Syftet med studien var att lyfta förskolechefers syn på och arbete kring likvärdig undervisning i förskolan. I studien har kvalitativa intervjuer använts som datainsamlingsmetod, med en intervjuguide där följdfrågorna baserades på respondenternas svar. I undersökningen har fem förskolechefer intervjuats för att få en bredd på förskolechefens syn på likvärdig undervisning. Analyseringsarbetet har skett genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att alla deltagande förskolechefer ansåg att likvärdig undervisning är ett viktigt begrepp för att lyfta fram förskolans kvalitet och betydelse. De lyfte även vikten av att ha kunnig och professionell personal ute på förskolorna, då de ansåg att det hade stor betydelse för hur de som chefer kunde fullfölja sitt uppdrag. Resultatet är kopplat till den ekologiska systemteorin. / The purpose of this study is to raise the point of view and the work around equivalent education in preschool. In the study, qualitative interviews has been used as data collection method according to a guide, but follow up questions have been based on the responders answers. Five different preschool managers has been interviewed to get a wide range of their look on equivalent education. The responder’s answers has been analyzed according to the thematic analysis. The result shows that all the different head of preschools felt that equivalent education is an important matter to raise the quality and the meaning of the preschool. They also felt that it’s important to have knowledgeable and professional staff at the preschools, because it has a big meaning of how the head of preschools can complete their assignments. The result is connectedto the ecological system theory.

The purpose of this study was to investigate unaccompanied refugee children's perception of the integration process in Sweden. The study is based on qualitative interviews with six young adults who came to Sweden as unaccompanied refugee child. The results have been analyzed through the theories empowerment, system theory and role theory. The main results show that the key to integration primarily is the ability to speak the Swedish language. The language was also the main obstacle for successful integration the study shows. Furthermore, the results show that the asylum process is perceived as difficult and residence permits are a prerequisite for integration. A warm reception and a strong support are of great importance when arriving in Sweden. Moreover, adaptation to norms, rules and Swedish culture became a natural part of the integration process. The social networking is important for significant well-being. Their expectations have been met and they have been successful in their integration process. They have established themselves in a favorable life situation in Swedish society and are optimistic about their future. / Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka ensamkommande flyktingbarns uppfattning om integrationsprocessen i Sverige. Studien är byggd på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex unga vuxna som kom till Sverige som ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Resultatet har analyserats genom teorierna empowerment, systemteori och rollteori. Huvudresultatet visar att nyckeln till integration främst är att kunna det svenska språket. Språket är också det som främst hindrar en lyckad integration. Resultatet visar att asylprocessen upplevs som svår och uppehållstillstånd är en förutsättning för att kunna integreras. Ett varmt mottagande och ett stort stöd är av stor vikt vid ankomsten till Sverige. Anpassning till normer, regler och den svenska kulturen kom att bli en naturlig del i integrationsprocessen. Det sociala nätverket är viktigt för att främja välbefinnandet. Deras förväntningar har uppfyllts och de har lyckats väl med sin integrationsprocess. De har etablerat sig i en gynnsam livssituation i det svenska samhället och ser positivt på sin framtid.

