Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JanainaGomes.pdf: 323977 bytes, checksum: 872ea1e01b711a691d7746d206ac395e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-20 / The present research was carried out at Sector of Fish of the Goiás Federal University, between December the 2006 and May the 2007, which lasted for 127 days. Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus), Supreme strain, with starter weight of 31.86 ± 1.75 g were randomly allotted in 32 tanks of 100 L of capacity each one in raceway system. The full water exchange of the tanks occurred in 30 min at the beginning. The fish were fed with extruded diet containing 36% of CP in pellets of 2-4 mm in diameter. By the average weight of 100 g, the fish were fed with extruded diet with 32% of CP in pellets of 4-6 mm in diameter until the end of the experiment. This assessment was performed to evaluate feed frequencies (2, 3, 4 and 5 times/day) and ratio (ad libitum and based on the percentage of the biomass weight - %PVBIO) on the productive performance, chemical composition, biometric indices, carcass and fillet yield and costs and profitability partial of Nile tilapia during the weight gain in the raceway system. The experimental design was composed by a completely randomized design in a factorial (4 x 2), with four repetitions, totalizing 32 experimental units. The performances body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), final biomass (FB), feed intake (FI), index of food intake (IF), apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR), feed efficiency (FE), survival (S%), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth ratio (SGR) and uniformity of the lot (U%) -; fillet weight (FW), carcass yield (CY), fillet yield(FY), biometric indices, and chemical composition fillet (total dry matter (TDM), moisture (MO), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), ash) were the main evaluated parameters. The performance data were submitted to the analysis of variance and Duncan tests (5%), and the others to Tukey test (5%). Despite the quantity of food provided in the treatments, the main variables of water quality remained within the limit recommended for fish breeding. Better AFCR, FE and PER were reached for fish fed three times a day and greater PVBIO% for those ones fed twice daily ad libitum (P <0.05). The values of FBW, FL, FWG, FB, and FI were higher for fish fed four times a day (P <0.05), with the AFCR and PER values similar to those in fish fed three times a day. S%, SGR, CF and U% suffered no influence by the feeding frequency (P> 0.05). Only in IF differences on how to supply the ration (P <0.05) were observed. Fish fed four, five and three times a day had better average of FY, differing from those fed twice a day (P<0.05). The feeding frequency of less than five times had greater CY and VFI, but it did not differ from the other regimens. Difference in form of supply was observed only for RF, and the best average was reached in fish fed ad libitum. Regarding the chemical composition fillet, no differences in ashes were observed (P>0.05). The highest level of CL was found in three times of feeding frequency, which was statistical relevant (P<0.05) in comparison to the others. Interaction was observed for the variables TDM, MO and CP. The cost incidence (CI) was lower in three times a day of feeding frequency with feed supply based on %BW. The feeding frequency of 3 times per day ad libitum presented the best result concerning performance, and suggested lower cost with labor for juveniles of Nile tilapia cultivated in raceway tanks. / A pesquisa foi realizada no Setor de Piscicultura da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás, no período de dezembro de 2006 a maio de 2007, com duração de 127 dias. Foram utilizados juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagem Supreme, com peso médio inicial de 31,86 ± 1,75 g, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 32 caixas reguladas para 100 L adaptadas ao sistema raceway. A troca total de água das caixas, no início, ocorreu em 30min. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração extrusada contendo 36% de PB e grânulos com 2 a 4 mm de diâmetro até o peso médio aproximado de 100 g; em seguida, foram alimentados com ração extrusada 32% de PB com grânulos de 4 a 6 mm de diâmetro até o final do experimento. