The purpose of this investigation was to isolate and grow algae common to the southwest in unialgal culture; to either sustain or grow one of the principal bloom-causing organisms, with emphasis on Microcystis aeruginosa; to isolate and culture actinomycetes from the same waters from which the algae were obtained; and to inoculate these algae with actinomycetes and determine their effects through development and deterioration.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the musical tastes of the primary children in ten schools within a radius of fifty miles of Bellevue, Texas.

This dissertation aims to scrutinize the fractions of the Turkish middle class, based on Bourdieu&rsquo / s theory of social, cultural, economic capitals and habitus. Distinction among the fractions was identified through lifestyles and tastes via home furnishing and decoration. A quantitative field research was conducted in two towns of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, namely Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren and &Ccedil / ankaya, and the data was collected by applying a detailed questionnaire on a sample that is not representative. The data was analysed with SPSS. The outcomes of factor and multiple correspondence analyses were formulated as four fractions of the Turkish middle class: Lower/bitter, Middle/resentful, Upper/contemptuous, and Well-off/happy middle class. The structural and material conditions, social-psychological utterances of the respondents and interviewees, survey results, field notes and observations as well as insights collected from furniture/decoration magazines provided the basis for defining and naming these subcategories. This categorization is an important step for further studies of lifestyles and tastes of the fractions. Lifestyles were defined as everyday habits/routines/activities, and tastes as selections/arrangements of furniture/accessories of everyday life objects. The finding of the dissertation is that the middle class(es) in Ankara is stratified within itself and these fractions have different lifestyles and tastes of their own: The well-off/happy fraction has an &lsquo / outgoing&rsquo / lifestyle, and &lsquo / legitimate/highbrow taste&rsquo / the upper/contemptuous fraction has a &lsquo / shopping mallcentred&rsquo / lifestyle, and &lsquo / middlebrow taste&rsquo / the middle/resentful fraction has an &lsquo / emulationcentred&rsquo / lifestyle and &lsquo / popular taste&rsquo / finally, the lower/bitter fraction has a &lsquo / &lsquo / stuck to home, family and neighbors&rsquo / lifestyle and &lsquo / taste of necessity&rsquo / .

<p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1989</p> / digitalisering@umu

« Musiques traditionnelles», « musiques du monde» ou « musiques tradiporaines » d'aujourd'hui, « musiques folkloriques » d'hier, « musiques de nos racines », toutes les époques ont été saisies par un intérêt de sauvegarde des musiques populaires, les inscrivant de manière différenciée dans le contexte social. Cette recherche interroge, à partir d'un regard sociologique, l'ordinaire et l'extra-ordinaire des musiciens amateurs, par le prisme leur pratique musicale en tant que moyen de construire une réalité sociale. C'est donc l'articulation de cette pratique avec un ensemble de valeurs et de symboles qui sous-tendra l'ensemble de ce questionnement. A partir de la pratique musicale amateur, il s'agit de comprendre les enjeux sociaux d'un courant musical en pleine expansion. Notre interrogation centrale consiste à savoir si la musique participe à la structuration du monde social, avec ses conventions, son mode de fonctionnement, ses symboles et ses référents. Comment le goût pour un répertoire musical,générateur de symboles et des valeurs va-t-il trouver écho dans des pratiques ordinaires, participant à un processus de bricolage (De Certeau 1990) du quotidien ? En analysant les pratiques musicales en amateur, nous cherchons à décrire les affinités électives (Weber, 1989) existantes entre un courant musical et la construction d'un ordinaire. / Every age has sought to preserve popular forms of music, by integrating them in differentiated ways into the social context; this applies equally to the ‘folk music' or ‘ancestral music' of the past or to contemporary ‘traditional music', ‘world music' or ‘fusion hybrids of contemporary and traditional music (tradiporaine music).' Adopting a sociological approach, this study explores how amateur traditional musicians construct a particular social reality through their musical practices, by researching the everyday life of amateur musicians, as well as their exceptional musical experiences. The central aim of this research is to interrogate the relationship between their musical practices and the framework of values and symbolic meanings in which these practices are embedded. An examination of amateur traditional musical practices provides us with insights into the complex process by which these musical forms are socially constructed – musical forms that are currently growing in popularity. The central question which this study will explore is whether music contributes to structuring social parameters through its conventions, its way of functioning, its symbols and its references. How does an interest in a particular musical repertoire, which embodies a series of values and symbolic meanings, relate to everyday practices, which in turn contribute to a process of bricolage of the quotidian experience? (De Certeau 1990) By analysing amateur traditional musical practices this study will seek to describe the formation of selective affinities (Weber, 1989) between a particular type of music and the construction of a sense of everyday social reality.