O lado escuro do universo é misterioso e sua natureza é ainda desconhecida. De fato, isto talvez constitua o maior desafio da cosmologia moderna. As duas com- ponentes do setor escuro (mat´ eria escura e energia escura) correspondem hoje a cerca de noventa e cinco por cento do universo. O candidato mais simples para a energia energia é uma constante cosmológica. Contudo, esta tentativa apresenta uma enorme discrepância de 120 ordens de magnitude entre a predição teórica e os dados observados. Tal disparidade motiva os físicos a investigar modelos mais sofisticados. Isto pode ser feito tanto buscando um entendimento mais profundo de onde a constante cosmológica vem, se deseja-se derivá-la de primeiros princípios, quanto considerando outras possibilidades para a expansão acelerada, tais como modificações da relatividade geral, campos de matéria adi- cionais e assim por diante. Ainda considerando uma energia escura dinâmica, pode existir a possibilidade de interação entre energia e matéria escuras, uma vez que suas densidades são comparáveis e, dependendo do acoplamento usado, a interação pode também aliviar a questão de porquê as densidades de matéria e energia escura são da mesma ordem hoje. Modelos fenomenológicos tem sido amplamente estudados na literatura. Por outro lado, modelos de teoria de cam- pos que visam uma descrição consistente da interação energia escura/matéria escura ainda são poucos. Nesta tese, nós exploramos como candidato à energia escura um campo escalar ou vetorial em várias abordagens diferentes, levando em conta uma possível interação entre as duas componentes do setor escuro. A tese é dividida em três partes, que podem ser lidas independentemente. Na primeira parte, nós analisamos o comportamento asintótico de alguns modelos cosmológicos usando campos escalares ou vetorial como candidatos para a energia escura, à luz da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos. Na segunda parte, nós usamos um campo escalar em supergravidade para construir um modelo de energia escura dinâmico e também para incorporar um modelo de energia escura holográfica em supergravidade mínima. Finalmente, na terceira parte, nós propomos um modelo de energia escura metaestável, no qual a energia escura é um campo escalar com um potencial dado pela soma de auto-interações pares até ordem seis. Nós inserimos a energia escura metaestável em um modelo SU(2)R escuro, onde o dubleto de energia escura e o dubleto de matéria escura interagem nat- uramente. Tal interação abre uma nova janela para investigar o setor escuro do ponto-de-vista de física de partículas. Esta tese é baseada nos seguintes artigos, disponíveis também no arXiv: 1611.00428, 1605.03550, 1509.04980, 1508.07248, 1507.00902 e 1505.03243. O autor também colaborou nos trabalhos: 1607.03506 e 1605.05264. / The dark side of the universe is mysterious and its nature is still unknown. In fact, this poses perhaps as the biggest challenge in the modern cosmology. The two components of the dark sector (dark matter and dark energy) correspond today to around ninety five percent of the universe. The simplest dark energy candidate is a cosmological constant. However, this attempt presents a huge discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude between the theoretical prediction and the observed data. Such a huge disparity motivates physicists to look into a more sophisticated models. This can be done either looking for a deeper understanding of where the cosmological constant comes from, if one wants to derive it from first principles, or considering other possibilities for accelerated expansion, such as modifications of general relativity, additional matter fields and so on. Still regarding a dynamical dark energy, there may exist a possibility of interaction between dark energy and dark matter, since their densities are comparable and, depending on the coupling used, the interaction can also alleviate the issue of why dark energy and matter densities are of the same order today. Phenomenological models have been widely explored in the literature. On the other hand, field theory models that aim a consistent description of the dark energy/dark matter interaction are still few. In this thesis, we explore either a scalar or a vector field as a dark energy candidate in several different approaches, taking into account a possible interaction between the two components of the dark sector. The thesis is divided in three parts, which can be read independently of each other. In the first part, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of some cosmological models using either scalar or vector fields as dark energy candidates, in the light of the dynamical system theory. In the second part, we use a scalar field in the supergravity framework to build a model of dynamical dark energy and also to embed a holographic dark energy model into minimal supergravity. Finally, in the third part, we propose a model of metastable dark energy, in which the dark energy is a scalar field with a potential given by the sum of even self-interactions up to order six. We insert the metastable dark energy into a dark SU(2)R model, where the dark energy doublet and the dark matter doublet naturally interact with each other. Such an interaction opens a new window to investigate the dark sector from the point-of-view of particle physics. This thesis is based on the following papers, available also in the arXiv: 1611.00428, 1605.03550, 1509.04980, 1508.07248, 1507.00902 and 1505.03243. The author also collaborated in the works 1607.03506 and 1605.05264.

O manguezal é um sistema muito importante para a manutenção da biodiversidade e produtividade costeira. Ocorrem em ambientes abrigados, onde há interação entre os sistemas atmosférico, terrestre e marinho. A presente pesquisa estudou sistematicamente cada um desses sistemas e elencou os principais elementos, fatores e processos que atuam em cada um dos cinco níveis hierárquicos dos manguezais, de acordo com a classificação proposta por Schaeffer-Novelli et al. (2000; 2005). Esse trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de representação cartográfica apropriada a cada nível hierárquico dos manguezais. Proposta fundamentada nos pressupostos teóricos e conceituais da Teoria Geral do Sistema, da Teoria da Hierarquia, da Cartografia Ambiental e dos conceitos de representação gráfica e escala. Foram elaborados os seguintes mapeamentos para os níveis hierárquicos do sistema manguezal: Grande Ecossistema Marinho 15, composto pela Plataforma Sul do Brasil na escala de mapeamento 1:5.000.000; Domínio Costeiro VII, abrangendo a costa brasileira entre Cabo Frio RJ e Torres RS na escala de mapeamento 1:3.000.000; Tipologia Costeira III, representada pelo Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape na escala de mapeamento 1:300.000; Padrão de bosques presentes na Ilha do Cardoso SP na escala de mapeamento 1:5.000; e Parcelas desses bosques de mangue da Ilha do Cardoso SP. Para os primeiros quatro níveis hierárquicos são apresentados mapas e para o nível de maior detalhe (Parcela) são apresentados perfis diagramas e gráficos com a síntese dos dados coletados durante os trabalhos de campo. Assim, seguindo os preceitos sistêmicos, afirma-se nessa pesquisa que existe uma escala de mapeamento adequada para a representação cartográfica de cada um dos níveis hierárquicos dos manguezais, onde cada nível deve ser representado cartograficamente por um conjunto de elementos, fatores e processos específicos. / The mangrove is a very important system for the maintenance of coastal biodiversity and productivity. Occur in sheltered environments, where there is interaction between the atmospheric, terrestrial and marine systems. This research systematically studied each of these systems and listed the main elements, factors and processes that operate in each of the five hierarchical levels of mangroves, according to the classification proposed by Schaeffer-Novelli et al. (2000, 2005). This study had as objective to develop an appropriate proposal for cartographic representation of each hierarchical level of mangrove. This proposal was based on the theoretical and conceptual assumptions of the General System Theory, Theory of Hierarchy of Environmental Cartography and concepts of scale and graphical representation. The following mappings to the hierarchical levels of the mangrove system were elaborated: Large Marine Ecosystem 15, composed of South Brazil Shelf in the mapping scale 1:5.000.000; Coastal Domain VII, covering the Brazilian coast between Cabo Frio - RJ and Torres RS in the mapping scale 1:3.000.000; Setting III, represented by Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System in the mapping scale 1:300.000; Stand present at Ilha do Cardoso SP in the mapping scale 1:5.000; and Sites of these mangroves at Ilha do Cardoso SP. The first four hierarchical levels are presented maps and and the greater level of detail (Site) diagrams and graphs are presented summarizing the data collected during the field work. This way, following the systemic precepts, this research affirms that there is a proper mapping scale for cartographic representation of each of the hierarchical levels of mangroves, where each level must be cartographically represented by a number of elements, factors and specific processes.

