Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The growth of the organic cultivation of vegetables is driven by consumers seeking healthier foods free of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in quality and antioxidant metabolism during fruit ripening of five species that have economic importance grown by organic farming systems and conventional. The yellow passion fruit, banana, tomato, sugar apple and acerola cultivated under organic and conventional farming were manually harvested at different stages of development, the pulp were processed and stored at 18 ÂC. The results indicate that the organic cropping system induced stress in passion fruit as shown by the greater degree of peroxidation and lowest phenolic content and CAT activity, however it stimulated vitamin C. The higher SOD and PAL activities indicate that organic bananas suffered an oxidative stress, but their nutritional quality parameters were not affected. The organic farming system also induced stress in tomato evidenced by the greater degree of lipid peroxidation and increased PAL and SOD activities, but also positively influenced all nutritional antioxidants components. Although the present results for sugar apple do not allow a comparison between cropping systems, there are strong indications that the organic cropping system did not induce stress in sugar apple. For acerola BRS 235, there are signs that organic system induced an oxidative stress due to the higher lipid peroxidation degree. As the data obtained, the organic system induced stress in passion fruits, tomato, banana and acerola. The organic cropping system positively influenced the non-enzymatic antioxidants in yellow passion fruit and tomatoes, however for the others fruits, there was no influence or it was negative, as in acerola. Therefore, it can be concluded that stress induced by organic cropping system will not necessarily stimulate the production of antioxidant compounds. / O crescimento do cultivo orgÃnico de vegetais vem sendo impulsionado por consumidores que buscam alimentos mais saudÃveis, livres de agrotÃxicos e de adubos quÃmicos. Desta forma o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as alteraÃÃes na qualidade e metabolismo antioxidante durante a maturaÃÃo de frutos de cinco espÃcies que apresentam importÃncia econÃmica cultivadas pelos sistemas de cultivo orgÃnico e convencional. Os frutos do maracujazeiro, bananeira, tomateiro, ateira e aceroleira sob cultivo orgÃnico e convencional foram colhidos manualmente em diferentes estÃdios de desenvolvimento e as polpas foram processadas e armazenadas em freezer domÃstico à --18 ÂC visando a realizaÃÃo das anÃlises de qualidade e do metabolismo antioxidante. Os resultados indicam que o sistema de cultivo orgÃnico induziu um estresse nos frutos do maracujazeiro evidenciado pelo maior grau de peroxidaÃÃo associado ao menor conteÃdo de fenÃlicos e menor atividade da catalase (CAT), porÃm estimulou a concentraÃÃo de vitamina C. A maior atividade da dismutase do superÃxido (SOD) e da fenilalanina amÃnia liase (PAL) indicam que as bananas orgÃnicas sofreram um estresse oxidativo, porÃm suas variÃveis de qualidade nutricional nÃo foram afetadas diferentemente pelos sistemas de cultivo. O sistema de cultivo orgÃnico tambÃm induziu um estresse nos frutos do tomateiro evidenciado pelo maior grau de peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica e aumento da atividade da PAL e SOD, porÃm influenciou positivamente todos os componentes antioxidantes de qualidade nutricional. Apesar dos resultados aqui encontrados para ata nÃo permitirem uma comparaÃÃo entre os sistemas de cultivos, hà fortes indÃcios de que o sistema de cultivo orgÃnico nÃo induziu ao estresse em atas. Jà com as acerolas BRS 235, hà indÃcios de que o sistema orgÃnico induziu um estresse oxidativo pelo maior grau de peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica encontrado. Conforme os dados obtidos, o sistema orgÃnico induziu estresse nos frutos de maracujazeiro, tomateiro, bananeira e aceroleira. O sistema de cultivo orgÃnico influenciou positivamente os antioxidantes nÃo enzimÃticos em maracujà e em tomate, nos demais frutos nÃo houve influÃncia ou ela foi negativa, como no caso das acerolas. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o estresse induzido pelo sistema de cultivo orgÃnico nÃo irà necessariamente estimular a produÃÃo de componentes antioxidantes de qualidade em frutos.

