On s’accorde à dire à propos de l’Ab Vrbe condita qu’on n’a conservé, même partiellement, aucune autre fresque aussi ample et aussi puissante de l’histoire de Rome depuis la fondation de l’Vrbs jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine de Tite-Live, mort en 17 ou 19 ap. J.-C. ; il se peut même qu’une semblable fresque n’a jamais existé. Cette œuvre monumentale comporte un nombre considérable de personnages. Peindre les grands hommes était une nécessité du genre historique. « Tite-Live lui-même était trop conscient du rôle joué par eux pour les laisser dans l’ombre » . Les Modernes ne s’y sont pas trompés en étudiant l’art du portrait chez Tite-Live, l’ouvrage fondamental en ce domaine étant sans aucun doute celui de J.-E. Bernard, qui a pour titre Le Portrait chez Tite-Live. Essai sur une écriture de l’histoire romaine, paru à Bruxelles en 2000. Seuls 2% de ces personnages sont des figures féminines, qui jusque-là, en dehors d’un certain nombre d’articles ponctuels, n’ont guère fait l’objet de travaux de synthèse. Je n’ai recensé pour ma part que deux ouvrages qui leur ont été spécifiquement consacrés ; l’un, dû à T.D. McClain, s’inscrit dans la tradition des études anglo-saxonnes des « Women’s studies » et de « Gender » et obéit donc avant tout à une approche sociologique, l’autre, qui est l’œuvre de B. Kowaleski, a pour sujet la fonction des figures féminines dans l’œuvre livienne .[...] Le travail auquel je me suis livrée repose sur une lecture et une analyse systématiques du texte livien mais fait appel à d’autres méthodes : lecture comparative (comparaison avec les textes correspondants d’autres historiens), étude sémantique (exemple : les rapports de pudicitia et pudor), étude stylistique... [...] / It is agreed to say that no other fresco as big and powerful as the Ab Vrbe condita has been conserved, even partially, in Roman history since the creation of the Ab Vrbe condita itself until the modern era of Livy dead in the 17th or the 19th century A.D. It might even be that such a fresco ; at least of the value of a Latin historian, has never existed. This monumental work of 142 books which only the preface and 35 books are known to have survived, contains an uncommon number of characters among which only two percent are female. These latters have never been subject of work of synthesis, apart from a certain number of brief articles. Only two overall works were dedicated to them ; one of T.D. Clain is part of the tradition of Anglo- saxon of gender studies. It first adopts therefore a sociological approach ; the other, B. Kowaleski’s work, is on the function of the female figures in Livy’s work . My work rests on a systematic reading and analysis of Livy’s text, however it uses other methods : comparative reading (comparison with corresponding texts of other historians ), semantic study (example : relations between pudicitia and pudor), stylistic study...

