The aim of this thesis is to find out the extent to which non-profit organizations (NGOs) specialized on Roma inclusion react to their clients' needs. The thesis works with qualitative research method that is based on interviews with NGOs representatives and field researchers, and a questionnaire filled by Roma clients. The research is focused on four main factors which are: communication with Roma clients, efficiency efforts, dependence on funding requirements, and a support of intercultural meetings between Roma people and the majority. According to the results of the analysis there are different strategies amongst the organizations but all of them try to work in compliance with the needs of their clients. The experience of the interviewed field researchers and Roma clients prove that the NGOs' activities are sufficient and correspond with the real needs of their Roma clients to great extent. Key Words: Roma, inclusion, Roma inclusion, NGO, non-profit organizations, needs, efficiency, communication, empowerment

Projects are a common method in the work of closing the gap between the majority society and the Roma people. As a national minority in Sweden, the Roma people are entitled to certain rights of participation within this work. This thesis aims to analyze five projects, meant to work towards the Roma people’s inclusion, to answer how the concepts of empowerment and intersectionality are expressed or implicitly embodied within them. It is also questioned how the projects have considered the Roma people’s perceptions of their own situation and context. By using content analysis together with the theoretical framework, it is possible to bring light to these concepts, as well as to find key variables in order to answer the research questions. The main findings show that while the projects lacked in using an intersectional approach, the concept has important analytical tools which could be helpful in order to include the vulnerable persons within the Roma groups and to work with more sensitive issues. Some levels of empowerment is also found in the projects, both as a goal and as a means.However, in order to empower the Roma people, the majority society would have to give more decision power to the group. Thus the projects have not reached the potential they could have had in contributing to the shift which has been set in motion towards letting the Roma people develop the perspective of the work as well as be part of the execution.

The subject of this thesis is to describe the approach of the state and the non-profit sector to education of Romani children in Eastern Slovakia. The theoretical part is focused on the approach of state, from pre-school through elementary school. The second chapter is devoted to the concept of social disadvantages and definitions of children coming from this type of environment. It clarifies known concepts such as zero class, preparatory class, teacher assistant and a full-day educational system, related to primary education and pupils from socially disadvantaged environment. The practical part is specifically dedicated to a single non-profit organization working in eastern Slovakia, ETP Slovakia - Center for Sustainable Development, with a description of the organization and their projects. Qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews. The aim of this thesis is to describe the activities of five staff members of the NGO ETP Slovakia, their preferred styles of work with children and to find out if they themselves see the benefits of non-profit organizations within the village Velka Ida. This thesis should be helpful for workers in the field of education of Roma and socially disadvantaged children, helping them to become familiar with the concepts and principles associated...

This thesis deals with an identity of young Romanies. About its development, meaning and importance when searching for oneself. To understand the significance of finding the Romanian youth´s identity, it is essential to get familiar with their culture, traditions, way of life etc. In the theoretical part it is possible to find the topic of personal development with relation to free time, its importance with creating a personality and educational methods applied to working with Romanian youth coming out of {\clq}qgood experience``. The practical part focuses on fieldwork. The research is a verification of hypotheses that were set at the beginning of the work. The next part of the research are new facts that have been found by the author during the realization of the research in fieldwork. This work is supposed to provide an educationalist a complex view of the problems connected with the identity development of the Romanian identity.

