Submitted by Verena Pereira (verenagoncalves@uefs.br) on 2018-07-20T22:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Robevaldo.pdf: 2121176 bytes, checksum: 98bf6ed19ea1c2a81242cec6e79c221a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T22:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Robevaldo.pdf: 2121176 bytes, checksum: 98bf6ed19ea1c2a81242cec6e79c221a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of labovian sociolinguistics and the multidimensional geolinguistics, this research aims to investigate the variable realization of the post-vocalic lateral / l / in the position of syllabic coda in Bahia communities of the Linguistic Atlas of Brazil Project (ALiB Project). For this purpose, we analyze a corpus with 24 interviews with natural informants from the following locations, members of the ALiB Project network: Euclides da Cunha, Barra, Jacobina, Seabra, Santo Amaro and Santa Cruz Cabr?lia. According to the methodology of the ALiB Project, the informants are stratified by both sexes, with four informants in each city, divided into two age groups (range 1 ? 18 to 30 years old and range 2 ? 50 to 65 years old), graduated, at most, until High School. To carry out the research, the following hypotheses were raised: the / l / in the final position of the syllable is variable in the speech of the investigated communities, with the vocalized variant [w] already widely disseminated in the speech from Bahia cities, but not in a categorical way; the interaction between linguistic and social factors in the variation of / l / is the vector of this phenomenon; the variation of / l / points to a change in progress. The results point to a tendency to change, in which the erasing of the dependent variable has been abandoned by the younger informants in favor of the vocalized variant, so that the implementation of the vocalization presents different stages in each of the selected localities / Pautada nos pressupostos te?rico-metodol?gicos da sociolingu?stica laboviana e da geolingu?stica pluridimensional, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar a realiza??o vari?vel da lateral p?s-voc?lica /l/ em posi??o de coda sil?bica em comunidades baianas do Projeto Atlas Lingu?stico do Brasil (Projeto ALiB). Para tanto, foram utilizadas na composi??o do corpus analisado 24 entrevistas com informantes naturais das seguintes localidades, integrantes da rede de pontos do Projeto ALiB: Euclides da Cunha, Barra, Jacobina, Seabra, Santo Amaro e Santa Cruz Cabr?lia. Em conformidade com a metodologia do Projeto ALiB, os informantes s?o estratificados pelos dois sexos, sendo quatro informantes em cada munic?pio, distribu?dos por duas faixas et?rias (faixa 1 ? 18 a 30 anos e faixa 2 ? 50 a 65 anos), com escolaridade, no m?ximo, at? o Ensino M?dio. Para proceder ? pesquisa, foram levantadas as seguintes hip?teses: o /l/ em posi??o final de s?laba ? vari?vel na fala das comunidades investigadas, com a variante vocalizada [w] j? bastante disseminada na fala do interior baiano, mas n?o de maneira categ?rica; a intera??o entre fatores lingu?sticos e sociais na varia??o de /l/ ? o vetor desse fen?meno; a varia??o de /l/ aponta para uma mudan?a em progresso. Os resultados apontam uma tend?ncia ? mudan?a, em que o apagamento da vari?vel dependente tem sido abandonado pelos informantes mais jovens em favor da variante vocalizada, de modo que a implementa??o da vocaliza??o apresenta est?gios diferentes em cada uma das localidades selecionadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magnun_DISSERTACAO_FINAL.pdf: 1540296 bytes, checksum: fc71cd85806540b80d03976dbc853af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-19 / The phenomenon of CV co-occurrence is characterized by the prevalent combination of some consonants