Espido Freire nous plonge dans un univers littéraire catalyseur du mal considéré comme une substance universelle possédant sa propre entité, construit à travers l'altérité et la violence symbolique qui peut conduire à la rébellion des personnages féminins –les éternels protagonistes de son œuvre–, participant eux aussi au mal, parfois au-delà du symbolique. Mais le mal est un concept profondément vaste et polysémique chez un sujet marquée par l'angoisse, la “maladie mortelle” kierkegaardienne. La violence peut être l'une de ses conséquences immédiates. Pourtant, souvent nous considérons aussi bien le mal que la violence d'après leur apparence externe et d'après l'altérité. Le mal c’est les autres, la violence est ostensible. Par contre, l'œuvre d'Espido Freire renvoie au mal caché chez tous et toutes, où habite une violence subtile exercée fréquemment à travers des voix symboliques, invisibles pour les personnages, notamment les féminins.La violence (symbolique ou non) chez Espido Freire se construit à travers la suggestion du mal et l'universelle “intention” (Gesinnung) kantienne du sujet angoissé de faire le mal. Il faut donc déployer les concepts de mal, d'angoisse, de mort –liée au principe de contingence angoissante– et de violence par rapport au réseau complexe des personnages féminins –oppresseurs et opprimés– qui font partie de l'œuvre d'Espido Freire, notamment dans les sept romans que nous analysons ainsi que dans ses contes. Au-delà du profond débat philosophique autour de cette éternelle (non) substance représentée par le mal, nous avons recours à des outils psychiatriques, psychanalytiques, sociologiques, narratologiques et picturaux permettant d'élucider le phénomène de la projection du mal et de la violence ainsi que la musique, qui participe au dialogue interdiscursif avec le texte littéraire à l'aide des formes, des leitmotive et des textures qui offrent un dialogisme bakhtinien de “polyphonie textuelle”. / Espido Freire offers us a literary universe which is a catalyst of the evil understood as a universal substance with proper entity, and which is built through alterity and symbolic violence what can lead to the rebellion of the female characters who are also part of evil – on occasions more than symbolically. However, the evil is a deeply wide and polysemous concept in a subject marked by anguish, the Kierkegaardian “sickness unto death”. Violence can be one of its immediate consequences. However, we often consider evil as much as the violence from their external appearance and from the alterity. The evil are the others, the violence is ostensible. On the other hand, the work of Espido Freire refers to the hidden evil in everyone where a subtle violence lies often exercised through oppressive, symbolic ways which are invisible even for the own –especially feminine– characters.The (symbolic or not symbolic) violence by Espido Freire is established through the suggestion of evil and the Kantian universal “intention” (Gesinnung) of the subject distressed because of doing wrong. It is thus necessary to develop the concepts of evil, anguish, death –linked to the principle of anguishing contingency– and violence in the complex network of –oppressive and oppressed– female characters that the narrative of Espido Freire consists of, especially in the seven novels analyzed by us, as well her tales. In addition to the extensive debate in philosophy about this eternal (no) substance that represents evil, we use psychiatric, psychoanalytic, sociological, narratological and pictorial tools that illuminate the phenomenon of projecting evil and violence as well as music that participates in the interdiscursive dialogue with the literary text through the forms, leitmotivs and textures that offer a Bakhtinian dialogism of “textual polyphony”. / Espido Freire (Bilbao, 1974) nos sumerge en un universo literario catalizador del mal entendido como una substancia universal con entidad propia, construido a través de la alteridad y la violencia simbólica que puede conducir a la rebelión de los personajes femeninos –eternos protagonistas de su obra–, participando también ellos del mal, en ocasiones más allá de lo simbólico. Pero el mal es un concepto profundamente amplio y polisémico dentro de un sujeto marcado por la angustia, la “enfermedad mortal” kierkegaardiana. La violencia puede ser una de sus consecuencias inmediatas. Sin embargo, solemos valorar a menudo tanto el mal como la violencia desde su apariencia externa y desde la alteridad. El mal son los otros, la violencia es ostensible. Por el contrario, la obra de Espido Freire remite al mal oculto en todos y todas, donde subyace sutilmente una violencia ejercida a menudo mediante vías opresivas simbólicas, invisibles incluso para los propios personajes, especialmente los femeninos.La violencia (simbólica o no) en Espido Freire se establece a través de la sugerencia del mal y la universal “intención” (Gesinnung) kantiana del sujeto angustiado de obrar mal. Es necesario desarrollar por tanto los conceptos de mal, angustia, muerte –vinculada al principio de contingencia angustiosa– y violencia en la compleja red de personajes femeninos –opresores y oprimidos– que componen la obra de Espido Freire, especialmente en las siete novelas que analizamos así como en sus cuentos. Además del profundo debate filosófico en torno a esta eterna (no) substancia que representa el mal, hacemos uso de herramientas psiquiátricas, psicoanalíticas, sociológicas, narratológicas, pictóricas y estudios de género que arrojen luz sobre el fenómeno de la proyección del mal y la violencia así como la música, que participa en el diálogo interdiscursivo con el texto literario a través de formas, leitmotive y texturas que ofrecen un dialogismo bakhtiano de “polifonía textual”.

