Uppsatsen är en delvis rättsdogmatisk, delvis rättssociologisk studie av hur institutet barnets vilja är reglerat i gällande rätt och tillämpningen av densamma.

Den aktuella studien har som syfte att visa på hur barn synliggörs samt i vilken grad de ges möjlighet till delaktighet i LVU-förhandlingar i Förvaltningsrätten i Stockholm. Detta genom en kvalitativ textanalys baserad på samtliga ansökningar från socialnämnd som tagits upp till muntlig förhandling, gällande barn mellan 0-18 år under januari månad 2014. Jag har även använt mig av juridisk metod då jag studerat de olika lagrum som berörs och hur dessa tolkas och även hur dessa påverkar det enskilda barnet. Resultatet visar att barnets inställning utifrån eget eller ombudets perspektiv synliggörs i samtliga utom två av de studerade domarna, dvs. drygt 90% har dokumenterat ett barnperspektiv och eller barnets perspektiv. Dock saknar ca 30% av det studerade materialet formuleringar direkt ur barnets perspektiv. I detta material beskrivs barnet endast ur den vuxnes, ombudets, föräldrarnas, nämndens, perspektiv. I endast ca 40% av de mål där LVU till följd av brister i omsorgen behandlas lyfts barnets inställning i bedömningen. Det finns förbättringsområden för att stärka barnperspektiv samt barnets rätt att deltaga och få möjlighet att komma till tals. Ett av dessa är att det i nuläget saknas krav på att den som arbetar med att företräda barnet genom en process i förvaltningsrätten ska ha särskild barnkompetens.

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Le Syndrome de Taybi-Linder (TALS) est une maladie génétique rare affectant le développement embryonnaire, caractérisée par un nanisme microcéphalique sévère et un décès précoce des patients. Le gène muté dans ce syndrome est RNU4ATAC, qui encode un petit ARN nucléaire (snRNA) non-codant : U4atac. Ce snRNA est l’une des briques composant le spliceosome mineur, une machinerie nucléaire dédiée à l’épissage des introns U12, un groupe d’introns peu étudié car présent dans ~1 % des gènes seulement. Dans le TALS, ces introns sont fréquemment retenus dans les transcrits matures, l’épissage correct des introns U12 semble donc capital pour le développement embryonnaire. L’étude du profil transcriptomique des patients TALS permet ainsi d’établir les conséquences moléculaires d’un dysfonctionnement du spliceosome mineur, nous permettant d’en apprendre davantage sur les mécanismes d’épissage des introns U12 en condition physiologique ou pathologique, et sur le rôle de l’épissage mineur dans le développement embryonnaire. Cette thèse présente la première analyse approfondie du transcriptome de cellules provenant de patients TALS. Pour mener cette analyse, nous avons développé un pipeline bioinformatique qui, à partir de données RNA-seq de seconde génération, utilise différentes méthodes dédiées à l’étude différentielle de l’expression des gènes ou de la qualité d’épissage entre patients et contrôles. L’épissage étant particulièrement complexe à analyser à partir de reads courts, deux approches complémentaires ont été utilisées : l’une classique, basée sur l’alignement des reads, et l’autre plus originale, basée sur l’assemblage des reads et permettant de détecter plus d’événements d’épissage non-annotés (KisSplice). Une des conséquences attendue d’un dysfonctionnement du spliceosome mineur est une rétention massive des introns U12 dans les ARN matures. Cependant, la détection et la quantification de rétentions d’intron chez les mammifères constituent encore aujourd’hui un challenge bioinformatique. Nous avons donc utilisé une méthode récente dédiée à l’analyse des rétentions d’introns pour caractériser le plus précisément possible le profil transcriptomique des patients TALS. J’ai ainsi participé au développement de KisSplice et de notre outil d’analyse statistique des différentielles d’épissage, kissDE, et mis en évidence certaines caractéristiques de l’épissage mineur, que ce soit en condition physiologique ou pathologique / The Taybi-Linder Syndrome (TALS) is a rare genetic disorder of the embryonic development leading to a severe microcephaly, a primordial dwarfism and an early/unexpected death. The mutated gene in this syndrome is RNU4ATAC, which encode a non-coding small nuclear RNA (snRNA) named U4atac, involved in the minor spliceosome. This nuclear machinery is dedicated to the splicing of a small number of particular introns : the U12 introns. Because only about 1 % of the Human’s genes display at least one U12 intron, they have not been extensively study and little is known about their function. In TALS patients’ cells, most of the U12 introns are retained in mature transcripts ; hence, splicing of U12 introns seems important for the embryonic development. Studying TALS patients’ cells transcriptomes both in physiological and pathological conditions should enable us to precisely identify most of the molecular consequences of a minor splicing defect and could shed light on the mechanism linking minor splicing and embryonic development. This thesis is the first work to conduct an in depth analysis of TALS patients’ cells transcriptomes. In order to do a precise analysis, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline that uses multiple methods to detect differentially expressed or spliced genes between patients and controls and from second generation RNA-seq data. Splicing analysis is a very complex task complete with short reads ; hence, we used two complementary approaches. The first one is based on reads alignement to a reference genome, method conventionnally used to work on splicing, and the second one is based on reads assembly (KisSplice), a original method enabling to find more non-annotated splicing events. One of the expected consequences of a minor splicing malfunction is a global U12 introns retention in mature transcripts. However, intron retention detection and quantification in mammals is particulary difficult task in mammals, thus we used a new method dedicated to intron retentions analysis to study the transcriptomic profile of TALS patients. During my thesis, I was one of the developer of KisSplice and kissDE, our differential splicing analysis tool, and I identified important charcteristics of minor splicing either in physiological or pathological conditions