Orientador: Ítala Maria Loffredo D'Ottaviano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_RamonSouzaCapelle_D.pdf: 2199404 bytes, checksum: 2cfe6779d4b1e626d3847b217ffd7a7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo desta Tese consiste em defender que (a) os condicionais constituem a forma lógica subjacente à manifestação das leis naturais, das leis biológicas e dos hábitos psicocomportamentais. Defendemos, também, que, (b) embora tenhamos a mesma forma lógica subjacente à manifestação dessas regularidades (leis, hábitos), não temos, contudo, o mesmo grau de conexão entre antecedentes e conseqüentes nesses contextos de realidade (físico-químico, biológico e psicocomportamental). Em concordância com a nossa interpretação de parte da Hipótese Cosmológica de Peirce, defendemos que: (c) as leis naturais fortemente determinam seus conseqüentes (Se o antecedente acontece, então o conseqüente quase-necessariamente se segue), (d) as leis biológicas moderadamente determinam seus conseqüentes (Se o antecedente acontece, então o conseqüente muito provavelmente se segue) e (e) os hábitos psicocomportamentais fracamente determinam seus conseqüentes (Se o antecedente acontece, então o conseqüente provavelmente se segue). Anexamos o rótulo Hipótese do Espectro de Determinação de Condicionais Causais a essas diferentes (quase-necessária, muito provável e provável) modalidades de conexão entre antecedentes e conseqüentes. Oferecemos (f), com base na semântica de David Lewis (2005), um modelo para esse espectro de determinação, e procuramos expressar a determinação do condicional e, ao mesmo tempo, deixar espaço para a indeterminação ou acaso. Procuramos (g) caracterizar sistema e organização, e (h) argumentamos que um hábito constitui um componente organizacional da estrutura psicocomportamental de um agente. Oferecemos (i) uma classificação dos hábitos em hábitos que estabelecem os traços da identidade do sistema/agente, hábitos racionais e hábitos degenerados. Procuramos ainda (j) caracterizar a auto-organização e (l) analisar como um processo de auto-organização secundária se estabelece na estrutura psicocomportamental de um agente / Abstract: The objective of this thesis consists in arguing that (a) conditionals constitute the logical form underlying the manifestation of natural laws, biological laws, and psycho-behavioral habits. It is also argued that (b) even though we find the same logical form underlying the manifestation of these regularities (laws and habits), we do not find, however, the same degree of connection between antecedents and consequents in the relevant contexts of reality (physico-chemical, biological, and psycho-behavioral). In accord with our interpretation of part of Peirce's cosmological hypothesis, we argue that (c) natural laws strongly determine their consequents (if the antecedent occurs, then the consequent almost necessarily follows), (d) biological laws moderately determine their consequents (if the antecedent occurs, then the consequent very probably follows), and (e) psycho-behavioral habits weakly determine their consequents (if the antecedent occurs, then the consequent probably follows) We use the appellation "hypothesis of the spectrum of determination of causal conditionals" to express these different modalities of connection between antecedents and consequents (almost-necessary, very probable, and probable). Based on the semantics of David Lewis (2005), we propose (f) a model for this spectrum of determination, and we seek to express the determination of the conditional and, at the same time, to allow room for indetermination or chance. We seek (g) to characterize system and organization, and we argue that (h) a habit constitutes an organizational component in the psycho-behavioral structure of an agent. We offer (i) a threefold classification of habits into habits that establish the features of the identity of the system/agent, rational habits, and degenerate habits. We seek (j) to characterize self-organization, and (k) to analyze how a process of secondary self-organization establishes itself in the psycho-behavioral structure of an agent / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A backbone network is the central part of the communication network, which provides connectivity within the various systems across large distances. Disruptions in a backbone network would cause severe consequences which could manifest in the service outage on a large scale. Depending on the size and the importance of the network, its failure could leave a substantial impact on the area it is associated with. The failures of the network services could lead to a significant disturbance of human activities. Therefore, making backbone communication networks more resilient directly affects the resilience of the area. Contemporary urban and regional development overwhelmingly converges with the communication infrastructure expansion and their obvious mutual interconnections become more reciprocal. Spreading failures are of particular interest. They usually originate in a single network segment and then spread to the rest of network often causing a global collapse. Two types of spreading failures are given focus, namely: epidemics and cascading failures. How to make backbone networks more resilient against spreading failures? How to tune the topology or additionally protect nodes or links in order to mitigate an effect of the potential failure? Those are the main questions addressed in this thesis. First, the epidemic phenomena are discussed. The subjects of epidemic modeling and identification of the most influential spreaders are addressed using a proposed Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system approach. Throughout the years, LTI system theory has been used mostly to describe electrical circuits and networks. LTI is suitable to characterize the behavior of the system consisting of numerous interconnected components. The results presented in this thesis show that the same mathematical toolbox could be used for the complex network analysis. Then, cascading failures are discussed. Like any system which can be modeled using an interdependence graph with limited capacity of either nodes or edges, backbone networks are prone to cascades. Numerical simulations are used to model such failures. The resilience of European National Research and Education Networks (NREN) is assessed, weak points and critical areas of the network are identified and the suggestions for its modification are proposed.