À travers une enquête qualitative auprès de lecteurs et lectrices de romans, cette thèse se propose d’interroger l’influence de la position et de la trajectoire sociales des publics sur leurs choix de lecture ainsi que sur leurs pratiques de recours à la prescription littéraire, à l’ère numérique.Face à une offre éditoriale pléthorique, lecteurs et lectrices se trouvent en effet en situation d’incertitude quant à la qualité des œuvres littéraires. Il s’agit alors d’interroger les influences respectives et cumulées d’instances de prescription et de recommandation — en tant qu’elles contribuent à produire de la valeur — telles que la prescription scolaire, la prescription médiatique, les prix littéraires, les professionnels du livre ou encore les groupes de pairs. L’intérêt que portent les lecteurs interrogés aux discours produits par ces instances de légitimation est mis en relation avec leur position sociale ainsi que leur trajectoire — en mettant l’accent sur le contexte dans lequel leur goût et leur pratique se sont développés, et sur les modalités de la pratique. Ce faisant, ce travail de recherche — fondé sur 36 entretiens semi-directifs et 457 questionnaires menés auprès de lecteurs parisiens et actifs — a pour objectifs d’apporter via l’angle du choix une meilleure compréhension des pratiques de lecture ainsi que des usages de la prescription littéraire. / This thesis looks at participants’ interests in the discourses of legitimizing bodies, depending on their social class backgrounds and locations, in the digital era. Confronted to an overabundant offer, this study examines participants’ interests in the discourses of legitimizing bodies, depending on their social class backgrounds and locations. In a context where readers often remain unsure about the quality of literary works, this thesis looks at the wide variety of institutions/intermediaries that contribute to the production of value such as school, media, literary awards, booksellers, publishers and peer groups. The aims of this research work are to provide a better understanding of reading practices and of the uses of literary prescription. Methodologically, this study is drawn from 457 questionnaires and 36 interviews of participant 18-65 aged and based around Paris who read a book in the last 12 months.The study finds that the consumption of book recommendations depends on social class location. Although more dependent on recommendations to reduce the uncertainty of the quality of books, occasional readers – most often working and middle class participants – consume less book recommendations. To the contrary, the results suggests that the participants with a higher cultural capital i.e. those who are familiar with the wide variety of books available, tend to consume more recommendations, albeit with detachment.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T09:01:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serra-Vicentin_MarciaDiaz_D.pdf: 3082308 bytes, checksum: 2f06d20acd5f2c440c3df736ad19d3b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Diversos são os fatores que parecem interferir na mastigação: força de mordida (que pode estar relacionada ao tamanho dos músculos), componentes e quantidade de saliva, características da oclusão, dentre outros. Esta tese está composta de cinco capítulos. O capítulo 1 "The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the muscles of mastication" revisou a literatura a respeito das imagens ultrasonográficas (US) dos músculos da mastigação e reforçou que a US é um método confiável de grande utilidade no campo do diagnóstico de alterações dos músculos da mastigação e do estudo de mudanças durante o crescimento e envelhecimento e que permanece como uma técnica promissora para o estudo dos músculos da mastigação. O capítulo 2, "Correlation between muscle thickness and bite force in children before and after oral rehabilitation - a 2 year logitudinal study", avaliou a correlação entre força de mordida (FM) e espessura muscular antes e após 6, 12 e 24 meses de reabilitação bucal (T0, T6, T12, T24, respectivamente) em 19 crianças de 6-9 anos que apresentavam perda precoce de dentes decíduos. A FM foi determinada com um transdutor pressurizado flexível. A espessura dos músculos masseter e temporal foi mensurada durante relaxamento e máxima intercuspidação com US digital com transdutor linear de 56mm/10-MHz. Houve aumento significativo da FM e espessura do masseter entre T0 e T12. A FM e a espessura do temporal relaxado e contraído em T6 e temporal contraído em T24 foram significativamente correlacionadas. Foi concluído que houve aumento da