and some vowels during the period of babbling along with the first words. Two main perspectives based on a dynamic origin have been evoked to explain the issue. The first one is called the Frame-then-Content theory (MACNEILAGE, 1998), which predicts that biomechanical inertia is the sensorimotor base of the syllable, the frame, preceding the phonic content. Under such view, the non-communicative movements would be the frame to the emergence of linguistic content phonic and the relationship between the movement and its acoustic effects would have privileged the speech, in the phylogenesis, as the main way to communication. The second perspective (ALBANO, 2009 a, b; 2011) states that the phonic factors in charge of forming the CV co-occurrence interact with individual differences and environmental conditions towards the child s linguistic production. In this work, we aim at (1) investigating the role played by the consonantal class of the sonorants and obstruents in the formation of CV coordination relations during the acquisition of BP. From this main goal, we have carried out a research on patterns of CV co-occurrence in longitudinal data of BP acquisition by 10 children, whose age was between 1:0 and 3:0 in the LIDES database, located in four age groups. We have also investigated the phenomenon in three stressing conditions unstressed initial syllable, stressed initial syllable and unstressed final syllable in an age group varying from 1:5 up to 2:5. Results show that child development seems to depend on the dynamics and motility in general. Such fact is evidenced by the changes regarding place of stressing and frequency of types and occurrences. This finding suggests that linguistic aspects, possibly determined be the grammar of the language, come into action more significantly in these positions, opposed to the claims of the Frame-and-Content theory. With respect to the role of the consonantal classes, we have found that the formation of the CV co-occurrences is strongly determined by the infant lexicon, which has been proved by the frequency of types and occurrences / O fenômeno da coocorrência CV caracteriza-se pela combinação prevalente de algumas consoantes com algumas vogais no período do balbucio e primeiras palavras. Duas vertentes principais, de origem dinâmica, têm sido utilizadas para explicar o fenômeno. A primeira delas é a teoria Frame-then-Content (MACNEILAGE, 1998), que prediz ser a inércia biomecânica a base sensório-motora da sílaba, o molde, precedente ao conteúdo fônico. Nessa linha, os movimentos não comunicativos seriam o molde para a emergência de conteúdo linguístico - fônico - e a relação do movimento com seus efeitos acústicos teria privilegiado a fala, na filogênese, como principal via de comunicação. A segunda vertente (ALBANO, 2009 a,b; 2011) afirma que os fatores fônicos formadores da coocorrência CV interagem com diferenças individuais e condições ambientais para a produção linguística da criança. Neste trabalho, objetivamos (1) investigar o papel desempenhado pela classe consonantais das soantes e das obstruintes na formação das relações de coordenação CV durante a aquisição do PB. A partir desse objetivo geral, pesquisamos os padrões de coocrrência CV em dados longitudinais de aquisição do PB de 10 crianças cujas faixas etárias situam-se entre 1:0 e 3:0 do Banco de dados LIDES, divididos em quatro grupos etários. Pesquisamos também fenômeno em três posições acentuais átona inicial, tônica e átona final em grupo etário de 1:5 a 2:5. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que o desenvolvimento infantil parece ser subordinado a princípios da dinâmica e da motricidade em geral. Tal fato é evidenciado pela modificação dos vieses de combinações conforme a posição acentual investigada e pela frequência de tipos e ocorrências. Esse achado indica que aspectos linguísticos, determinados possivelmente pela gramática da língua, entram em ação mais fortemente nessas posições, fato que contraria as previsões da teoria Molde/Conteúdo. Em relação ao papel das classes consonantais, verificamos que a formação das coocorrências CV é determinada principalmente pelo léxico infantil, fato constatado pela frequência de tipos e ocorrências

