Den här studien undersöker yrkesverksamma teckenspråkstolkars syn på likheter och skillnader mellan på-platstolkning och distanstolkning. Undersökningen behandlar också samordning och teckenspråkstolkars uppfattning av begreppet. Materialet består av videoinspelade intervjuer som sedan analyserats utifrån uppsatsens frågeställningar. Teckenspråket är ett visuellt språk och innehåller på så vis grammatiska delar som inte återfinns i talat språk, exempelvis teckenrummet framför den som tecknar. I denna studie undersöks vad som förändras i tolkningen när det sker via en skärm och på så vis blir tvådimensionellt i stället för tredimensionellt för mottagaren. Även påverkan på tolkningen av att tolkanvändarna inte befinner sig i samma fysiska rum som tolken tas upp i undersökningen. Resultatet visar att distanstolkning begränsar teckenspråkets referenssystem i det tredimensionella rummet, men även användandet av kroppsspråket i ett tolkmedierat samtal. Vid på-platstolkning kan tolken vrida sig mot en tolkanvändare för att diskret få kontakt med denne, men vid tolkning på distans fungerar inte denna kroppsliga orientering som resurs på samma sätt med tanke på att skärmen är tvådimensionell och att tolkanvändaren inte befinner sig i samma rum som tolken. / This study examines professional sign language interpreters view on similarities and differences between interpreting on site and remote interpreting. The study also examines coordination and the understanding of the word by sign language interpreters. The material for this study consists of videorecorded interviews which have been analysed based on the study’s research questions. Sign language is a visual language and therefore has grammatical differences to spoken language, for example the signing space in front of the person signing. This study examines what parts of interpreting that change when it is performed remotely and therefore becomes two- instead of three-dimensional for the recipient. The study also investigates how the interpreting is affected when the interpreter users are not in the same physical room as the interpreter. The results show that remote interpreting limits the reference system as well as how bodily orientation is used as a resource in an interpreted conversation. The interpreter can turn towards an interpreter user during on-site interpreting in order to get their attention discreetly, however, in remote interpreting this body turn does not work in the same way, seeing as the screen is two dimensional and that the interpreter user is not in the same physical room as the interpreter.

I en berättelse kan det dyka upp många personer. På teckenspråk kan man med hjälp av kroppsriktning och/eller blickriktning anta rollen som en eller flera personer i en berättelse. Detta kallas för perspektivbyte. I teckenspråkstolkade tv-program har tolken som utmaning att skilja på de olika personerna som kan förekomma eftersom den döve eller hörselskadade mottagaren inte alls kan eller har svårt att höra vem det är som talar. Tidigare forskning har kretsat kring mottagarens upplevelse och åsikter om teckenspråkstolkning i tv, men ingen har fokuserat på hur tolkning i tv går till. Denna studie undersöker hur perspektivbyte används i teckenspråkstolkade tv-program genom att analysera, kategorisera och kvantifiera olika typer av perspektivbyten, samt hitta den eller de mest frekventa. Materialet som har analyserats består av fyra olika avsnitt från fyra olika tv-serier. Två av dessa är barnprogram, de andra två är underhållningsprogram. Perspektivbytena har kategoriserats i tre olika kategorier – kroppsvridning, kroppslutning samt (markering av) berättarröst. Dessutom hittades två strategier som används som komplement till perspektivbyte – blickriktning och hänvisande gest. Den viktigaste faktorn som påverkade vilken typ av perspektivbyte som användes är hur tv-serien är uppbyggd – inte vilken typ av tv-program det är. / Many people can appear in a story. In sign language, one can use body direction and/or gaze direction to assume the role of one or more people in the story. This is called perspective shift. In sign language interpreted TV shows, the interpreter has the challenge of distinguishing between the different people who may appear, because the deaf and hard of hearing receiver cannot hear or has difficulty hearing who is speaking. Previous research has focused on the experience and opinions of the receiver about sign language interpretation on TV, but thus far there are no studies with the focus on how interpretation on TV takes place. This study investigates how perspective shifting is used in sign language interpreted TV shows by analyzing, categorizing, and quantifying different types of perspective shifts, as well as finding the most frequent one(s). The material analyzed consists of four different episodes from four different TV series. Two of these are children’s television, the other two are reality shows. The perspective shifts were categorized into three different categories – body twist, body tilt, and narration (marker). In addition, two strategies were found to be used complementary to perspective shifting – gaze direction and referring gesture. The most important factor, that influenced the type of perspective shift is how the tv-series is structured – not the type of the TV show.