FM e espessura do masseter após a reabilitação e também relação entre FM e espessura do temporal, o que sugere que a reabilitação bucal influenciou os aspectos morfológicos e funcionais dos músculos da mastigação. Os capítulos 3 "Bite force and salivary flow rate in schoolchildren", 4 "Bite force, texture perception and chewing parameters in schoolchildren" e 5 "Salivary flow rate, protein content, chewing parameters, and taste perception in schoolchildren" tiveram como objetivos avaliar e correlacionar o fluxo salivar (FS), FM, parâmetros de mastigação, percepção de sabor e textura de alimentos e o papel da proteína na mastigação em crianças de 7-10 anos de idade distribuídas de acordo com fase da dentição, oclusão e sexo. A saliva total não estimulada (NE) e estimulada (E) por parafilm foram coletadas por 5 minutos para obtenção do FS. A proteína total foi avaliada pelo método de Lowry et al. (1951). A FM foi determinada como um transdutor pressurizado flexível. Os seguintes alimentos foram testados: cenoura, torrada com e sem margarina, banana, queijo e goma de mascar para determinar os parâmetros mastigatórios (tempo de mastigação, número e freqüência de ciclos mastigatórios), a textura (utilizando uma escala visual analógica de 0 a 100 mm) e o sabor (classificado como amargo, azedo, salgado ou doce). Meninos apresentaram FS e FM (Capítulo 3) significativamente maior que as meninas. Houve correlação significativa entre FS e FM para o grupo com oclusão normal. Não houve diferença significativa na FM, textura ou nos parâmetros da mastigação entre os grupos de oclusão. Os parâmetros da mastigação e a textura foram significativamente menores para os alimentos macios em relação aos duros. Correlação significativa foi encontrada entre FM e freqüência mastigatória no grupo com oclusão normal. Houve correlação significativa entre o FS e os parâmetros de mastigação. Meninas, crianças com maior FS e menor conteúdo de proteína tiveram maior porcentagem de acerto no sabor dos alimentos. Concluindo, houve relação entre FM e FS em crianças com oclusão normal, nas quais observou-se que a maior FM está relacionada a maior freqüência de mastigação de alimentos, o que indica facilidade de mastigação; o FS maior facilitou a mastigação e percepção do sabor de alimentos. / Abstract: Several are the factors that seem to intefeer on mastication: bite force (which might be related to the size of the muscles), components and quatity of saliva, occlusion caracteristics, among other. This thesis is composed by five chapters. Chapter 1 "The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the muscles of mastication" did a literature review about the use of ultrasonography on the investigation of the muscles of mastication and reinforced that US is a reliable method of great utility in the diagnostic field of alterations of the muscles of mastication and in the study of changes during growth and aging and that it remains as a promising technique for the study of the muscles of mastication. Chapter 2, "Correlation between muscle thickness and bite force in children before and after oral rehabilitation - a 2 year logitudinal study", evaluated the correlation between BF and muscle thickness before and after 6, 12, and 24 months of oral rehabilitation (TO, T6, T12, T24, respectively) in 19 6-9 years-old children with early loss of primary teeth. BF was determined with a flexible pressurized transducer. Masseter and temporal muscle thickness was measured during relaxation and maximal intercuspation by digital US with a high- resolution real-time 56mm/10-MHz linear-array transducer. There was a significant increase in BF and masseter thickness between TO and T12. There was a significant correlation between BF and relaxed and contracted temporal thickness at T6, and contracted temporal at T24. It was concluded that there was an increase in BF and masseter thickness after rehabilitation and there was also a relation between BF and temporal thickness, which suggests that the oral rehabilitation influences the morphological and functional aspects of the muscles of mastication. Chapters 3 "Bite force and salivary flow rate in schoolchildren", 4 "Bite force, texture perception and chewing parameters in schoolchildren" and 5 "Salivary flow rate, protein content, chewing parameters, and taste perception in schoolchildren" aimed to evaluate and correlate the salivary flow rate (SFR), BF, chewing parameters, perception of taste and texture of food, and the role of protein on mastication of children 7-10 years-old distributed according to occlusion and sex. BF was determined with a flexible