Hábitos de vida saudáveis e uma dieta balanceada aliados ao alto consumo de frutas e vegetais, estão associados à prevenção de doenças e à manutenção da saúde. A maçã possui em sua composição compostos bioativos que podem agir na prevenção e no controle das dislipidemias. Tendo em vista a preocupação da Saúde Pública em encontrar uma fonte alternativa na redução das doenças cardiovasculares, esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a composição química da maçã, variedade Gala, e estudar os efeitos do seu consumo no ganho de peso, consumo alimentar, níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglicerídeos, colesterol hepático e colesterol excretado em ratos Wistar hipercolesterolêmicos. Foram utilizados 6 animais em cada grupo de tratamento (controle, 5%, 15% e 25% de maçã na dieta) durante 30 e 60 dias. Foi observado neste estudo, quanto a composição centesimal da maçã, que uma maçã (200g), é capaz de fornecer 14,5% das recomendações de fibras totais e 55% de vitamina C, além de quantidades consideráveis de compostos fenólicos (0,38g/100g em base fresca) e tanino (0,16g/100g em base fresca). No ensaio biológico, os animais de ambos os tempos, apresentaram uma redução não significativa no ganho de peso e no consumo de dieta com o aumento das concentrações de maçã. Ao final de 30 dias, todas as dietas proporcionaram uma redução significativa (p ≤ 0,05) nos níveis de triglicerídeos comparativamente ao grupo controle e não significativa com relação aos níveis de HDL-C. As dietas com 15% e 25% de maçã mostraram reduções significativas nos níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total e LDL-C e um aumento no teor de colesterol excretado em relação ao grupo controle. A dieta com 25% de maçã promoveu uma redução significativa nos níveis de colesterol hepático em comparação ao grupo controle. Aos 60 dias, os níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C e triglicerídeos de ratos alimentados com as dietas 5%, 15% e 25% de maçã foram semelhantes ao grupo controle.A partir desses resultados, pode-se concluir que a maçã Gala é um potente alimento no controle dirigido das dislipidemias em ratos. Uma dieta rica em verduras, legumes e frutas, inclusive a maçã, associado a um estilo de vida saudável, ao longo do tempo, podem ser considerados fundamentais na prevenção e redução do risco de doenças, principalmente as cardiovasculares. / Healthy life habits and an equilibrate diet, associated with a high fruit and vegetable intake, are joined with the prevention of diseases and health maintenance. The apple has in its composition bioactives compounds that can help in the prevention and control of hyperlipidemia. With the worry of Public Health to find an alternative source in the reduction of the cardiovasculars diseases, the objective of this work was to analyse the chemical composition of the Gala apple and to study the effects of its consumption in the gain of weigh, food intake, seric levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol and feces cholesterol in hypercholesterolemics Wistar rats. Six animals were distributed in each treatments (control, 5%, 15% and 25% apple diet) during 30 and 60 days. This study showed that one apple (200g) can provide 14,5% of the total fiber and 55% of the vitamin C within the recommendation, besides considerable quantities of phenolic compounds (0,38 g/100g wet weigh) and tannins (0,16 g/100g wet weigh). In the biological assay all the animals showed a non significative reduction in the gain of weigh and food intake with the increase of apple concentrations in the diets. At the end of 30 days, all the diets provided a significative reduction in the levels of tryglicerides comparable to the control group and non significative in relation to HDL-C levels. The 15% and 25% apple diets showed significatives reductions in the seric levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C and an increase in the level of feces cholesterol in relation to the control group. The 25% apple diet provided a significative reduction in the hepatic cholesterol levels comparable to the control group. After 60 days, the seric levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and tryglicerides in rats fed with 5%, 15% and 25% apple diets were alike to the control group. These results confirm the importance of the Gala apple in the rats hyperlipidemia control. A diet rich in vegetables and fruits, including apple, associated with a healthy life habits, along the time, can be considered in the prevention and reduction against the risk of disease, mainly, the cardiovascular ones.