Esta tese explora relações entre o adultério e a política romana em torno de questões acerca da sexualidade feminina e da violência contra a mulher. Temos como objetivo compreender o contexto próximo à Lei Júlia sobre adultério, promulgada por volta do ano 18 a.C., por Augusto, primeiro imperador de Roma (31 a.C.-14 d.C.). Esta lei, voltada para a aristocracia, fez parte da reforma política empreendida por este imperador no período de transição da República para o Império Romano. A lei determinava o exílio, em ilhas diferentes, para ambos os acusados, e fixava os limites de ação no que diz respeito as práticas punitivas de adúlteros, principalmente aquelas exercidas diretamente por pais e maridos. Uma de nossas hipóteses é que antes da Lei Júlia havia uma disputa pela legitimidade de algumas práticas punitivas, que tinham como garantia parcial a realização dos conselhos domésticos organizados pelos homens ofendidos, ou seja, os homens do grupo familiar da mulher acusada de adultério. Esta garantia era parcial porque as práticas necessitavam ser validadas por esse conselho, que, por sua vez, também tinha a sua validade questionada. Em torno destas validações permeavam costumes e discursos marcados por uma noção da expurgação da mulher adúltera da sociedade. Esta noção habitava o ideário romano e é notável, por exemplo, em narrativas sobre episódios importantes da história romana relacionados ao desenvolvimento político dessa sociedade, e também em aspectos da religião. Além disso, esta noção se relacionava com o poder sobre vida e morte dos tutelados, que poderia ser exercido pelo pater familias. Entretanto, este poder específico sofria graves questionamentos quando exercido de forma arbitrária, de modo que o pater familias tinha como dever expor as causas e circunstâncias da morte perpetrada. De certo modo, o adultério feminino era tido como causa aceitável para a morte da mulher. Contudo, discutia-se quem deveria ou a quem caberia tal ação: pai, marido ou governo. Neste sentido, esta tese identifica e analisa um debate, apresentado pelas fontes literárias do final da República e início do Império, a respeito da relação ideal entre a res publica e as mulheres no quesito da punição. Este debate demonstra como a aristocracia masculina pensava e discutia os limites da jurisdição privada e pública sobre as mulheres. E, também, revela a natureza da reação da aristocracia contra a Lei Júlia, entendida por este setor como interferência do governante no poder doméstico e privado do pater familias. Além disso, esse debate nos mostra de que forma, em uma sociedade patriarcal, a castidade feminina era vinculada a uma ideia de harmonia política e social. / This thesis explores some relationships between adultery and Roman politics related to questions about female sexuality and violence against women. The aim is to understand the context of the \'Julian Law on Adultery\', enacted around 18 B.C., by Augustus, the first emperor of Rome (31 B.C.- A.D. 14). This law was aimed at the aristocracy and formed part of the political reforms undertaken by Augustus during the transition from the Republic to the Roman Empire. The law prescribed the exile, to different islands, of both defendants in cases of adultery and set limits concerning the punishments of adulterers, notably those that were administered directly by fathers and husbands. The thesis hypothesises that before the Julian Law, there were disputes over the legitimacy of certain punishments for adulterers. The existence of these punishments was partially guaranteed through domestic councils that were organized by the offended men. These were men from the family of the woman who was charged with adultery. This guarantee was partial because some forms of punishment needed to be validated by this council, which, in turn, was also threatened. It shows some customs and discourses supporting the idea of excluding the adulterous woman from the society. That idea is present on some aspects of the roman ideology, for example, in narratives of important episodes of the roman political development and also in the religion. This idea was related to the power over life and death that could be exercised by pater familias over daughters and sons. However, this specific power was seriously questioned when exercised in an arbitrary manner. The pater familias was required to disclose the causes and circumstances of the death that he was responsible for. Female adultery was regarded as an acceptable reason for the woman\'s death. In the meantime, it was discussed who ought to enact this punishment: father, husband or government. In this sense, the thesis identifies and analyses a debate evident in late Republican and early imperial literary sources regarding the ideal relationship between the res publica and women in terms of punishment. This debate demonstrates how the male aristocracy thought about and discussed the limits of private and public jurisdiction over women. It also reveals how the aristocracy reacted against the Julian Law, regarding it as interfering with the domestic and private power of the pater familias. In addition, this debate shows us how a patriarchal society linked female chastity to the idea of political and social harmony.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o surgimento do movimento transnacional cigano e suas abordagens políticas na esfera internacional, destacando os dilemas acerca da integração e da autodeterminação. Esta tese examina o surgimento de ideias políticas ciganase como foi moldado o chamado movimento romani. Apesar de ser a mais numerosa minoria europeia, os ciganos não são representados adequadamente no contexto político doméstico dos Estados onde vivem. Diante da situação caracterizada pelamarginalização e exclusão, os ativistas objetivam proteger os ciganos em todo o mundo contra a discriminação e a perseguição por meio da garantia dos seus direitos humanos. Acondição multiterritorial e multicultural dos grupos ciganos coloca um importante desafio aos objetivos dos ativistas. Assim, esta pesquisa também explora as dimensões identitárias e históricas dos ciganos a fim de analisar as tentativas e possibilidades de criar uma comunidade romani transnacional. Por fim, esta tese investigatambém a possibilidade desta comunidade ser formada a partir de uma conexão religiosa, coordenada pelomovimento evangélico ciganoda Europa Ocidental, a fim de compreender sua rápida expansão por meio das redes ciganas e identificar suas abordagens territoriais. / The aim of this work is to examinethe emergence of the Romani transnational movementand its political approaches in the international arena, focusing their dilemmas over integration and self-determination. This research describes how some political ideas emerged from Romani activists and how the so called Romani movement was shaped. Despite being the largest European minority, the Gypsies are not represented adequately in the domestic politicalcontexts of the countries they are living in. In face of marginalization and exclusion, Roma activists aim to protect Gypsies worlwide against discrimination and persecutionby ensuring the exercise of their human rights. The Romani multiterritorial and multicultural condition poses an important challenge to the activists. The research also explores the identity and historical dimensions of the Gypsies in order to analyse the attempts and possibilities to forge a transnational Romani community. Finally, this workexamines the possibility of unification through religion, coordinated bythe Evangelical Romani movementfrom Western Europe as to understand its dramatic expansion through Romani networks,identifyingits territorial approaches.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o surgimento do movimento transnacional cigano e suas abordagens políticas na esfera internacional, destacando os dilemas acerca da integração e da autodeterminação. Esta tese examina o surgimento de ideias políticas ciganase como foi moldado o chamado movimento romani. Apesar de ser a mais numerosa minoria europeia, os ciganos não são representados adequadamente no contexto político doméstico dos Estados onde vivem. Diante da situação caracterizada pelamarginalização e exclusão, os ativistas objetivam proteger os ciganos em todo o mundo contra a discriminação e a perseguição por meio da garantia dos seus direitos humanos. Acondição multiterritorial e multicultural dos grupos ciganos coloca um importante desafio aos objetivos dos ativistas. Assim, esta pesquisa também explora as dimensões identitárias e históricas dos ciganos a fim de analisar as tentativas e possibilidades de criar uma comunidade romani transnacional. Por fim, esta tese investigatambém a possibilidade desta comunidade ser formada a partir de uma conexão religiosa, coordenada pelomovimento evangélico ciganoda Europa Ocidental, a fim de compreender sua rápida expansão por meio das redes ciganas e identificar suas abordagens territoriais. / The aim of this work is to examinethe emergence of the Romani transnational movementand its political approaches in the international arena, focusing their dilemmas over integration and self-determination. This research describes how some political ideas emerged from Romani activists and how the so called Romani movement was shaped. Despite being the largest European minority, the Gypsies are not represented adequately in the domestic politicalcontexts of the countries they are living in. In face of marginalization and exclusion, Roma activists aim to protect Gypsies worlwide against discrimination and persecutionby ensuring the exercise of their human rights. The Romani multiterritorial and multicultural condition poses an important challenge to the activists. The research also explores the identity and historical dimensions of the Gypsies in order to analyse the attempts and possibilities to forge a transnational Romani community. Finally, this workexamines the possibility of unification through religion, coordinated bythe Evangelical Romani movementfrom Western Europe as to understand its dramatic expansion through Romani networks,identifyingits territorial approaches.