pressurized transducer. Unstimulated (U) and stimulated (S) whole saliva were collected for 5 minutes in order to stablish the salivary flow rate (SFR), and the total protein was evaluated by method of Lowry et al. (1951). The following foods were tested: carrot, toast with and without margarine, banana, cheese, and chewing gum to determine the chewing parameters (chewing time, number of cycles and frequency), texture (using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100 mm) and the taste (bitter, sour, sweet or salty). Boys presented SFR and BF (Chapter 3) significantly higher than girls. There was a significant correlation between SFR and BF for the group with normal occlusion. There was no significant difference in BF, texture or chewing parameters among groups of occlusion. Chewing parameters and texture were significantly lower for soft than hard foods. Significant correlation was found for BF and chewing frequency in the normal occlusion group. There was significant correlation between SFR and chewing parameters. Girls, children with higher SFR and lower protein content got more correct taste choices. Concluding, there was a relation between SFR and BF in children with normal occlusion, on whom a greater BF was related to a higher chewing frequency, which indicates facility of chewing; a higher SFR facilitated the mastication and taste perception of foods. / Doutorado / Odontopediatria / Doutor em Odontologia

Individuella smakupplevelser varierar stort och är delvis beroende av hur väl och intensivt individen kan urskilja grundsmaker. Jämfört med vuxna uppvisar barn en högre preferens för sött och starkare aversion mot bittert. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka 4-6-åriga förskolebarns förmåga att identifiera grundsmaker i livsmedel före och efter träning med grundsmaklösningar. Även barnens förmåga att verbalisera smakupplevelser innan grundsmakträning undersöktes. Studien genomfördes på en förskola, totalt elva barn deltog i studien som bestod av fyra moment. En gruppdiskussion om (grund)smaker, provsmakning av tio olika livsmedel med fortsatt samtal om vad dessa smakade. Tredje momentet var träning med grundsmaklösningar där barnen fick öva på att känna igen sött, surt, salt, bittert och umami. Sista momentet var ett grundsmaktest där barnen fick svara vilka grundsmaker de kunde identifiera i varje livsmedel. Resultaten visade på en signifikant skillnad förmåga att uppfatta salt jämfört med övriga grundsmaker, samt en markant ökad förmåga att både identifiera och verbalisera samtliga grundsmaker i livsmedel efter grundsmakträning. Från att ha benämnt ”gott” och ”äckligt” som smaker kunde barnen efter träning i större utsträckning sätta ord på och identifiera flera olika grundsmaker i livsmedlen de smakade. En kort grundsmakträning är en enkel metod som kan bidra till att få små barn att inta ett positivt, nyfiket förhållningssätt till nya smaker och mat i allmänhet. / Individual experiences of taste differs greatly and is partially due to both the ability to detect basic taste and the intensity at which it is interpreted. Compared to grown-ups, children tend to show a higher preference toward sweet and a greater aversion towards bitter. The purpose of this study was to examine 4-6-year old pre-school children’s ability to identify basic tastes in food before and after training with basic taste solutions. The children’s ability to articulate their taste experiences were also studied before basic taste training. The research were conducted at a single pre-school, eleven children participated in the study which involved four different parts. A group discussion about (basic) tastes, testing of ten different foods accompanied by continued conversations about what the food tasted like. The third part was training with basic taste solutions where the children got to practice recognizing sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. The last part were a basic taste test in which the children were asked to answer what basic tastes they could identify in each food. The results showed a significant difference in the children’s ability to identify salty tastes compared to other basic tastes, also a notably improved ability to detect and articulate all basic tastes after basic taste training. The children went from naming “tasty” and “disgusting” as tastes, to being able to put words on, and identify, many of the basic tastes in each food. A short training session with basic tastes is a simple method which can benefit young children by contributing to a more positive and curious approach towards new flavours and food in general.