I denna studie undersöker jag hur hörande vuxna andraspråksinlärare (L2) använder och utvecklar perspektiv i tre olika kategorier: karaktärens, observatörens ochblandat perspektivi svenskt teckenspråk under en tidsperiod på ett år. Målgruppens resultat har jämförts med en kontrollgrupp bestående av döva förstaspråkstalare (L1). Resultatet visar att målgruppen från andra inspelningstillfället till fjärde inspelningstillfället har utvecklat flera perspektiv i alla kategorier. När det gäller språkliga likheter och skillnader mellan målgruppen och kontrollgruppen är en tydlig likhet att alla uttrycker sina imiterande gester på samma sätt. Resultatet visar också att flera informanter i målgruppen använder dubbla referenter i teckenrummet. Det kan bero på att de föredrar observatörperspektivet eftersom de har svårigheter med blandat perspektiv. Kontrollgruppen har istället betydligt högre andel blandat perspektiv än målgruppen. / In this study, I investigate how hearing adult second language (L2) learners use and develop perspective in the three different categories – character, observerand mixed perspective– in Swedish Sign Language over the course of one year. The results of the target group are compared to those of a control group consisting of deaf first language (L1) users. The results show that the target group, between the second and fourth recording session, has developed multiple perspectives in all categories. Furthermore, linguistic similarities and differences between target and control groups are investigated, one similarity being that all informants express imitating gestures in the same way. The results show that several informants in the target group use double referents in signing space. This may be a consequence of their preference for observer perspective, since they have difficulties with mixed perspectives. Conversely, the control group has a considerably higher percentage of mixed perspectives than the target group.

<p>This essay is treating how, by signing to little children, can help them i their speach language development. I have intervjued the staff in a preeschool, where they are working with signs in the purpose to help little children, in some case, so small that they not yet have a language, to communicate with others. My hope is to show that it´s possible to minimize small childrens tantrums with this method. And that these children who has learned signs, does not choose signing over spoken language.</p>

This essay is treating how, by signing to little children, can help them i their speach language development. I have intervjued the staff in a preeschool, where they are working with signs in the purpose to help little children, in some case, so small that they not yet have a language, to communicate with others. My hope is to show that it´s possible to minimize small childrens tantrums with this method. And that these children who has learned signs, does not choose signing over spoken language.

This dissertation based on a case study explores the acquisition and the guidance of Swedish Sign Language and spoken Swedish over a span of seven years. Interactions between a pair of fraternal twins, one deaf and one hearing, and their Deaf[1] family were video-observed within the home setting. The thesis consists of a frame which provides an overview of the relationship between four studies. These describe and analyze mainly storytime sessions over time. The first article addresses attentional expressions between the participants; the second article studies the mediation of the deaf twin’s first language acquisition; the third article analyses the hearing twins acquisition of parallel bimodal bilingualism; the fourth article concerns second language acquisition, sequential bimodal bilingualism following a cochlear implant (CI). In the frame, theoretical underpinnings such as mediation and language acquisition were compiled, within a sociocultural frame. This synthesis of results provides important information; in the 12- and 13-month sessions simultaneous-tactile-looking was noted in interchanges between the twins and their mother; mediation of bilingualism was scaffolded by the caregivers with the hearing twin by inserting single vocal words or signs into the language base used at that time, a finding that differs from other reported studies; a third finding is the simultaneousness in which the deaf child’s Swedish Sign Language skill worked as a cultural tool, to build a second and spoken language. The findings over time revealed actions that included all the family members. Irrespective of the number of modes and varied types of communication with more than one child, mediation included following-in the child’s initiation, intersubjective meaningfulness and encouragement. In accordance with previous research, these factors seem to promote the acquisition of languages. In conclusion, these findings should also prove useful in the more general educational field. [1] Deaf with a capital ‘D’ is commonly used for cultural affiliation whereas lower case ‘d’, as in deaf, refers to audiological status (Monaghan, Schmaling, Nakamura &amp; Turner, 2003). / <p>Disputationen tolkas till svensk teckenspråk, hörselslinga finns.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p>