This thesis deals with the influence of TV series and their strong heroines on female audience. The aim of this work is to find out whether selected female characters influence the general view of the femine beauty ideal, whether the viewers were in any way inspired by strong female characters and whether these series have opened up some social issues. These goals were formulated into three research questions, which will be answered in the conclusion. The work is divided into three main parts - theoretical, methodological and practical. The theoretical part aims to acquaint the reader with the theoretic basis needed to understand the researched issues. The methodological part presents research methods with all its advantages and disadvantages. The last practical part is focused on research and interpretation of the obtained data. A qualitative method is used to achieve the results, specifically the grounded theory, which is used for the analysis and subsequent interpretation of data obtained from interviews.

The master thesis Helimadoe and Petrolejové lampy: A Gender Analysis of Jaroslav Havlíček's Novels examines selected texts and conveys gender-focused interpretations. The analysis of both of Havlíček's novels is carried out within the context of feminist literary theories. The main methodological and theoretical foundations of the thesis are "resisting reading" as introduced by Judith Fetterly and Jonathan Culler's "reading as a woman". Since the thesis is also a qualitative sociological analysis, it uses the processes of discourse analysis as well. The text focuses on the issue of power relations and their gender dimension, on the construction of gender and gender identity of individual female and male characters, on their sexuality, on their gendered activities and on the description and interpretation of the environment that the literary characters inhabit. A special attention is primarily (but not only) paid to main female characters and their revolt against the patriarchal system of the society. In relation to this problem the thesis necessarily deals with the topic of the gender social order and it shows what influence this order has along with other factors on the lives of individual characters. Key words: feminist criticism, resisting reading, Jaroslav Havlíček, Helimadoe, Petrolejové...

Este documento propone analizar desde una perspectiva de género el recurso cinematográfico de los cambios de imagen en las películas para adolescentes provenientes de Hollywood. En primer lugar, cómo estos son construidos desde una visión masculina que perpetúa cánones de belleza impuestos por una sociedad patriarcal y heteronormativa. Y por otro lado, evidenciar a partir de un estudio narrativo la relevancia de revisar los valores y creencias que se transmiten en estos productos hacia un público femenino adolescente en etapa de desarrollo y búsqueda de la identidad. El mainstream cinematográfico proveniente de Hollywood nos vende la idea del sueño americano a través de su cine de género y es relevante revisar procesos de homogeneización cultural a través de las películas como productos culturales. / This document proposes to analyze makeover in teen movies from a gender perspective. First of all, how these are built from a male view. And how this vision is the image of a woman or how a woman is seen by man. However It’s not a woman. This view is a social construct that satisfies the canons of beauty imposed to woman by man On the other hand, how these makeovers change the way teen girls audiences see their own bodies. Those who are in transition. Also analyze how the film industry sells an impossible ideal body to achieve. / Trabajo de investigación

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The subject of this diploma thesis is the perception of female characters in various media adaptations of The Witcher from the perspective of audiences that show signs of fan affiliation. The research focuses on the two most recent adaptations, i.e. the third game The Witcher: Wild Hunt and the serie The Witcher on the Netflix platform. The research took the form of in-depth interviews with a total of nine participants and focused on the role, characteristics, relationships and motivations of female characters in order to find out how respondents perceive these areas in adaptations. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with the theoretical basis related to popular culture, audiences, game and film studies and gender in media. It also presents the world of The Witcher, the selected characters and the critique of adaptations. The next section of the thesis deals with the research methodology. The grounded theory was used as a method of work and multiple levels of coding and categorization were conducted. These categories are then presented in the empirical part of the thesis together with a demonstration of the respondents' statements followed by data interpretation and discussion. The main findings include that female characters play an important role in both adaptations from the audience's...