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito das frequências (2, 3, 4 e 5 vezes/dia) e formas de fornecimento da ração (à vontade e com base na porcentagem do peso da biomassa) sobre o desempenho produtivo, a composição bromatológica do filé, os índices biométricos, os rendimentos de carcaça e filé, e custos e rentabilidade parciais da tilápia durante a fase de engorda no sistema raceway, constituindo, assim, um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4 x 2), com quatro repetições, totalizando 32 unidades experimentais. Foram assim avaliados: desempenho produtivo - peso (P), ganho de peso (GP), biomassa final (BF), consumo de ração (CR), índice de consumo alimentar (IA), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), taxa de eficiência alimentar (TEA), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), sobrevivência (S%), uniformidade do lote (U%) -; peso do filé (PF), rendimentos de carcaça (RC) e filé (RF), índice hepatosomático (IHS), índice gordura víscero-somático (IGVS) e composição bromatológica do filé (matéria seca total (MST), umidade (UM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), cinzas). Os dados de desempenho produtivo foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Duncan (5%), e os demais ao teste Tukey (5%). Apesar da quantidade de alimento fornecido por tratamento, as principais variáveis de qualidade da água permaneceram dentro do limite recomendável para os peixes. Os valores de P, GP, BF, e CR foram maiores para os peixes arraçoados quatro, três e cinco vezes ao dia, respectivamente, diferindo de duas vezes ao dia (P<0,05). Foi observada interação significativa para IA, CAA, TEA e TEP. Observou-se melhor CAA, TEA e TEP para os peixes arraçoados três vezes ao dia pela %PVBIO e duas vezes ao dia à vontade (P<0,05). S%, TCE e U% não sofreram influência quanto à frequência alimentar (P>0,05). Os peixes arraçoados três, quatro e cinco vezes ao dia apresentaram melhor média de RF diferindo dos peixes arraçoados duas vezes (P<0,05). A frequência de cinco vezes apresentou menor RC e maior IGVS, porém não diferiu das demais. Foi observada diferença para forma de fornecimento apenas para RF, sendo a melhor média para os peixes arraçoados à vontade. Quanto à composição bromatológica, só não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para Cinzas. O maior teor de EE foi encontrado na frequência de três vezes (P<0,05) diferindo das demais. Foi observada interação (P<0,05) para as variáveis MST, UM e PB. Quanto à avaliação econômica, a incidência de custo (IC) foi menor na frequência de três vezes ao dia com fornecimento de ração baseado na %PVBIO. Recomenda-se a frequência alimentar de 3 vezes/dia para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo até o abate por possibilitar menor gasto com mão de obra, melhores resultados para desempenho, com fornecimento de ração à vontade, até atingirem a saciedade aparente, quando cultivados em tanques raceways

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Raquel Priscila de Castro Oliveira.pdf: 2385507 bytes, checksum: 70f3aa3088e08bd364a210435717e331 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / This study was developed in order to analyze productive performance, economic evaluation, bromotological composition of fish fillet, body components percentage and glucose level of two of Nile tilapia strains (chitralada and supreme) in three stocking densities (90, 120 and 150 fish/m3) in the raceway system. This work was carried out at the Fish Culture Sector from Universidade Federal de Goias. A total of 1,440 Nile tilapia fingerlings were produced in 24 polyethylene water tanks, adapted to raceway system. Each experimental unit had individual pipe for water supply and flow was regulated to allow total exchange every 30 minutes, regardless of stocking density. The animals were fed three times a day with commercial extruded ration, ad libitum, seven days a week. The design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement and four replications. The results were submitted to variance analysis and, in cases of statistical variance, to the Tukey test (5%). After the all variables analysis, it was concluded that both strains presented positive characteristics for production in Goias State in raceway system. Supreme strain, in higher water density, is the one recommended by this study due to greater profitability, and to positive performance aspects. / Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a avaliação econômica, a composição bromatológica do filé, o percentual de componentes do corpo, e a glicemia de duas linhagens comerciais de tilápia-do-Nilo, a chitralada e a supreme submetidas a três densidades de estocagem 90, 120 e 150 peixes/m3 em sistema de alto fluxo de água. O estudo foi realizado no Setor de Piscicultura da Universidade Federal de Goiás. No total, 1440 alevinos de tilápia-do-Nilo foram estocados em 24 caixas d água de polietileno adaptadas ao sistema raceway. Cada unidade experimental era provida de tubulação individual para abastecimento e a vazão foi regulada para troca total a cada 30 minutos, independente da densidade de estocagem. Biometrias mensais foram realizadas e coletados dados para a avaliação. Os animais foram alimentados com ração comercial extrusada, até a saciedade momentânea, sete dias por semana. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x3 e quatro repetições. As médias dos resultados encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variância e, em caso de diferença estatística, ao teste de comparação de médias Tukey (5%). Após a análise de todas as variáveis concluiu-se que ambas as linhagens apresentaram características favoráveis de produção no Estado de Goiás em sistema raceway. A linhagem supreme, na maior densidade de estocagem, foi a recomendada após esse estudo devido a maior rentabilidade e aspectos positivos no desempenho.