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente pesquisa objetivou investigar as estratÃgias de reformulaÃÃo de constituintes silÃbicos complexos na interlÃngua de brasileiros aprendizes do AlemÃo como LÃngua Estrangeira (ALE). Nossa hipÃtese bÃsica prevà que estes aprendizes possuem dificuldades na produÃÃo de ataques iniciais e codas finais do ALE, desenvolvendo diferentes estratÃgias para acomodar estas estruturas ao molde silÃbico do PB. Pressupondo a estrutura da sÃlaba em constituintes (SELKIRK, 1987), comparamos as fonotÃticas do alemÃo e do PB, constatando que o alemÃo aceita constituintes silÃbicos complexos com atà quatro consoantes (HALL, 1992a, 1992b, 2000; RAMERS e VATER, 1995; WIESE 1996 e YU 1992a, 1992b); e que o PB apresenta mais restriÃÃes e uma estrutura menos complexa, com ataques constituÃdos por atà dois segmentos e por codas simples (BISOL 1999, MATEUS e dâANDRADE, 1998 e 2000). Neste contexto, a InterlÃngua (SELINKER, 1972) se apresenta como conceito-chave, a qual entendemos como uma lÃngua natural, sistemÃtica e emergente de um processo complexo e dinÃmico, que se desenvolve autonomamente por falantes nÃo-nativos de uma LE em seu processo de aquisiÃÃo/aprendizagem, objetiva a comunicaÃÃo estratÃgica e sofre adaptaÃÃes a partir da testagem de hipÃteses acerca da LE e eventos de interaÃÃo (CORDER, 1978; MUCKAY, 2012 e RUTHERFORD, 1984). Investigamos a IL de dezoito brasileiros adultos em trÃs experimentos. Analisamos transversalmente cinco tipos de ataque e nove de coda, constituÃdos por atà quatro consoantes, e elegemos como variÃveis o nÃvel de proficiÃncia dos aprendizes, a mudanÃa de estilo (LIN, 2001, 2003) e a marcaÃÃo do constituinte (GREENBERG, 1966b; TROPF, 1987). Discutimos os resultados baseados no Modelo OntogÃnico-FilogÃnico (MAJOR, 2001), em achados de pesquisas acerca da aquisiÃÃo da estrutura silÃbica do InglÃs por brasileiros, e do ALE por espanhÃis (TROPF, 1987; TRUJILLO, 2001). Os resultados revelaram que a frequÃncia de modificaÃÃo de clusters apresenta correlaÃÃo com os fatores tarefa e nÃvel de proficiÃncia: quanto mais formal a tarefa e avanÃado o aprendiz, menos modificaÃÃes ocorrem. A influÃncia da marcaÃÃo silÃbica e dos universais linguÃsticos foi constatada para a coda, tipologicamente marcada, sendo mais frequentemente modificada que o ataque. Algumas hipÃteses foram corroboradas somente para o ataque: houve uma maior frequÃncia de modificaÃÃes na estrutura mais longa que na curta; e as estruturas que violam o princÃpio de sonoridade foram mais frequentemente reformuladas que aquelas que o obedecem. Nestes casos, as diferenÃas percentuais na coda nÃo sÃo estatisticamente relevantes. Exploramos, ainda, a correlaÃÃo dos mesmos fatores na seleÃÃo de trÃs tipos de estratÃgia: o apagamento de segmentos, a vocalizaÃÃo da lateral e a epÃntese por prÃtese, anaptixe e paragoge. Confirmamos que o nÃvel de proficiÃncia tem influÃncia na seleÃÃo da estratÃgia de modificaÃÃo, com a epÃntese sendo mais selecionada por iniciantes que por intermediÃrio-avanÃados. Na lista de palavras, foram produzidas mais epÃnteses que na lista de frases; o ataque à especialmente modificado atravÃs da epÃntese por prÃtese, mostrando a coda maior correlaÃÃo com a proficiÃncia: iniciantes usam paragoge e intermediÃrio-avanÃados o apagamento ou o paragoge.