La presente tesis doctoral abarca el estudio de quince obras: siete novelas y un libro de relatos del narrador norteamericano Steven Saylor, cinco novelas del también norteamericano John Maddox Roberts y, finalmente, dos novelas del español Joaquín Borrell. La investigación ha sido llevada a cabo partiendo de las fuentes clásicas para realizar un comentario literario y humanístico de estas obras y ubicarlas dentro del contexto de la moderna novela histórica. Los principales temas de estudio, analizados en capítulos monográficos, han sido: La ciudad de Roma; Policía, guardias y detectives; Mitología; Religión y mundo de los muertos;Personajes históricos; Batallas, militares y ejércitos; Comida y bebida; Circos, anfiteatros y gladiadores. / The Doctoral Thesis covers the research of fifteen works: seven novels and a story book by the American writer Steven Saylor; five novels of the also American writer John Maddox Roberts, and two novels of the Spanish writer Joaquín Borrell. Research has been done on the classical sources, a humanistic and literary commentary of these works applied to the following principal subjects each of which was dedicated a full chapter of the Thesis: the city of Rome, Police Force Records, Mythology, Religion and the world of the dead, Historic characters, Military battles, Food and drink, Circus and gladiators.

ABSTRACT THE SURVIVORS: ROMA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TURKEY Diler, Melike M.Sc., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. AySe G&uuml / nd&uuml / z HoSg&ouml / r December 2008, 147 pages This study has two aims regarding the Roma university students in Turkey. First, it attempts to discover the characteristics of their life courses in order to identify the success factors paving the way for their participation in higher education, specifically when the low education level of the Roma people, including even their own families, is concerned. Therefore, their socio-economic environment, early childhood years and school experiences are focused and analyzed respectively to expose the actors and processes making their life stories appear as success stories. Second, it aims to expose whether there are differences between the ones involved in the Roma Rights Movement and the ones not involved in terms of their ethnic identity status. That is, most of the better-off Roma, previously, preferred hiding their ethnic identity not to be excluded from participation in social, economic and political spheres. However, the Roma university students participating in the Roma Rights Movement refuse to hide their identity as they do not want to be assimilated, but integrated into the majority society. That point has a first-rate importance, as the low educational level of the Roma people, especially that of the Roma children, are closely associated with the lack of positive role models showing them how and what education pays off. On the basis of the conclusions drawn from the data analysis collected through in-depth interviews, it is exposed that these Roma youngsters demonstrate high levels of agency for their own social inclusion through education. Although they are all supported by their families / most of their Roma school peers dropped out of either primary or high school due to poverty and discriminative attitudes of their teachers and school administrators. The stigma of inferiority attached to the Roma is so strong that the survivors, who manage to attend the high school, hide their ethnic identity from this point onwards. Therefore, the demand of the Roma university students, participating in Roma Rights Movement, for integration into the majority society appears as an exceptional case among the well-educated Roma, but making them the pioneers of a new Roma identity in Turkey: Roma intelligentsia.

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