[pt] A Constituição Federal brasileira fixou um desenho estrutural de competências que permite uma ampla atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre a vida social e os ramos de governo. Desde 1988, houve uma evolução gradativa no exercício efetivo deste poder em relação ao Congresso Nacional, principalmente, nos julgados sobre comissões parlamentares de inquérito, sistema político e omissões inconstitucionais, enquanto as temáticas do impeachment presidencial, do processo legislativo e da perda de mandato por quebra de decoro parlamentar apresentaram uma reticência interventiva maior. A experiência do institucionalismo norte-americano e a análise destes seis campos jurisprudenciais por diferentes enfoques da teoria institucional – atitudinal, estratégico, constitutivo e histórico – demonstram que não há um panorama assimétrico entre os departamentos estatais. Na verdade, o jogo entre Poderes pode criar cenários conjunturais que libertam decisões baseadas na preferência individual dos julgadores ou que restringem a autonomia da Corte quando críticas ou retaliações externas ameaçam sua permanência e autoridade. / [en] The Brazilian Federal Constitution established a framework of laws that allow for the Supreme Court to act over the social life and branches of the government. Since 1988 there has been a gradual evolution in the effective enforcing of this power over congress, mainly in judgements on parliamentary inquiry committees, the political system and unconstitutional omissions, while the topics of presidential impeachment, legislative process and removal from office for breach of congressional decorum met with greater reluctance to intervene. The North American experience in institutionalism and analysis of these six jurisprudential fields by different approaches to institutional theory - attitudinal, strategic, constituent and historical - demonstrate that the panorama among state departments is not asymmetric. In fact, the separation of powers game can create groups of scenarios that generate decisions based on the preference of individual judges, or that restrict the autonomy of the court when criticism or external retaliations threaten its authority.

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In mid-April 1945, US and UK forces swept through Germany. The Western Allies had spent years preparing for the moment, cultivating a civil affairs capacity since the Interwar Period and devoting thousands of hours to planning for the occupation. However, the rapid pace of the advance stretched the new capability beyond its limits as frontline forces seized large swaths of Germany and encountered exponentially increasing numbers of displaced persons. The accidental discoveries of Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen and the tens of thousands of survivors suffering appalling levels of starvation and disease overwhelmed the forces dispatched to address the sites, resulting in a sluggish response. Significant flaws in Allied planning assumptions caused the breakdown that potentially cost hundreds of unnecessary deaths. Yet, operational staff officers from the Supreme Headquarters down to the division level recognized the poor response and, in two short weeks, adapted the plan to address the conditions on the front. Policy adjustments and messages from General Eisenhower removed ambiguity in existing guidance and provided clear direction to frontline forces. More importantly, the Western Allies formally merged the campaign plan guiding combat operations, OVERLORD, with the plan for occupation, ECLIPSE. The changes produced a marked improvement in the US liberation of Dachau on 29 April 1945, thereby demonstrating adaptation and innovation at the operational level of war.