This thesis comprises four separate studies of the same material: a ten-minute Swedish Sign Language monologue. Study I describes the form, meaning, and use of the sign INDEX-c, a pointing toward the chest traditionally described as a first person pronoun. It is argued that INDEX-c is used not only with specific reference to the signer or a quoted signer, but also with non-specific reference. Contrary to what has been reported, INDEX-c is used not only for constructed dialogue, but also in constructed action. The analysis reveals two separate forms, as well, labeled as reduced INDEX-c and distinct INDEX-c, respectively. Study II describes the activities of the non-dominant hand when it is not part of a two-handed sign. A continuum is suggested, moving from different rest positions that do not contribute to the discourse content, via mirroring of the dominant hand, for example, to instances where the non-dominant hand produces signs of its own while the dominant hand remains inactive, i.e. dominance reversal. Several of the activities of the non-dominant hand, including the four types of buoys that are described, help structure the discourse by indicating the current topic. Study III uses Mental Space Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory to describe the use of signing space for reference. A correlation is shown between discourse content and the area in the signing space toward which signs are meaningfully directed, and also between these directions and which types of Real Space blends the signer mainly uses: token blends or surrogate blends. Finally Study IV looks in more detail at three segments of the discourse and their Real Space blend structure. An initial analysis of eight interpretations into spoken Swedish is also conducted, focusing on whether preselected content units (discourse entities and relations) are identified. A large number of Real Space blends and blended entities are argued to result in less successful renditions measured in terms of preselected content units. / För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se

Den här studien behandlar fenomenet tolkspråk – tanken om att tolkat språk skiljer sig från icke-tolkat språk. Översättningsvetenskapen och dess motsvarighet översättarspråk har utgjort en stor inspirationskälla till arbetet, då forskningen kommit längre där. Ett forskningsområde behandlar så kallade översättningsuniversalier – universella regler eller lagar för hur översatt språk ser ut. En av dessa lagar kallas för normalisering. I studien undersöks om normalisering är applicerbart även på teckenspråkstolkning, med utgångspunkt i påståendet att normalisering kan vara synligt i översatt text som en överrepresentation av typiska målspråksdrag. För att undersöka detta har två jämförbara korpusar använts, dels Svensk teckenspråkskorpus (SSLC) med icke-tolkade teckenspråkstexter, dels Korpus för simultantolkade teckenspråkstexter (KST) med tolkade teckenspråkstexter. Det typiska, teckenspråkiga drag som valts för undersökningen är det tecken som glosas KOPPLA. Förekomsten av tecknet i de båda korpusarna har undersökts för att kunna upptäcka en eventuell överrepresentation i KST. Resultaten visar att KOPPLA mycket riktigt är överrepresenterat i KST, men att det är svårt att generalisera på grund av flera begränsande faktorer. / This essay is concerned with the subject of interpretese – the idea that interpreted language differs from non-interpreted language. Within translation studies, the corresponding term is translationese, and this essay draws upon much of the research in this field, as it is more developed. One particular area of research into translationese revolves around so called translation universals, or universal features of translation. They could be described as rules or laws that define translated language. One of those universals is called normalisation. This essay seeks to answer if normalisation also exists in Sign Language interpreting, with reference to exaggeration of typical target language patterns. Two comparable corpora were used, Swedish Sign Language Corpus (SSLC) with non-interpreted Sign Language texts, and Korpus för simultantolkade teckenspråkstexter (KST) with interpreted Sign Language texts. The typical target language pattern that was chosen for the investigation is the Swedish sign KOPPLA. Instances of the sign were investigated in both corpora, to spot any exaggeration in KST. The results show that KOPPLA is in fact overrepresented in KST, but that one should be careful to generalize, as several limiting factors were at play.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om döva flyktingar och har tre huvudteman: dövhet och asylprocessen för döva flyktingar, och för att förstå det i en svensk kontext är det tredje temat dövhet historiskt i Sverige och internationellt. Fältarbetet är gjort under en månads tid i början av 2018 på en folkhögskola i Sverige och metoder som tillämpats är deltagande observation och intervjuer. Folkhögskolan har i samarbete med Migrationsverket sedan 2009 i uppgift att utbilda döva asylsökande i svenskt teckenspråk, som i många fall blir det första språket, för att de ska kunna uppge skäl för asyl. Frågeställningen berör hur dessa personer upplever sin identitet och hur den förändras och produceras. Det är två av folkhögskolans grupper, en grupp med och en grupp utan uppehållstillstånd, som jämförs och ligger till grund för denna uppsats. / This essay is about deaf refugees and has three main themes: deafness and the asylum process for deaf refugees, and to understand it in a Swedish context, the third theme is deafness historically in Sweden and internationally. The fieldwork has been done for a month at the beginning of 2018 at a school in Sweden and methods used are participant observations and interviews. The school has since 2009, in cooperation with the Swedish Migration Board, been responsible for training deaf asylum seekers in Swedish sign language, which in many cases becomes the first language in order to give reasons for asylum. The question concerns how these people perceive their identity and how it is changed and produced. The study is mainly based on two groups. One group with and one group without a residence permit are being compared and form the basis for this essay.

