samarbetet med psykiatrin kan utvecklas. / Background: Suicide is a global health problem, according to WHO 800 000 people worldwide commit suicide every year and the suicide attempts are far more. Aim: To describe intensive care nurses’ (ICU nurse) experiences of taking care of patients, at an intensive care unit, who has committed a suicide attempt. Method: A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was used. Semi structured interviews with ten ICU nurses were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Five categories were found; To meet patients who has committed a suicide attempt is complicated, To meet relatives of patients who has committed a suicide attempt, To patients who has committed a suicide attempt, psychiatry has meaning, To care for patients who has committed a suicide attempt brings up a lot of emotions, and To experience limitations and possibilities when taking care of patients who has committed a suicide attempt. ICU nurses described the complexity of nursing, communicating and treating patients who have committed a suicide attempt. These patients were described as a recurrent group, who often had an earlier experience of psychiatric care. They described a variety of reactions from relatives and the relatives need for support. ICU nurses experienced a long wait for the psychiatric consultation which contributed to slowing down the planning of the patients’ continued care. ICU nurses referred to suicide as tragic and that it brings up a lot of emotions among them. They also described that they experienced differences in severity of the suicide attempt depending on the use of suicide method and that prejudices existed among colleagues. ICU nurses described they lacked knowledge about mental illness and wished for better cooperation with psychiatric care. Conclusion: ICU nurses described the complexity of nursing, communicating and treating this group of patients due to lack of knowledge and that cooperation with psychiatric care could be improved.