After China enters WTO, its antique retailing and wholesaling sector is faced with tough competition as the global retailers rush to enter the field. Shanghai is one of the highest density cities of convenience stores. In addition, foreign companies has limited by laws in China, how to compete with the other state-owned enterprises which owned many advanced advantages will become a big issue. Base on the China market situation, the research is focus on key success factors of oversea chain convenience stores. What the methodology is used is ¡¨Case Study¡¨. There are three data sources-deep interview, including the convenient store company to be the object discussed here and the supporting business unit in Convenience Store Division, Ting Hsin International Group. With its own marketing, alliance program, store products, backup office support systems, goods delivery and creativity as well. Compile the organized information and analysis then get conclusion. The concrete research results s are as follows¡GThe Key Success Factor of oversea chain convenience stores can be divided into four dimensions which are expanding stores and surroundings planning ability, products innovation and diversity, marketing planning. The last but not least is quality of store operation and service. To build up an integrated supply chain system is also do help when entering into new market. Though the scale of convenience stores is the foundation of profit, it can¡¦t guarantee the sustainable profit. Base on the store unit profitable, enterprise should find the virtual growth pattern of turnover to make the sustainable profitability.

Since chain convenience store becomes the main trend in the retail industry, and the store managers play the important roles to run the business, therefore this research is trying to find out what the competences are necessary for the store managers. Furthermore, this research would like to find out if different characteristics of managers would affect their emphasis degree on the managerial competency. The results are as follows: 1. The 7 competences for the store managers are: (1) business improving ability; (2) daily work managing ability; (3) planning ability; (4) leadership; (5) selling field managing ability; (6) instructing ability; (7) goal approaching ability. 2. The relations between demographics valuables and managerial competences: (1) store managers from ¡§ the middle area¡¨ put the least emphasis on selling field managing ability, leadership and instructing ability; (2) store managers working in ¡§ Family¡¨ put the least emphasis on goal approaching ability; (3) store managers working in ¡§ regular chain¡¨ put more emphasis on planning ability, daily work managing ability and leadership than franchise chain; (4) store managers who work less than one year put the least emphasis on planning ability, goal approaching ability and business improving ability. 3. The moderate effect of individual performance: when individual performance interacting with education, it would affect the emphasis degree toward planning ability and daily work managing ability.

Between the 1970s and 2014, Winnipeg experienced dramatic change in the distribution of healthy food retailers in inner-city neighbourhoods. Winnipeg’s “active core” neighbourhoods identified through Dr. David Gordon’s research on Canadian suburbs (Gordon & Jean 2011), have undergone a decline in accessible healthy food options and a rise in food deserts. This practicum identifies the causes of food retail decline and possible strategies for improving accessible healthy food retail options within Winnipeg’s active core. The changes in the distribution of food retail over time in Winnipeg are displayed through a series of maps: one for 1971 and every five years thereafter until 2011, and the year 2014, using data collected through telephone directories. Spatial data of Winnipeg’s active core is compared with population density data, informational maps, and other statistical data. Finally, various stakeholders, including planners, current and former business owners and other experts are interviewed to discuss these trends, lessons learned, and possible solutions. / October 2015

A situational interview was developed for use in the selection of convenience store cashiers. One hundred two newly hired cashiers were interviewed using the situational interview. Ninety days later, a performance appraisal was completed for all subjects who were still employed. There was no significant difference in interview scores between those still working 90 days after hire and those who were not (t = 1.14, df = 100, n.s.). Correlations between the total interview scores and the total performance appraisal scores were generally very low or negative. Potential explanations for the failure of the interview to predict turnover or job performance are discussed