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Joceani_Dal_Cero.pdf: 1522635 bytes, checksum: 6a5a31f6f6667ef5f524442ba0bb1e72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Regulatory molecules, such as transcription factors, have been thoroughly investigated, especially in hormone-mediated responses that involve gene expression modulation. Frequently, the main determinant of gene expression is its transcriptional rate. Thus, molecular mechanisms underlying transcription regulation have become an important topic in genetic studies of ethylene signaling. The present work aimed to investigate the ERF (Ethylene Response Factor) family employing bioinformatic tools, integrating publicly available datasets from the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and phylogenetic analyses to help elucidating the biological roles of the family in apple. The preliminary survey of the ERF sequences in Malus has provided basic information to be incorporated in further studies of the functional role of ERFs in this perennial species. Expression analyses of MdERF1 and MdERF in apple fruits suggest that other factors, besides ethylene, are involved in their transcriptional regulation in Malus. The second chapter reports the investigation of the transcriptional profiling of those ERF genes in response to pathogen attack, using a biological assay of in vitro propagated plants inoculated with the fungus Venturia inaequalis (apple scab disease). The study has provided evidences of the involvement of MdERF1 in eliciting the plant response; whereas, MdERF2 does not appear to be participate in the pathogenesis. / Moléculas que participam dos processos regulatórios, como os fatores de transcrição, têm recebido atenção especial, pois uma das principais ações dos estímulos hormonais é a modulação da expressão gênica. Como a taxa de transcrição de um gene é o maior determinante da sua expressão, os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais a transcrição gênica é regulada têm se tornado um dos tópicos principais de estudos em genética molecular envolvendo o hormônio etileno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises de bioinformática para a família ERF (Ethylene Response Factors), integrar bases de dados existentes na internet no modelo Arabidopsis, bem como análise filogenética que permitam avaliar os papéis dos diferentes membros da família. Este levantamento preliminar das seqüências ERF em Malus forneceu informação básica para estudos posteriores mais aprofundados, com relação aos mecanismos moleculares da família nesta importante cultura perene. A análise da expressão de MdERF1 e MdERF2 em frutos de maçã indica que outros fatores além do etileno estão envolvidos na regulação da transcrição dos ERF em Malus. O segundo capítulo refere-se à resposta dos ERF frente ao ataque de patógenos. Para isso, foram infectadas plantas de macieira provenientes de cutivo in vitro com o fungo Venturia inaequalis (sarna da maçã). As evidências desses estudos sugerem o envolvimento do gene MdERF1 no processo de patogênese, enquanto que o gene MdERF2 parece não estar envolvido no processo.