中唐詩歌「由雅入俗」的美學意涵研究摘要： 本論文共七章。第一章「緒論」申明研究宗旨、研究範圍、研究方法。並對中唐年代作一界定，論述「雅」與「俗」的分野，以作為全文探討中唐詩歌「由雅入俗」趨勢的基礎。 第二章「中唐文人之階層變動及其生命意涵」。中唐詩歌開展由雅入俗美學思潮的原因，實肇於創作主體文人階層的內涵，已由以往依附帝王世族的文人，轉為憑藉學識才華入仕的士子。是以本章先釐析科舉制度對於文人的意義，論述以進士科為主的文人如何成為社會、政治上的新興勢力。作為新興士大夫階層的官吏或文人，也需要確定自己個人的人生理想或人生價值。本章從文人生命性格的形塑、社會地位的定格、歷史文化的追尋三個面向，由進而遠、由淺而深地求索中唐文人的生命意涵，考察中唐寒士文人自我意識增強的表現情形，發掘他們求新求變的心態導致時代美學觀念的變化，這也是讓詩歌由雅入俗的內在原因。 第三章「新樂府運動的革新意義與通俗化傾向」。新樂府運動是有唐一代最重要的詩歌改革運動。提倡者白居易和元稹代表的是新興庶族初登政治權力上層、滿懷理想的文人典型。新樂府運動以輔國匡君、濟民傷痛為宗旨，從根本上改變了過去文人側重吟詠個人內心世界的詩歌傳統。本章首節論述新樂府運動的形成過程，並探討它和古文運動的關係，第二節分析元白的詩歌理論見解，尤其突出詩人以文學改革時政的強烈企圖，第三節鑑賞詩歌作品，觀察其實踐理論之情形如何，最末一節則評論新樂府詩作通俗化的美學表現，包括：語言淺顯、句式多變；敘事詳盡、聞之即懂；詩體的散文化與議論化；以普遍人性為基本訴求等四點。 第四章「元白詩派的通俗詩風與生活化文化取向」，附文「劉禹錫與柳宗元詩中『尚俗』特色之考察」。元白詩派是中唐詩壇上兩大詩派之一，本章探討其通俗化的詩歌內涵。白居易和元稹的仕宦生涯一再遭逢無情的貶謫打擊，詩歌創作產生明顯的轉變：批判時局弊政、揭露民生困苦的內容驟然減少；抒發一己幽思，描寫日常生活瑣事的內容迅速增多。不變的是詩歌平易、淺切、通俗易懂的特色，仍貫串當中。本章第一節討論元白生命歷程的轉折，考求詩風轉變的原因，並論及他們詩歌唱和的情形，對「元和體」之意義作一界定。第二、三節分別探討艷情詩、閒適詩、感傷詩作品，釐析元白詩派後期詩作的具體內涵。第四節則分析詩歌趨向繪寫閒情俗趣的生活化特色，說明元白詩何以能在中唐當時空前流行，傳誦人口，造成當代詩歌普及化的現象。本章篇末附文為「劉禹錫與柳宗元詩中『尚俗』特色之考察」。中唐詩壇雖以元白、韓孟詩派為兩大詩歌主流，但又有劉禹錫、柳宗元兩位重要詩人別開生面，開創出絕然不同的詩歌藝術風格。附文即針對劉、柳詩作當中，趨向世俗化部分之特色加以論述分析，完整地考察並呈現中唐詩歌由雅入俗的風貌。 第五章「韓孟詩派獨特的抒情模式與由雅入俗的表現」。韓孟詩派與元白詩派並列中唐詩壇兩大詩派，它是以韓愈和孟郊為核心的一個詩人群體，在創作方法上搜奇抉怪，刻意出新；風格表現上險峭奧折、美醜並陳，涵孕出一股與眾不同的詩歌特色，緣於這種特色，又被稱為「險怪詩派」。本章第一節首先論述韓孟詩派的作家，包括韓愈、孟郊、盧仝、劉叉、馬異、李賀、賈島等人的性格與出身經歷，尋究詩派風格形成的內在原因。再者，他們專務奇險艱苦、幽冷寒僻的抒情方式，顯與以往詩歌「志之所之，詩亦至焉」的創作心態有所不同，本章第二節就韓孟詩派的抒情方式，作一剖析。第三節則集中論述韓孟詩派的詩歌內容及創作手法各方面由雅趨俗的表現。 第六章「中唐詩歌的美學特色」。中國詩歌向有唐宋之分。詩分唐宋，不只是時代的分別，還有風格的不同，唐詩重韻致，多能情景交融，高華清遠，雄渾豐腴；宋詩重理趣，多挺拔瘦勁，氣骨嶙峋。唐音宋調的不同，究其源頭即淵源於中唐。中唐之後，中國社會、文化也進入了新的發展階段。