Thesis "Economics and Information" advances a consistent theoretic concept of information as part of economic theory. In contrast of contemporary semantic confusions about information in economics this thesis tries to build a meaningful theory based on classical economic studies and conception of information in system theory. The first part is concerned with methodological foundation and contemporary methodological problems of information in economic theory. These issues are crucial for presenting methodological individualism and subjectivism as fundamental approach to understanding role of information in social sciences. This leads to human action as basic framework for studying information. Next part of the thesis describes few basic approaches to information in economics. In comparison with neoclassical views like information asymmetry this thesis propose own praxeology based concept of information. This concept shows information in its duality as a resource of human activities, but also as objective of human action. This duality as resource and objective connect information to concepts of interpretation, knowledge and dynamic processes. The final part of the thesis applies theoretical concepts to economic policy issues and institutional problems.

Title:  Will you cope, without your family? – The importance of support for youths who are subject to honour related violence.   The aim of this study has been to examine which support has been given to the youths who have been subjected to honour related violence and their experiences about the support. The data were collected through four semi-structured, qualitative interviews with youths who had separated from their families. The result showed that according to an intersectional perspective the individual needs should dictate the support offered and that honour related violence is a complex problem. System theory, shows us that it is important to belong to a family system, whether it is biological or not – is of less importance. The social services and the foster homes are important for the youths in their efforts to cope without their families Based on the results, our conclusion is that many need a lot of therapy in order to return to a “normal life”. / Orkar du, utan din familj? – Betydelsen av stödinsatser till ungdomar som är utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilket stöd, ungdomar som blivit utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck (HRV), fått samt deras upplevelse av detta. Data samlades in genom fyra semistrukturerade, kvalitativa intervjuer med ungdomar som har haft ett uppbrott från sin biologiska familj. Resultatet visade att enligt intersektionellt perspektiv bör individuella behov styra det erbjudna stödet och att HRV är ett komplext problem. Systemteorin ger oss förståelse för familjens betydelse och vikten av att tillhöra ett familjesystem, biologiskt eller inte är av mindre betydelse. Både socialtjänsten och familjehemmen är viktiga för ungdomarna i deras strävan att orka utan sina familjer. Utifrån resultatet är vår slutsats att det för många krävs mycket samtalsstöd för att återgå till ett ”normalt liv”.

The purpose of this study has been to explore and provide the social work field with testimonies about experienced factors of success using interviews with people who previously were not in education, employment or training (NEET). NEETs were classified into five categories to identify themes in their experienced factors of success. This process was made through thematic analysis. The experienced factors of success were thematized into major themes. The expressed themes followed the person to whom it belonged into their respective NEET-category. Categories and themes were analyzed with Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. Through this analysis we found indications that different NEET-categories have different needs. This could be an indication that categorization can shed some clarity in the NEET phenomena. Viewing NEET as categories with specific needs provides homogeneity which could accelerate the social services process of identifying and providing appropriate help. Though specific needs of individual NEET-categories need further investigation to become effective. / VI-projektet