Die Effektivität der Züchtung von Apfel (Malus ×domestica BORKH.) sowie anderen mehrjährigen hölzernen Obstkulturen hängt stark von der langen juvenilen Phase der Sämlinge ab. Die juvenile Phase bei Apfelsämlingen dauert meist fünf bis zehn Jahre. Während dieser Phase sind die züchtungsrelevante Bildung von Blüten und Früchten und die Selektion von Nachkommen anhand adulter Merkmale ausgeschlossen. Die Juvenilität verlängert somit einzelne Kreuzungszyklen drastisch, was einen hohen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand für die Züchter bedeutet. Das Rapid Cycle Breeding System von Apfel ist eine neue Züchtungstechnik, die eine beschleunigte Introgression von Zielgenen, vor allem Resistenzgenen aus Wildarten, in etablierte Sorten ermöglicht. Im Gegensatz zu agrotechnischen Methoden, verkürzt diese Technik die juvenile Phase der Apfelsämlinge auf wenige Wochen. Der Einsatz frühblühender transgener Linien, welche das FRUITFULL-Homolog BpMADS4 der europäischen Silberbirke (Betula pendula Roth.) über-exprimierten, ermöglichte die Realisierung einer Kreuzungsgeneration pro Jahr. Das derzeitige Rapid Cycle Breeding System stützt sich auf die 35S::BpMADS4-Linie T1190 als Modellpflanze, deren T-DNA auf der Kopplungsgruppe 4 lokalisiert wurde. Für die Selektion von Null-Segreganten im finalen Schritt des Kreuzungsprogramms ist es entscheidend, dass blühinduzierendes Transgen und eingekreuzte Zielgene auf nicht-homologen Chromosomen lokalisiert sind. Zur Erhöhung der Flexibilität des derzeitigen Rapid Cycle Breeding Systems im Hinblick auf die Realisierung verschiedenster Züchtungsziele befasste sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit drei Themenschwerpunkten: (1) Erweiterung des Spektrums an frühblühenden 35S::BpMADS4-Linien, welche sich in der Kopplungsgruppe der T-DNA-Insertion und Apfelsorte von T1190 unterscheiden. (2) Beurteilung der Eignung frühblühender 35S::BpMADS4-Linien für das Rapid Cycle Breeding im Rahmen eines Kreuzungsprogramms mit der Apfelschorf-resistenten Sorte 'Regia' und der Feuerbrand-resistenten Wildart-Akzession MAL0045 von Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. (3) Vermeidung negativer Auswirkungen der konstitutiven Überexpression von BpMADS4 auf den Habitus und die Blütenmorphologie durch Verwendung eines induzierbaren Promotors. Mit Hilfe des hitzeinduzierbaren Gmhsp17.5-E-Promotors aus Soja (Glycine max) sollte ein temporäres RNAi-Silencing des apfeleigenen Blüh-repressors MdTFL1 und damit gezielt eine frühe Blüte induziert werden. Zusammenfassend zeigten die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit, dass: (1) BpMADS4 erfolgreich in den Apfelsorten 'Gala Mitchgla' und 'Santana' über-exprimiert werden konnte. Mit Hilfe eines Genome Walking-Verfahrens wurden T-DNA-Insertionen in neun der elf untersuchten 35S::BpMADS4-Linien der Apfelsorten 'Pinova', 'Gala', 'Gala Mitchgla', 'Santana' und 'PNS', einem Sämling von 'Pinova', identifiziert. Als Ergänzung zu T1190 sind frühblühende Linien mit BpMADS4 auf Kopplungsgruppe 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15 und 16 verfügbar. Sequenzanalysen zeigten analog zu Ergebnissen von T1190, dass die Agrobacterium-vermittelte Transformation zu Deletionen der T-DNA (bis zu 245 bp) und im Genom (bis zu 361 bp) führte. Im Gegensatz zu T1190 wurden bei den drei transgenen Linien von 'PNS' T1189, T1236 und T1240 Vektorbackbone-Insertionen im Genom identifiziert. Entsprechende Analysen der anderen Linien sind noch ausstehend. Die konstitutive Überexpression von BpMADS4 induzierte analog zu T1190 eine Verkürzung der juvenilen Phase auf nur wenige Wochen in allen elf 35S::BpMADS4-Linien. Dabei bewirkte die permanente Blütenbildung eine drastische Stauchung des vegetativen Sprosswachstums und gehäuftes Auftreten von Blütenanomalien. (2) Trotz signifikanter Unterschiede in Blütenmorphologie und Pollenfunktionalität der 35S::BpMADS4-Linien zu T1190 bzw. ihren nicht-transgenen Kontrollen war deren Blütenfertilität nicht eingeschränkt. In einem Kreuzungsprogramm mit M. fusca und 'Regia' konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Linien mit T1190 vergleichbare Frucht-ansatzraten hatten. Das Programm zielte auf die Introgression der Resistenzgene gegenüber Apfelschorf (Rvi2, Rvi4) und der rosigen Apfelfaltenlaus (Sd1) aus 'Regia' und des Feuerbrand-QTLs von M. fusca oder 'Regia' (FB-F7, FB-Mfu) ab. Aus 149 F1-Sämlingen wurden mittels Marker-gestützter Selektion 37 Sämlinge identifiziert, die BpMADS4 in Kombination mit mindestens einem Resistenzmarker aufwiesen. Acht frühblühende transgene F1-Sämlinge mit interessanter Kombination eingekreuzter Resistenzen wurden für Kreuzungen mit 