從宏觀的角度來看，政治結構乃至社會結構的變化，對知識階層的心理產生極大的影響，中唐文人於是在文學觀念、審美觀念上均與以往文人有所不同。中唐詩歌的變化，在於整體精神的由外向內，由典雅化趨向日常化與通俗化。而這種個人化、內心化、生活化的審美心理與美學風範，不但影響了宋代詩人，更是宋代之後文人士大夫最為典型的審美風範。本章首節論述中唐詩人主體意識的增強，從而改變了審美視角，擴大了審美範圍。第二節討論中唐文人對民間文學的廣闊吸納程度，包括他們直接參與填詞、寫小說等創作的情形。第三節探討中唐詩人在詩歌內涵融鑄宗教思想的狀況，他們往往在堅守儒家為本位的立場之餘，融入佛家與道家思想，調解他們在政治生活和精神生活中遭遇的苦悶與挫折，這種三教融和的人生觀，深深影響宋人。第四節則是就中唐詩歌由雅入俗的趨勢，作一整體評析。 第七章「結論」。依據以上各章之探討，總結要點，並就研究發現與成果，一一臚列以為結論。 / A Research of the Aesthetics Significances of Tang Poetry’s Shift from the Refined to the Popular Tastes The Dissertation is composed by seven chapters, giving a holistic analysis of the aesthetics significances of Tang Poetry’s shift from the refined to the popular tastes. The titles of the chapters are as followed: Chapter 1, ‘Introduction;’ Chapter 2, ‘Social Classes’ Shift and its Significances of the Scholars in Mid-Tang Dynasty;’ Chapter 3, ‘Revolutionary Significances of the New Yuei-Fu Movement and its Tendency toward Popular Tastes;’ Chapter 4, ‘Popular Tastes in the School of Yuan Jan and Bai Jui-Ye’s Poetry And Its Tendency of Allocating Daily-Life Aspects;’ Chapter 5, ‘The Uniqueness of the Poetry-writing Approaches and the Popularization in the School of Han Yu and Mong Jiau;’ Chapter 6, ‘Aesthetics Significances of the Mid-Tang’s Poetry and its historical meaning in the Chinese Poetry History;’ Chapter 7, ‘Conclusion.’ Two appendixes are included in the Dissertation: Appendix 1, ‘Aesthetics Paradigm Shift of Mid-Tang Poetry;’ and Appendix 2, ‘Bibliography of the Mid-Tang Poets.’

No description available.