I denna uppsats kommer jag att fördjupa mig i en teknik som används inom möbeltapetsering och som kallas pocketspring. Inom detta område finns det väldigt lite litteratur och genom mitt arbete hoppas jag få fylla på med mera kunskap. Jag kommer att fördjupa mig i några av de frågor jag ställt mig under arbetets gång och eftersom jag känner väldigt positivt inför detta arbetssätt så vill jag försöka skapa en text som gör att fler skall våga testa på denna teknik. Det som intresserat mig är fördelarna kring en pocketspringmetod men även var jag anser att svårigheterna ligger samt funderingar kring hur eller om man kan skriva en manual som funkar att följa från början till slut.

<p>By reading three 21st century books am I trying to see how the female friendship is described in literature of our days. The books are Rebell med frusna fötter by Johanna Nilsson, Lutherska badet by Unni Drougge and I närheten av solen by Hanna Wallsten. They are all written by Swedish authors and taking place in Stockholm in the early years of 2000. I am doing a critical reading against the roles of “heteronormativitet” as the word is described by Tiina Rosenberg and Fanny Ambjörnsson trying to see how the characters are following or breaking these roles. The books are also read comparative to each other. I am doing what I call a “väninneläsning” where the female friends are being the narrative engine in the story, helping the main character to construct a new and stronger subjective self. My conclusions by this reading are that the friendship is opening up for a change of the roles of relation(ships) between women and man. It creates a possibility of a life were the women can choose to live in a “vänskapsfamilj”, a friendship family. The power of choice gives her a new strength in demanding equal rights compared to the man.</p>

By reading three 21st century books am I trying to see how the female friendship is described in literature of our days. The books are Rebell med frusna fötter by Johanna Nilsson, Lutherska badet by Unni Drougge and I närheten av solen by Hanna Wallsten. They are all written by Swedish authors and taking place in Stockholm in the early years of 2000. I am doing a critical reading against the roles of “heteronormativitet” as the word is described by Tiina Rosenberg and Fanny Ambjörnsson trying to see how the characters are following or breaking these roles. The books are also read comparative to each other. I am doing what I call a “väninneläsning” where the female friends are being the narrative engine in the story, helping the main character to construct a new and stronger subjective self. My conclusions by this reading are that the friendship is opening up for a change of the roles of relation(ships) between women and man. It creates a possibility of a life were the women can choose to live in a “vänskapsfamilj”, a friendship family. The power of choice gives her a new strength in demanding equal rights compared to the man.

During the second half of the 19th Century the influence and power of the Stockholm aristocracy had decreased significantly amidst the emergence of the modern society. Therefore, it was important for them to position themselves toward the surrounding society more symbolically. The bourgeoisie, on the other hand, had strengthened economically and advanced in the societal elite. The ongoing industrialization of the 19th Century created a bourgeois class with improved acquisition power that in an analogical manner aimed at manifesting its recently achieved social position. The time scope of the study includes class dislocations and changes in which the economically strengthened bourgeoisie occupy new spaces alongside the old aristocracy in the city. The study examines how class and gender defined power settings and cultural codes are reflected in the architecture of the period, as regards interior and construction plan among the new-aristocratic bourgeoisie and the older aristocracy respectively. The palaces of the Stockholm city core are analyzed and compared and will exemplify the two ideal positions.

In this thesis I study children's right to be heard in custody cases. The main purpose is to study the legal situation in Sweden from a European and international perspective. The emphasis given to the child’s right to be heard in cross-border custody cases in EU regulations is studied, in particular with regard to the Brussels II bis Regulation and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, from the perspective that the child is habitually resident in Sweden. Furthermore, I study the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the European Convention on Human Rights, both which are important rights documents in Europe. The CRC is also studied from the perspective that Sweden has incorporated the CRC as a directly applicable Swedish law as of January 1, 2020. I analyze whether Swedish law in practice is in compliance with these regulations. The conclusion is that Swedish law to some extent is, but that certain inconsistencies exist in relation to the requirements set forth in Article 12 of the CRC. In light of the study there appears to be a risk that the primacy of EU law and the principle of mutual trust can put children's rights aside. The legal situation in England, Finland and Norway regarding children's right to be heard in custody cases is studied in order to create a context in which Swedish law can be compared. The aim is to study how well children's right to be heard in custody cases is ensured in Sweden in a European comparison. It appears that the legal situation in Sweden is relatively good but that children’s right to self-determi-nation appears to be more developed in the legislation of Norway and Finland. The thesis shows some areas of improvement in Swedish law. One is the child's right to be heard in cases when the parents are able to agree on custody issues. Another is the child’s right to be heard, contrary to the parents’ wishes and without their consent. Studies show that children's actual right to express their opinion and have it regarded by the court in a custody dispute is not always ensured in practice. The conclusion is that legislative changes, or a more comprehensive consideration of Article 12 of the CRC, could lead to a better implementation in practice of the right of children to express their views and have them regarded in custody disputes.