'Golden Delicious' ausgewählt. Die F1-Sämlinge zeigten vergleichbare Fruchtansätze zu den entsprechenden frühblühenden 35S::BpMADS4-Linien. Mittels Marker-gestützter Selektion konnten aus 17 BC1-Sämlingen sechs BpMADS4-überexprimierende Sämlinge selektiert werden, die jedoch nur einen Teil der eingekreuzten Resistenzen vorwiesen. Letztlich ermöglichte die Kombination aus frühblühenden 35S::BpMADS4-Linien und Marker-gestützter Selektion der Nachkommen die Realisierung einer Kreuzungsgeneration pro Jahr. (3) Für ein temporäres Silencing der MdTFL1-Gene MdTFL1-1 und MdTFL1-2 in Apfel das duale Promotorkonstrukt 619pD1-HSP::MdTFL1-1-HSP generiert wurde, bei dem zwei Gmhsp17.5-E-Sequenzen ein 323 bp CDS-Fragment von MdTFL1-1 flankierten. Es wurden fünf transgene Linien der Apfelsorten 'Pinova' und 'Gala' erzeugt. Gen-expressionsstudien bestätigten, dass ein einmaliger Hitzeschock bei 42°C für 1 h bis 2 h den Gmhsp17.5-E-Promotor erfolgreiche aktivierte. Diese Aktivierung induzierte nur ein kurzzeitiges Silencing beider MdTFL1-Gene in den transgenen Linien, welches keinen Effekt auf die Transkription von MdFT1, dem Antagonisten von MdTFL1 hatte. Multiple Hitzeschockbehandlungen über einen Zeitraum von 28 d waren weder ausreichend, ein langfristiges Silencing von MdTFL1 noch eine frühe Blüte in den transgenen Linien zu induzieren. Negative Auswirkungen des MdTFL1-Silencing auf den Habitus konnten nicht bestätig werden. Mögliche Faktoren des Ausbleibens einer frühen Blüte wurden diskutiert. Interessanterweise zeigten Genexpressionsstudien, dass die Hitzeschock-Behand-lungen die Transkription von MdTFL1-1 und MdTFL1-2 gleichermaßen in transgenen und nicht-transgenen Pflanzen unterdrückten. In silico-Analysen identifizierten cis-regulatorische Hitzeschock-Elemente sowie flankierende TATA- und CCAAT-Box-Motive in den Promotorsequenzen beider Gene, welche bei der Reaktion pflanzlicher Gene auf Hitzestress eine Rolle spielen. Zusammenfassend zeigten die Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit, dass aus phänotypischer Sicht alle charakterisierten elf 35S::BpMADS4-Linien sich für das Rapid Cycle Breeding eignen. Vom molekulargenetischen Standpunkt aus können die transgenen Linien erst nach Untersuchung auf Vektorbackbone-Insertionen bzw. nach deren Mapping im Genom für das System verwendet werden. Die Eignung der acht frühblühenden F1-Sämlinge als Vorzuchtmaterial kann erst nach Durchführung entsprechender Resistenzstudien beurteilt werden. Im Gegensatz zu den frühblühenden 35S::BpMADS4-Linien hatten die HSP::MdTFL1-1-Linien keinen Nutzen für das Rapid Cycle Breeding. Dennoch belegten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit eine Hauptrolle beider MdTFL1-Gene in der pflanzlichen Hitzestressantwort.

La pomme est un des fruits les plus consommés au monde.Le développement d’une texture farineuse est un caractère rédhibitoire pour les consommateurs et pour la profession.La farinosité renvoie à une texture sèche et granuleuse en bouche qui se développe en cours de conservation. Malgré son importance, les connaissances sur les processusmoléculaires mis en jeu restent très parcellaires et son évaluation ne repose jusqu’à ce jour que sur des analyses sensorielles. Or, comprendre les mécanismes moléculairessous-jacents à la farinosité est nécessaire à l’amélioration de la qualité du fruit. Cette étude constitue la première étude transcriptomique globale de la farinosité. Une première étude multi-échelle,intégrant des données transcriptomiques, biochimiques et phénotypiques a été réalisée sur six hybrides issus d’un même croisement et présentant des textures contrastées pour lafarinosité.Cette étude a permis d’identifi er un gène marqueur précoce de la farinosité, MdPME2, codant pour une pectine méthylestérase. Par la suite, une analyse transcriptomiqueélargie à 34 variétés a permis de mettre en évidence un rôle clé de la voie du jasmonate dans la régulation de la maturation. Les jasmonates semblent orchestrer la voie de biosynthèse de l’éthylène et le stress oxydatif, contribuant ainsi à retarder la mise en place de la farinosité. Par ailleurs, afin de quantifier la farinosité