I takt med att döva personer i Sverige får ökad tillgång till alla områden i samhället börjar också antalet döva högskolestudenter på olika lärosäten runtom i landet att öka. Denna studie undersöker döva universitetsstudenters upplevelser av en utbildning i samarbete med teckenspråks- eller skrivtolk och har som mål att utöka kunskapen kring detta relativt outforskade område. I detta syfte utfördes sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med döva studenter vid lärosäten i Sverige där de fick svara på frågor om bland annat sin tillgång till tolkning, sin upplevelse av tolkningen och sin känsla av inkludering i klassen. Av resultaten framgår att studenterna utnyttjar möjligheten till tolkning på ett sätt som inte alltid reflekterar deras upplevda behov av det. Studenterna ställer sig övervägande positivt till tolkarnas arbete på högskolenivå. Det framgår även att studenterna i olika grad känner sig inkluderade i sin klass, både vad gäller relationer till lärare och till andra hörande studenter. Faktorer som kan ha påverkat studenternas intervjusvar är deras upplevda hörsel, nivån på deras nuvarande utbildning och dövmedvetenheten hos de lärare de mötts av. Då studien fokuserat på många aspekter av studenternas utbildning kan det inte dras djupgående slutsatser kring varje tema som framkommit. / As Deaf people in Sweden receive increased access to all areas of society, the number of Deaf students enrolled in higher education around the country increases. This study examines the experiences of Deaf university students regarding their education in collaboration with a sign language or speech-to-text interpreter and aims to expand the knowledge around this relatively unexplored field. For this purpose, seven semi-structured interviews were held with Deaf students at universities around Sweden, in which they were asked to answer questions regarding, among other things, their access to interpreters, impression of the interpreting received and feeling of inclusion in their class. The results show that the students do not always make use of interpreters in a way that reflects their perceived need for them. The students are generally positive regarding the interpreters’ work in a higher educational setting. It is also shown that the students feel included in their classes to varying degrees, both in regard to their relationships with teachers, and with other hearing students. Factors that may have affected the students’ responses are their perceived hearing, the level of their current education and the Deaf awareness of their lecturers. As the study has focused on many different aspects of the students’ education, no in-depth conclusions can be drawn regarding each of the subject matters raised.