本篇論文旨在從優選理論（Optimality Theory）的架構觀點分析海陸客語中 的三個音韻現象：變調（Tone Sandhi）、介音（Pre-nuclear Gliding）及音節連併（Syllable Contraction）。 　　在變調方面，由於海陸客語中上聲與陰入聲助數詞不因環境而變調，在利用之前文獻解釋時必須另外設定條件來說明海陸助數詞的特殊變調行為，本文建議利用優選論的制約來分析，本文所提出的一組制約，可以成功的解釋海陸客語中的上聲與陰入聲變調現象。 　　在介音方面，本文選擇以端木三所提出的音節結構為海陸客語音節結構，因為海陸客語中介音所呈現的行為較似起首子音的次發音特徵，因此本文亦提出了一組制約解釋海陸介音在音節中的歸屬。 　　在音節連併方面，本文檢驗了之前文獻所提出的方法，發現無法全面解釋海陸音節連併的現象，因此，提出一組關於音段與聲調的連併之制約將海陸音節連併現象以優選理論呈現。 　　本文是第一篇嘗試以優選理論解釋海陸客語音韻現象的研究，希望能從不同於之前文獻的角度討論海陸客語音韻的問題。之前理論運作的缺陷與不足，在本文的分析下，均可以成功的以優選理論之制約層級來說明。 / This thesis aims to explore three issues in Hai-lu Hakka Phonology in terms of Optimality Theory (OT). The three issues are tone sandhi, pre-nuclear gliding and syllable contraction. 　　Hai-lu Shang Toned and Yin-ru Toned numerals preserve their base tones in any case. Thus, previous studies would need to add an additional condition for the special tone sandhi behaviors of Hai-lu numerals. This thesis offers a set of OT constraints to explain tone sandhi in Hai-lu. The OT constraints can successfully operate Hai-lu tone sandhi without additional conditions. 　　Pre-nuclear glides in Hai-lu behave like the secondary articulations of the onsets. This thesis suggests Duanmu's (1990) syllable structure for Hai-lu syllables. A set of constraints are proposed to explain the pre-nuclear gliding in Hai-lu syllables. 　　The approaches previous studies suggest for syllable contraction are not across-the-board in Hai-lu. Thus, a set of segmental and tonal constraints are proposed to explain Hai-lu syllable contraction. The OT constraints operate syllable contraction in Hai-lu without difficulties. 　　This thesis is a pioneering study which aims to examine Hai-lu phonology in terms of OT. With OT constraint rankings, this thesis explains the remaining problems from previous studies successfully.

<p>Lip force has been found to affect the ability to achieve satisfying speech production and swallowing. A normative value for lip force in adults has been measured to 15 Newton (N). Corresponding value for children measured with Lip Force Meter 100 (LF100) does not exist. In the current study lip force was measured in children between the ages of five and ten years. The aim of the study was to obtain normative values for children with typical development in separate age groups. Production of syllable with initial bilabial plosive was further calculated to see if any correlation between lip force and syllable production existed. An examination of learning effect in repeated measures was also executed. The age group 5:0-5:11 only included four participants. This age group was therefore not included in the statistical measurements.</p><p>The common mean for lip force in all children was 14.98 N. The mean for each age group was 12.75 N for 5:0-5:11 year olds, 14.69 N for 6:0-6:11, 16.93 N for 7:0-7:11, 14.97 N for 8:0-8:11 and 14.14 N for the age group 9:0-9:11 years. In the current study no significant differences in lip force was found between age groups.</p><p>The common mean for syllable production in all children was 5.50 syllables/second. A significant difference between the ages six and seven year olds as well as six and nine year olds was found, where the older age groups showed higher values. No significant correlation was found between lip force and syllable production.</p><p>Analysis of the learning effect over three lip force measurements showed tendencies for increased lip force at the last measure. The difference was not significant. In the present study no statistical measurements for gender differences were executed for each separate age group due to small numbers. Measurements in age group 6:0-9:11 showed tendencies for higher values of both lip force and syllable production for girls. These differences were not significant.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p>

Lip force has been found to affect the ability to achieve satisfying speech production and swallowing. A normative value for lip force in adults has been measured to 15 Newton (N). Corresponding value for children measured with Lip Force Meter 100 (LF100) does not exist. In the current study lip force was measured in children between the ages of five and ten years. The aim of the study was to obtain normative values for children with typical development in separate age groups. Production of syllable with initial bilabial plosive was further calculated to see if any correlation between lip force and syllable production existed. An examination of learning effect in repeated measures was also executed. The age group 5:0-5:11 only included four participants. This age group was therefore not included in the statistical measurements. The common mean for lip force in all children was 14.98 N. The mean for each age group was 12.75 N for 5:0-5:11 year olds, 14.69 N for 6:0-6:11, 16.93 N for 7:0-7:11, 14.97 N for 8:0-8:11 and 14.14 N for the age group 9:0-9:11 years. In the current study no significant differences in lip force was found between age groups. The common mean for syllable production in all children was 5.50 syllables/second. A significant difference between the ages six and seven year olds as well as six and nine year olds was found, where the older age groups showed higher values. No significant correlation was found between lip force and syllable production. Analysis of the learning effect over three lip force measurements showed tendencies for increased lip force at the last measure. The difference was not significant. In the present study no statistical measurements for gender differences were executed for each separate age group due to small numbers. Measurements in age group 6:0-9:11 showed tendencies for higher values of both lip force and syllable production for girls. These differences were not significant.