autrement que via des analyses sensorielles, un nouveau test a été développé et permettra la validation fonctionnelle de ces résultats. Finalement, ce travail de thèse permet de proposer un / Apple fruit is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. Apple mealiness is an important textural deterioration which occurs during storage. This phenotype refers to a dry andgrainy sensory perception during mastication. Despite its significance, this phenotype is still rather poorly characterized, the few available results mostly depending on sensory analyses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of this unwanted character is essential for the improvement of fruit quality and fruit production.The work presented here is focused on the identification of key genes associated with apple mealiness through global transcriptome analyses. A first multiscale analysis combining transcriptomic, biochemical and phenotypic analyses was performed on pairs of individuals displayingcontrasted phenotypes for mealiness.This analysis led us to the identifi cation of one pectin methylesterase gene, MdPME2, which appears as an early molecular marker of mealiness in this genetic background. Next, a transcriptome analysis enlarged to 34 cultivars allowed the identification of the jasmonate hormonal pathway as a key driver of apple fruits ripening. By regulating ethylene and oxidative stress pathways, jasmonates appear as a fi ne-tuning regulator onthe postponement of apple mealiness. In addition, a new quantitative test of mealiness has also been developed to allow the validation of this model by means of pharmacological approaches. The main outcome of this work is to propose a new molecular model to explain apple mealiness development. This work shed

La pomme (Malus Domestica Borkh.), fruit largement répandu dans les pays tempérés est beaucoup consommée. Elle représente une source importante en composés phénoliques. Cette étude s’est intéressée aux polyphénols des tissus du parenchyme. La problématique s’oriente sur les effets de la texture sur la diffusion de ces molécules. L’originalité de l’approche repose sur l’association de la texture, de la pression osmotique et la diffusion des polyphénols. Les méthodes de caractérisations physiques et biochimiques ont permis de mesurer les changements à l´échelle macroscopique et les modifications chimiques qui s’opèrent dans les matrices végétales. Les résultats de l’étude du transfert de matière ont permis de mettre en évidence les différents facteurs pouvant influer sur les valeurs des coefficients de diffusion. La texture, l’épaisseur, la variété du fruit et la pression du milieu diffusant, constituent des facteurs pouvant influencer le transfert de matière. L’étude de l’évolution de composant de la paroi a montré des changements qui s’opèrent au cours de la diffusion. Des analyses microscopiques ont relevé les modifications à l’échelle cellulaire de la diffusion de procyanidines, polyphénols majoritaires et des interactions avec les composants pariétaux. / Apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ) fruit widespread in temperate countries, is much consumed.It represents an important source of phenolic compounds. This study was interestedin polyphenol content of apple tissue parenchyma. The problem concerns effects of texturedegradation on the diffusion of polyphenols molecules. The originality of the approach isbased on the combination of texture, osmotic pressure and polyphenol leaching. Physicaland biochemical methods were used to measure changes at macroscopic scale and chemicalchanges occurring in the parenchymateous tissue . The study of mass transfer highlightedvarious factors that may affect apparent coefficient diffusion. The result showed that thedisintegration of texture , thickness, apple variety and osmotic pressure of leaching mediacan influence mass transfer yield. The study of the Cell walls components showed changesthat occur during leaching process. Light microscopic analysis revealed changes at cellularscale, procyanidins the major polyphenols, leaching phenomena and also interactionswith cell walls matrix.