Le projet du gouvernement grec en 2006 d’introduire une Cour constitutionnelle pour remplacer le contrôle diffus pose le problème du choix entre le modèle américain et le modèle européen. Il n’y a pas de supériorité inhérente d’un modèle sur le plan axiologique, logique, technique et empirique. Les défauts du système américain sont amplifiés en Grèce par le contexte européen de sorte que le système grec assure la dépolitisation du contrôle mais n’assure pas la sécurité juridique. De même, il est activiste en matière socioéconomique mais il ne l’est pas concernant les droits individuels de premier rang. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes correctifs (Cour suprême spéciale, Cour plénière, Tribunal des Salaires) aggravent le problème d’irrationalité en raison du grand nombre des juges. Ils engendrent aussi des décisions provocatrices dans les domaines électoraux et judiciaires. D’autre part, la Cour constitutionnelle se heurte à l’existence d’un système américain actif, d’un contexte culturel non continental, à l’interprétation historique des principes irrévisables et à un contexte social clientéliste. Plus particulièrement, la Cour constitutionnelle proposée favorise la loi en raison de la désignation des juges uniquement par le parti majoritaire et aussi de la saisine de la Cour dans le cas de deux invalidations successives de la loi. En conclusion, il est opportun d’établir un système mixte selon la nature des lois contrôlées comprenant une Assemblée Plénière restreinte et une Cour constitutionnelle constituée parmi une liste triple. / The project of the Greek government in 2006 to introduce a Constitutional Court in order to replace the diffused control poses the problem of the choice between the American model and the European model. There is non inherent superiority of one model from axiological, logic, technical and empirical point of view. The defaults of the American system are amplified in Greece by the European context, so that the Greek system assures the depoliticization of the control but it does not assure the legal security. In addition, it is activist in the socioeconomic domain but it is self-restrained concerning the fundamental liberties. The remedial mechanisms (Supreme Special Court, Plenary Court, “Tribunal of Wages”) aggravate the problem of irrationality, because of the existence of lot of judges and they engender also provocative decisions in the electoral and judicial domain. On the other hand, the introduction of a Constitutional Court comes up against the existence of an active American system, a non continental cultural context, the historical interpretation or irrevisable principles and a clientelist social context. More particularly, the proposed Constitutional Court favors the law owning to the fact that the judges are appointed only by the majority party and that the Court intervenes after two invalidations of the law. In conclusion, it is convenient to establish a mixed system according to the nature of controlled laws including a restricted Plenary Court and a Constitutional Court constituted among a triple list.

This thesis examines the views of freedoms of press and speech held by the twelve earliest justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, as the Sedition Act of 1798 raised their earliest First Amendment questions including the breadth of those freedoms and of seditious libel. The thesis discusses three aspects of the early justices' views, which add to existing studies. First, the context of those justices' views was growing challenges to the restrictive Blackstone and Mansfield definition of freedom of press as only freedom from prior restraint (licensing) and as not also freedom from subsequent restraint such as seditious libel prosecution. Those challenges were reflected in broad language protecting freedoms of press and speech, and in the absence of language stating that the English common law of rights or of seditious libel was left unaltered. That crucial context of growing challenges has not been detailed in existing literature. (Chapter 3.) Second, the views of each early justice on press and speech are chronicled for the period 1789-1798. That discloses express commitments to those freedoms, which are absent from existing literature, and no adoption of the Blackstone definition before the 1798 crisis. (Chapters 4-5.) Third, the cases and reasoning of the six sitting justices upholding the Sedition Act of 1798 are chronicled and assessed, along with the views of the six remaining justices. That reveals that most remaining justices and also a significant minority within the Federalist party rejected the Sedition Act. Yet positions on the Sedition Act have been only cursorily discussed for four sitting justices and have been overlooked for the other eight justices, as well as for the Federalist party's minority, for the critical period 1798-1800. (Chapters 6-7.) The thesis proposes reasons for that divergence between the pre-1798 commitment of all justices to freedoms of press and speech, and the support given by most sitting justices to the Sedition Act, in contrast to apparent opposition by most remaining justices. The primary reasons are their opposing positions on several connected issues: the extent of rights to dissent, the challenges to the Blackstone definition and to seditious libel, the effect of new state and federal constitutions on seditious libel and on common law rights, strength of attachment to freedoms of press and speech and to seditious libel, and most sitting justices' changes of position to embrace the Blackstone definition. The thesis calls into question conventional views in existing literature on each of those three aspects. First, Levy and others express the dominant view that freedom of press in state declarations of rights and the First Amendment 'was used in its prevailing common law or Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints and a subjection to subsequent restraints for licentious or seditious abuse,' so that contrary evidence 'does not exist,' and that 'no other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798' existed. Instead, opposition to the essence of seditious libel had been mounting over the decades. Second, the early justices are usually portrayed as having nothing to say about freedoms of press and speech before 1798. Instead, nearly all exhibited commitment to those freedoms before that crucial year, though half the early justices upheld the Sedition Act during 1798-1800. Third, the Federalist party, the early justices, and the states except Virginia and Kentucky are all usually described as unanimously supporting the Sedition Act. Instead, the Federalists divided over the Act, and the early justices did as well, with an unrecognized but significant minority of the party, and nearly half of the early justices, opposing the Sedition Act, as did several additional states.