Not Quite the Ingenue: The Development of the Middle-Aged Female Character in Musical Theatre is an exploration of the influences which have defined the function of middle-aged female characters within the musical theatre genre. This author was cast in the role of Arlene MacNalley, a forty-three year old woman, in the University of Central Florida's fall 2006 production of the musical Baby. Preparation for performance of this thesis role required identification of the traits and factors which would be vital for a realistic and relevant portrayal of Arlene. This document provides the reader with a working definition of middle age. It also furnishes a sampling of types, or stereotypes, of middle age female characters in musicals. The major thrust of the document emphasizes researching and understanding the importance of key socio-economic events' influence on the creation, direction, or depiction of middle-aged female characters. Three distinct characters are used to develop this theory, Aunt Eller in Oklahoma!, Dolly Levi in Hello, Dolly! and Arlene MacNalley in Baby. Further analysis within the thesis details essential differences between the original version of Arlene and the updated 2006 version of Arlene portrayed in the University of Central Florida's production of Baby. Conclusions drawn from the research, performance and writing processes indicate an increasing significance for the middle age female character as the genre of musical theatre continues to develop.

Pride and Prejudice has remained one of the most popular literary since it was published due to the concept of shifting social structure. Marriage is one of the most critiqued concepts by different scholars, giving their views on what would be the implication portrayed by Elizabeth Bennet and her influence on Mr. Darcy to marry for love. Marriage is considered the central theme of the novel as different characters engaged in various types of relationships. Among the female characters, Elizabeth proves that wealth and social standing are not mandatory advantages in the intricate state of marriage. Appropriately, I shall frame my discussion of Elizabeth’s situation in the context of Feminist Literary Criticism Theory. The theory advocates for a paradigm shift in women’s position in society. The research argues that Elizabeth is a forerunner of change. She survives the afflictions women faced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in a male-dominated culture. Elizabeth contradicts other women characters in the novel who are more accustomed to social formalities. As a harbinger of change, she advocates for a feminist mindset and a transformation of the roles and positions of women in society. The multifaceted role that she plays in the novel normalizes the ideology that women deserve the same treatment as men and that they too can achieve their goals by deviating from gender norms imposed by traditions. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2022-11-14</p>

Uppsatsen tar sig – med utgångspunkt i en analys av spelet Tomb Raider (2013) – an frågan om hur karakterisering genomförs inom interaktiva dataspel. Wahlsten väljer att använda sig dels av Sonja K Foss metod för narrativ analys, dels av Ian Bogosts procedurala retorik för att visa hur karaktären Lara Croft konstrueras under loppet av spelet. Dessa två metoder används för att kartlägga verktygen med vilka spelets narrativ presenteras, såväl de interaktiva som de icke-interaktiva. Uppsatsen visar tydligt och med många exempel att det finns en spänning mellan narrativets krav och spelarens intressen som ifrågasätter idén om att interaktiva spel i första hand påverkar genom immersion - tvärt om är spelen uppbyggda på så sätt att spelaren förutsätts dels identifiera sig med huvudkaraktären, dels ta avstånd från och använda denna som ’en virtuell leksak’ under loppet av spelet. Därmed pekar också Wahlsten ut ett tämligen okänt men mycket intressant forskningsområde för retorikvetenskapen. Wahlsten är medveten om att hans val av studieobjekt inte är självklart inom retoriken, men argumenterar väl för behovet av att studier av spel/Virtual Reality är och i synnerhet i framtiden bör vara, ett centralt område inom retorikforskningen / The essay asks the question how characterization in video games is accomplished, with the subject of analysis being the video game Tomb Raider (2013). Wahlsten chooses to use the methodology of Sonja K Foss for the narrative analysis, in addition to Procedural Rhetoric coined by Ian Bogost. These two methodologies are used to map out the tools used to construct the narrative of the game, which includes interactive one as well as non-interactive ones.   The essay clearly shows that there is a definite tension between the demands of the narrative on the player that puts into question the idea of interactive games mainly influencing through immersion. On the contrary, the game is constructed in such a way that the player is expected to identify with the playable character, while also motivating the player to distance itself from the character and use it as a sort of “virtual plaything”. Wahlsten thus highlights a fairly obscure but also highly interesting field of study within the Rhetorical sciences. Wahlsten is aware the object of study is not an obvious one within the field Rhetoric, but argues for the need of studies of games and Virtual Reality, and the importance of them for Rhetorical sciences in the future.