Planned obsolescence is the term used to describe incentives of companies to make durable goods faster obsolete. The aim of the study is to make a big picture and real situation about planned obsolescence practising and consumer disposal behaviour. First part addresses the theoretical background and provides comprehensive overview through different aspects of the good's durability issue and planned obsolescence characteristics and influences. Second part in further reference to the information provided in theoretical part examines the situation of specific durable products - laptops. From survey's results on consumer attitudes towards durability of laptops and real case study on Apple Inc. and its reliance to planned obsolescence, recommendations to the more sustainable consumption of consumer electronics are presented.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’influence des procyanidines, du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol, des arômes et du CO2 sur le goût sucré, l’acidité, l’amertume et l’astringence du cidre. Des plans d’expériences ont été réalisés en solutions modèles et avec des cidres commerciaux afin d’étudier les effets directs des composés chimiques mais également les interactions entre eux sur la perception de ces quatre attributs sensoriels.Les résultats confirment le rôle déterminant des procyanidines,du sucre, de l’acide, de l’éthanol sur les quatre caractéristiques organoleptiques étudiées. Il faut souligner l’influence de la concentration et du degré de polymérisation des procyanidines qui modifient les perceptions sucrées et acides. Ces travaux montrent également une sur expression de l’amertume pour les procyanidines tétramères et pentamères mais seulement pour des concentrations de 750 mg/L, et une interaction entre la concentration et le degré de polymérisation pour l’astringence.Excepté pour l’amertume, la présence de gaz carbonique modifie la perception sensorielle des échantillons testés :l’astringence augmente, le goût sucré diminue pour les solutions les plus sucrées et finalement, il semble que les dégustateurs aient plus de mal percevoir les différences d’acidité entre les échantillons. Enfin, les arômes peuvent modifier la perception du goût sucré de certains cidres par un effet de congruence. En effet, la présence de notes aromatiques « fruitées » est accompagnée d’une surévaluation du goût sucré et des notes « terreux-foin »conduisent à une diminution du goût sucré perçu. Cependant,ce phénomène de congruence semble être concentration dépendante. / The aim of this thesis is to study the influence of procyanidins, sugar, acid, ethanol, CO2 and aroma on the perception of sweetness, sourness, bitterness and astringency of cider. Experimental designs were carried out with model solutions or commercial ciders to study the direct effects and interactions of the chemical compounds on these four organoleptic characteristics.The results confirm the key role of procyanidins, sugar,acid, ethanol on the four organoleptic characteristics. We notably underline the influence of procyanidins concentration and polymerization degree on sweetness and sourness when literature only focused on bitterness and astringency. Our works also indicate an overexpression of bitterness for tetrameric and pentameric procyanidins but only for concentration of 750 mg/L, and an interaction between concentration and polymerization degree for astringency.Except for bitterness, adding CO2 modify sensorycharacteristics of the samples: astringency increases,sweetness decreases for the sweetest solutions and it seems that tasters have more difficulty perceive acidity differences between samples. Finally, the aromatic characteristics can modify sweetness perception of some ciders due to acongruency effect. Indeed, “fruity” notes generate an over evaluation of sweetness when “hay-earthy”aromas lead to a decrease of this taste. Nevertheless,this phenomenon appears to be concentration dependent.

This thesis Interactive content of eBooks presents complex view on preparations and development of interactive and enhanced electronic book from technical, legislative, content and economic perspective. It describes types of interactivity modules, available interactive eBook formats, reading devices and software. It also compares USA market to the Czech market of interactive eBooks. This thesis processes results of questionnaire survey in the area of Czech readers awareness of interactive eBooks. In practical part of the thesis process of interactive book creation in Czech environment is engineered.