La presente tesis se encuadra dentro del campo de la Teoría de la Optimidad en fonología. Parte de la idea de que este modelo teórico es esencialmente universalista, lo que supone un contratiempo a la hora de explicar patrones específicos de lenguas concretas. La tesis explora hasta qué punto es posible realizar análisis de fenómenos fonológicos complejos maximizando el ingrediente universal y profundiza en los límites entre usos aceptables y no aceptables de restricciones específicas. Para ello, plantea análisis de los mecanismos de asignación de acento primario en inglés, así como de la fonotaxis de este idioma. Se analizan propuestas anteriores y se sugiere que el componente específico de la gramática debería codificarse en forma de restricciones paradigmáticas que establezcan relaciones entre formas superficiales (O-O). También se operacionaliza la relación entre formas regulares e irregulares a través lo que se denomina un Registro Superficial. El trabajo concluye que es posible realizar descripciones satisfactorias de patrones fonológicos complejos dentro de la Teoría de la Optimidad, siempre y cuando se evite un uso específico de las restricciones de marcación. / This dissertation belongs to the field of Optimality-Theoretic phonological studies. It starts from the assumption that Optimality Theory is an essentially universalistic framework, which results in considerable difficulty when dealing with language-specific patterns. The thesis discusses to what extent it is possible to carry out analyses of complex phonological patterns by maximizing the use of universal constraints. It also explores the limits between acceptable and unacceptable uses of language-specific constraints. In order to show these conflicts, we analyse stress assignment and phonotactic structure in English. More specifically, we look at previous approaches to the problem of specificity and suggest that language-specific aspects of grammar should be encoded by paradigmatic constraints based on the relation between different surface forms (O-O). We also operationalize the relation between regular and irregular forms via a mechanism called Surface Register. We conclude that it is possible to offer a satisfactory description of complex phonological patterns within the Optimality Theory framework, provided that the unjustified use of language-specific markedness constraints is avoided.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T11:21:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6148244 bytes, checksum: b1d70d0906560dc7125c9a4bf1e59f6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T11:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6148244 bytes, checksum: b1d70d0906560dc7125c9a4bf1e59f6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-14 / The primary objective of the present study is to analyze how listeners perceive the alveolar and palatal variants of /S/ in medial coda in their speech community (i) observing if the palatal/alveolar contrast is perceived in a different way, in a numerical scale, in different following phonetic-phonological contexts; (ii) verifying if listeners from João Pessoa are aware of the behavior of the variant in their own dialect; in other words, if they perceive what variant they use in relation to several following contexts; and (iii) verifying if the listeners from João Pessoa have a dialectal identity in relation to the behavior of the fricative in coda in João Pessoa, that is, if they believe that their pronunciation corresponds to the preferred one of their speech community in relation to the analyzed process. For that, three experiments of perception were developed and applied to listeners from João Pessoa: the first one consists of a task of identifying how different would be two productions of a same word in relation to /S/ in medial coda; the second one was to choose which of the two productions sounded more similar to the way people from João Pessoa speak; and the third one was to answer which of the two productions sounded more similar to the way the speaker himself/herself speaks. The