La théorie de la guerre juste a fournit les principes qui forment la base de nos intuitions concernant l’éthique de la guerre pendant plus de milles ans. Cependant, la nature de la guerre a changé drastiquement dans les derniers 50 ans. Avec les avancés technologiques, tous les aspects de la guerre, du champ de bataille aux armes utilisées, sont aujourd’hui très différents. Ce qui est proposé dans ce texte est que les principes de jus in bello sont malgré tout encore adéquats pour les guerres contemporaines. Spécifiquement, en utilisant une analyse historique, ce texte argumentera contre la condition de l’urgence suprême de Michael Walzer pour proposer une approche qui laisse les principes de bases du jus in bello intactes. Ce texte suggère que les théoriciens de la guerre juste se penchent sur la question des armes prohibées pour avoir un impacte positif dans le domaine de l’éthique de la guerre. / Just war theory has been provided the basis for thinking about the morality of war for the past thousand years of Western history. However, the nature of warfare has dramatically altered in the last 50 years alone. With the advent of new technologies all aspects of warfare from the nature of the battlefield to the types of weapons used have changed. What this paper will argue, through a historical analysis of these technological changes, is that the principles guiding actions taken in war, the principles of jus in bello, are well equipped to deal with these changes. More specifically, this paper will argue against Michael Walzer’s famous supreme emergency condition and suggests instead that just war theorists should instead be concerned with weapons prohibitions, not in undermining the established principles of jus in bello, in order to have a favourable impact on contemporary warfare.

This thesis assesses three United States Supreme Court opinions, engaging in an inductive approach to generic criticism, in an attempt to discover whether or not there are similarities and/or differences in these decisions. This study focuses on draft card, flag, and cross burning cases argued before the Court in order to discover the potential genre's characteristics.

Právní úprava kontroly Nejvyššího kontrolního úřadu Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce pojednává o právní úpravě kontroly Nejvyššího kontrolního úřadu České republiky. Součástí práce je také stručný popis historického vývoje kontrolních institucí na území České republiky, mezinárodní rozměr kontroly ve veřejné správě. Postavení Nejvyššího kontrolního úřadu a úprava jím prováděné kontroly je upravena zejména v Ústavě České republiky v její páté hlavě v článku 97. Podrobnější úprava je pak zakotvena v zákoně č. 166/1993 Sb. o Nejvyšším kontrolním úřadu. Nejvyšší kontrolní úřad je nezávislý orgán vykonávající kontrolu hospodaření se státním majetkem a kontrolu plnění státního rozpočtu. Organizační struktura Úřadu je tvořena prezidentem, viceprezidentem a členy Úřadu, kteří dohromady tvoří Kolegium Úřadu. Dále pak kárná komora, senáty Úřadu a kontroloři. Nejvyšší kontrolní úřad je navenek řízen jeho prezidentem, který současně předseda kolegiu Úřadu. Vzhledem k tomu, že Nejvyšší kontrolní úřad je koncipován jako úřad kolegiální, je kolegium Úřadu stěžejním orgánem, který schvaluje mimo jiné plán kontrolní činnosti Úřadu, zpracované kontrolní závěry, ze kterých vycházejí stanoviska ke státnímu závěrečnému účtu, výroční zprávu Úřadu a kárný řád. Faktickou kontrolu hospodaření se státním majetkem a plnění státního...