Uma das propostas atuais para aumentar a vida útil de frutas minimamente processadas (MP) é a busca de um material que seja aderente às superfícies cortadas do fruto para minimizar deteriorações fisiológicas, físicoquímicas e microbianas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de solução conservadora e películas comestíveis na conservação de maçãs da cultivar Royal Gala MP durante armazenamento refrigerado. Os tratamentos foram o controle, a solução conservadora (1% ácido ascórbico; 0,5% ácido cítrico; 0,7% NaCl; 0,25% CaCl2) e as soluções filmogênicas em associação com a solução conservadora. Foram testadas a dextrina (5,5%), a fécula de mandioca (3%) e o alginato de sódio (2%) com CaCl2 (0,6%). A qualidade das maçãs MP foi monitorada por análises fisiológicas, físicas, físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais até o 13º dia de armazenamento. A solução conservadora reduziu a taxa respiratória e a produção de etileno em relação ao controle e promoveu maior claridade da polpa. A firmeza dessas maçãs aumentou com o tempo de armazenamento. Os tratamentos com películas apresentaram redução média de 38% na taxa respiratória e mais de 50% na produção de etileno em relação ao controle, sendo o alginato o mais eficiente. A película de alginato vista em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, destacou-se das demais (dextrina e fécula de mandioca) pela homogeneidade e ausência de poros, fato que contribuiu para sua eficiência no controle da taxa respiratória e da produção de etileno. As maçãs MP recobertas com alginato apresentaram melhor retenção de umidade no início do armazenamento, entretanto, houve perda significativa de umidade pelas maçãs durante o armazenamento. A maior concentração de sólidos solúveis foi verificada em maçãs controle, com solução conservadora e com alginato. Maçãs com alginato apresentaram menor acidez e coloração mais escura dentre os tratamentos, respectivamente, em função do pH e da coloração da própria solução filmogênica. Nas maçãs controle os valores de firmeza dos tecidos diminuíram com o armazenamento e nos demais tratamentos, a tendência foi oposta. As coberturas de dextrina e fécula de mandioca tenderam a exercer influência semelhante nas características físicas e físico-químicas das maçãs, apresentando valores intermediários entre os tratamentos com solução conservadora e com alginato. Na maçã inteira (antes do processamento) foi detectada ausência de Salmonella. Quer nas maçãs MP tratadas com película ou sem película, não foram detectados coliformes totais e fecais durante todo o armazenamento. No tratamento que utilizou apenas solução conservadora as maçãs MP apresentaram notas mais próximas do natural (maçãs recém-cortadas) pela análise sensorial descritiva quantitativa, tendo com isso melhor aceitação em relação aos parâmetros de aparência, aroma, sabor e textura. Os tratamentos com película apresentaram boa aceitação pelos provadores, exceto as maçãs MP com alginato, que proporcionaram certa estranheza devido ao brilho da película. O produto foi classificado como de aparência artificial e seu sabor como sendo de “fruta passada”. / One of the current proposals to increase the shelf life of the minimally processed (MP) fruits is the investigation of a material that is adherent to the cut surface of the fruit in order to minimize physiological, physico-chemical and microbial deteriorations. The goal of the study is to evaluate the effect of preservative solution and edible coatings in the conservation of the MP apples of Royal Gala cultivar during the refrigerated storage. The treatments are control, the preservative solution (1% of ascorbic acid; 0.5% of citric acid; 0.7% of NaCl; 0.25% of CaCl2) and the filmogenic solution associated with the preservative one. It was tested the dextrin (5.5%), cassava starch (3%) and sodium alginate (2%) with CaCl2 (0.6%). The quality of the MP apples was monitored by physiological, physical, physico-chemical, microbiological and sensorial analysis until the 13th day of storage. The preservative solution decreased the respiratory rate and the ethylene production compared to the control and, promoted a lighter pulp. The firmness of these apples increased with the time of storage. The treatment with coatings showed an average decrease of 38% in the respiratory rate and more than 50% in ethylene production compared to the control, being the alginate based the most efficient. The alginate coating, seen from a scanning electron microscope, detaches from the others (dextrin and cassava starch) because of its homogeneities and absence of pores, fact that contributed to its efficiency in controlling the respiratory rate and ethylene production. The MP apples with alginate coating presented a better retention of moisture in the beginning of storage, however, there was significant loss of moisture content with the storage time. The higher soluble solids concentrations were verified in the apples of control, with conservative solution and with alginate. Apples with alginate presented less acidity and a darker coloration among the treatments because of the pH and the coloration of the filmogenic solution itself. In the apples in control, the firmness of the tissue decreased during storage and in the other treatments, the tendency was the opposite. The cover of dextrin and cassava starch tended to likely influence the physical and physico-chemical characteristics of the apples, showing intermediated values compared to preservative solution and alginate treatments. In the whole fruit (before the processing), it was detected absence of Salmonella. As well as in the MP apples treated with or without coatings, it was detected no total and fecal coliforms during storage. In the treatment that used only the preservative solution, the MP apples presented grades very close to natural (apples just cutted) by the quantitative descriptive sensorial analyses, thus having the best acceptation related to the appearance, smell, taste and texture. The treatments with coatings presented a good acceptation from the tasters, except the MP apples with alginate that appear a little strange due the coating bright. The product was classified as artificial in appearance and deteriorated-fruit in taste.