stimuli were recorded by a speaker from João Pessoa. She is an undergraduate student in the 15-25 years age group. After recording the words in isolation, the files were matched to the pairs of stimuli that were presented to listeners through the website. The statistical analyses to test the hypotheses were carried out using the software R (R Core Team, 2013) from the subjects’ answers. The most relevant results were: (a) listeners attribute the same degree of difference to the pair of fricatives independently of the following context; (b) they are aware of the fricative’s behavior of João Pessoa’s dialect; and (c) there is identification between these speakers and the dialect of their speech community regarding the palatalization of coronal fricative. In order to develop the tests and to formulate hypotheses it was took into account studies concerning acoustic characteristics of fricatives in data of production and perception (KENT & READ, 1992; JONGMAN et al., 2000; JESUS, 1999; HAUPT, 2007; FERREIRA-SILVA et al., 2015; HENRIQUE et al., 2015), data of studies that analyzed the behavior of /S/ in coda in dialects of Brazil (CALLOU; LEITE; MORAES, 2002; BRESCANCINI, 2002, 2003; HORA, 2003, 2011; RIBEIRO, 2006; LIMA, 2013; LOPES, 2012) and the framework of the theory of linguistic variation and change (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972; ECKERT, 2008, 2012). / O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar como os ouvintes percebem as variantes alveolar e palatal do /S/ na posição de coda medial em sua comunidade de fala (i) observando se a distinção alveolar/palatal é percebida de forma diferente, numa escala numérica, em diferentes contextos fonético-fonológicos seguintes; (ii) verificando se os ouvintes pessoenses têm consciência do comportamento da variante no seu próprio dialeto, ou seja, se percebem qual variante utilizam com relação aos diversos contextos seguintes; e (iii) verificando se os ouvintes pessoenses possuem identidade dialetal com relação ao comportamento da fricativa em coda em João Pessoa, ou seja, se acreditam que sua pronúncia corresponde à pronúncia preferencial de sua comunidade de fala no que diz respeito ao processo analisado. Para tal, três experimentos de percepção foram elaborados e aplicados a ouvintes pessoenses: o primeiro consistia em uma tarefa de identificar o quão diferente soavam as duas pronúncias de uma mesma palavra com relação ao /S/ em coda medial; o segundo, em escolher qual das duas pronúncias se parecia mais com o modo como os pessoenses falam; e o terceiro, em responder qual das duas pronúncias se parecia mais com o modo como o próprio participante falava. Os estímulos foram gravados por uma falante pessoense, universitária e que se enquadra na faixa etária de 15 a 25 anos. Após a gravação das palavras em isolado, foram montados os arquivos com os pares de estímulos que seriam apresentados aos ouvintes através da plataforma. Os testes estatísticos para a avaliação das hipóteses foram realizados com o programa R (R Core Team, 2013) a partir das respostas dos participantes. Como principais resultados, constatou-se: (a) que os ouvintes atribuem o mesmo grau de diferença ao par de fricativas independentemente do contexto seguinte; (b) que eles têm consciência do comportamento da fricativa do dialeto pessoense; e (c) que há uma grande identificação entre esses falantes e o dialeto de sua comunidade de fala em relação à palatalização da fricativa coronal. Para a elaboração dos testes e proposição das hipóteses foram levadas em consideração pesquisas envolvendo as características acústicas das fricativas em dados de produção e percepção (KENT & READ, 1992; JONGMAN et al., 2000; JESUS, 1999; HAUPT, 2007; FERREIRA-SILVA et al., 2015; HENRIQUE et al., 2015), dados de pesquisas que avaliaram o comportamento do /S/ em coda em dialetos do Brasil (CALLOU; LEITE; MORAES, 2002; BRESCANCINI, 2002, 2003; HORA, 2003, 2011; RIBEIRO, 2006; LIMA, 2013; LOPES, 2012) e o arcabouço da teoria da variação e mudança (WEINREICH, LABOV & HERZOG, 1968; LABOV, 1972; ECKERT, 2008, 2012).

本行動研究旨在探討音節覺識(syllable awareness)與字母拼讀法(phonics)合併教學對台灣國中7年級生（國一學生）拼寫多音節字及英文學習態度的影響。實驗分兩階段進行。第一階段進行小規模的前測，作為正式研究的準備，其目的在測試音節覺識與字母拼讀法合併教學是否適切、教學活動是否可行，以及7年級生在運用此方法拼多音節字是否有困難等等，並根據初探結果修定正式實驗之規劃。第二階段的正式實驗，根據第一階段的結果改良拼字測驗生字、延長教學時間，並加入小測驗以期教學更能適切,以利評估該教學法對學生拼字能力及學習態度的影響。 在正式實驗中，實驗對象為基隆市某國中66名7年級學生,首先進行學習背景調查、音節計數、單音節字、多音節字拼字測驗，之後，篩選出44名程度、背景相近的學生。研究者將此44名學生隨機平均分配為實驗組及對照組兩組,每組各22名學生。對實驗組先施以音節覺識與字母拼讀法合併教學,將音節覺識及字母拼讀等技巧融入英語拼字訓練中;而對照組則單獨採用字母拼讀法教學,教授字母字音的對應關係。實驗組及對照組每週均安排兩節英語課實施上述教學法,每節課15分鐘(每週30分鐘),持續11週。兩組學生在教學後各施以多音節字拼字測驗、學習態度調查,以評量受試者在拼字技巧上的發展及學習態度上的改變情形。 組間比較結果顯示,在十一週實驗教學後,實驗組及對照組二組學生在拼多音節字測驗上無顯著差異。此外,只有實驗組學生在生字及英語學習態度上有顯著的正向改變。 以上研究結果顯示，運用音節覺識與字母拼讀法合併教學能降低學生對拼字的焦慮，改善其學習英語的態度。本研究之結果及教學建議，可供未來國小、國中拼字教學的參考。 / The purpose of this action research was to explore the effects of syllable-awareness based phonics instruction in Taiwanese 7th EFL graders on spelling multi-syllable words. The present study involved two stages: a one-group design pilot study and a formal study. The purpose of the pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of the syllable-awareness based phonics instruction designed by the researcher. According to the result of the pilot study, the formal research was modified in changing the multi-syllable test words, lengthening the instruction time, and the usage of a quiz. Moreover, in the formal study, two groups will be implemented with different instructions to explore the effects in spelling multi-syllable words and learning attitude. In the formal research, sixty-six 7th graders in two intact classes were chosen as potential subjects. After they filled out a background questionnaire, took three tests: a syllable counting test, a mono-syllable word spelling test, and a multi-syllable word spelling test, forty-four homogeneous subjects were selected. The researcher randomly assigned these 44 subjects into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each comprised of 22 subjects. The experimental group received syllable-awareness based phonics instruction while the control group received phonics instruction only. All subjects were instructed for 11 weeks, two 15-minute classes per week (thirty minutes per week). After the instruction, the researcher carried out a multi-syllable spelling word posttest and a learning attitude questionnaire to estimate the effects of the instruction and their attitude changes. The result of the multi-syllable word spelling tests revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the experimental group showed more positive attitude change than the control group toward vocabulary and English learning. The findings from this study indicate that syllable-awareness based phonics instruction can not only ease the anxiety of spelling multi-syllable words for 7th graders, but also reinforce a more positive attitude toward spelling vocabulary and learning English. According to the results, pedagogical implications and suggestions for further studies are offered.

The text deals with the current state of the language of the Czech minority in Crimea. Based on field research, it describes phenomena and changes that occurred in the language of Crimean Czechs that were caused by the influences of the foreign language and culture environment. Main focus of the text is phonetics, i.e. the way how speakers are affected by the Russian pronunciation standards. The text contains historical and cultural context relevant to the departure of Czechs to Crimea and the shape of the Czech minority nowadays. Individual chapters are dedicated to specific phenomena: deviations in the pronunciation of vocals in first syllables of words, changes in the pronunciation of the consonant [j], labialization in pronunciation of consonant [v], changes in the pronunciation of loanwords, pronunciation of consonants [ ] and [ ] in Czech words, pronunciation of toponyms, prosthesis and elimination of speech sounds from the beginning of words, deviations in the pronunciation of speech sounds from the middle of words, vocalization of prepositions and influences of Russian language standards on the use of their vocalized form.