Depuis quelques années, les groupes de distribution alimentaires français ont développé de nouveaux concepts de magasins de proximité et on note une augmentation régulière de leurs parts de marché. Les raisons du succès de ces magasins peuvent s’expliquer par certains facteurs sociodémographiques (vieillissement, taille réduite des ménages) mais aussi par une modification des attentes temporelles des consommateurs. A travers cette recherche, nous nous interrogeons sur les notions de proximité et de temporalité dans la distribution et tentons de prédire l’intention des consommateurs de fréquenter ces nouveaux concepts de magasins de proximité. L’analyse de 22 entretiens qualitatifs auprès de distributeurs et de consommateurs nous a permis de proposer un modèle conceptuel qui a ensuite été testé de manière empirique auprès de deux échantillons de 250 consommateurs chacun, en se basant sur une analyse par équations structurelles de type PLS. Les résultats montrent que les libres-services alimentaires de proximité fidélisent leur clientèle essentiellement par la proximité relationnelle et fonctionnelle qu’ils apportent, ainsi que par la possibilité qu’ils offrent aux consommateurs, de mieux gérer leur temps. En effet, certaines de leurs caractéristiques (amplitude d’ouverture, faible taille du magasin et des assortiments, temps limité d’attente aux caisses) permettent, aux consommateurs, non seulement de gagner du temps (chronos), mais surtout de fréquenter ces magasins au moment voulu, et de manière immédiate (kaïros). Ces concepts de magasins semblent donc entrer en résonnance avec les attentes du consommateur post-moderne en quête de lien social et vivant de plus en plus dans le présentisme et l’immédiateté. / Since few years, French food retailers have developed new concepts of convenience stores and their market share increase regularly. The reasons for their success can be explained by socio-demographic factors (aging, smaller households) but also by a change in temporal consumer expectations. Through this research, we question the notions of proximity and temporality in retailing and try to predict the intention to patronize these new concepts of convenience stores by consumers. The analysis of 22 qualitative interviews with retailers and consumers has enabled us to propose a conceptual model which was then tested empirically with two samples of 250 consumers each, based on a PLS structural equation modeling. Results show that customers patronize convenience stores primarily through the relational and functional proximity they bring, as well as the opportunity they offer to consumers to better manage their time. Indeed, some of their characteristics (opening hours, small store size and assortment, limited waiting time at checkout) allow consumers not only to save time (chronos), but mainly frequent these stores at the right time and immediately (kaïros). This store concepts seem then to meet post-modern consumer’s expectations seeking for social links and living increasingly in presentism and immediacy.

La actual coyuntura social y sanitaria ha llevado al consumidor urbano de alimentos a tomar mayor consciencia sobre características saludables y condiciones sanitarias de los productos y compras con mínimo contacto. Nuestra investigación busca cubrir las necesidades identificadas a través de la implementación de una tienda de conveniencia, que englobe propuestas de alimentos predominantemente saludables, amigables con el medio ambiente, contribución a marcas solidarias, practicidad de compra y eficiente interacción digital. Se denominará Sentido Natural, frase que envuelve conceptos de valores sociales y medioambientales, que definen nuestra propuesta. Para nuestra investigación empleamos metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas a través de encuestas y observaciones en campo, que concluye en una necesidad de mercado con potencial de crecimiento. El público objetivo está definido por personas con estilo de vida saludable cuyas edades oscilan entre los 18 a 55 años, pertenecientes al NSE A, B y C, que residen y visitan la zona 4 del distrito de San Isidro, donde se encuentra la mayor concentración de tráfico diario de público, residentes y flotantes. De acuerdo con nuestra en encuesta, el 84% considera que la alimentación saludable es importante o muy importante; y al 98% le gustaría encontrar alimentos saludables en una tienda de conveniencia. Se emplearán canales digitales como redes sociales y páginas web para conectar con el segmento objetivo. Contará con 2 canales de venta: tienda física y tienda virtual (e-commerce). Realizamos un estudio de factibilidad que demuestra que el proyecto es viable en los aspectos: comercial, operativo y financiero, con una inversión de S/ 286,472.00, financiado en un 71% de capital propio y un 29% financiado con un préstamo bancario con un plazo de 3 años, y una tasa de interés de 11.20%; obteniendo un VAN positivo y un TIR superior al costo de oportunidad de los socios. Asimismo, el payback de la inversión es en 3.6 años, el cual consideramos que es un tiempo razonable y refuerza la atractividad del negocio. / The current social and health situation has led urban food consumers to become more aware of the healthy characteristics and sanitary conditions of the products and purchases with minimal contact. Our research seeks to cover the needs identified through the implementation of a convenience store, which encompasses predominantly healthy food proposals, friendly to the environment, contribution to solidarity brands, practicality of purchase and efficient digital interaction. It will be called Natural Sense, a phrase that involves concepts of social and environmental values, which define our proposal. For our research we use qualitative and quantitative methodologies through surveys and observations in the field, which concludes in a market need with growth potential. The target audience is defined by people with a healthy lifestyle whose ages range from 18 to 55 years old, belonging to NSE A, B and C, who reside and visit zone 4 of the San Isidro district, where the highest concentration is found. daily traffic of public, residents and floating. According to our survey, 84% consider that healthy eating is important or very important; and 98% would like to find healthy food at a convenience store. Digital channels such as social networks and web pages will be used to connect with the target segment. It will have 2 sales channels: physical store and virtual store (e-commerce). We carried out a feasibility study that shows that the project is viable in the aspects: commercial, operational and financial, with an investment of S / 286,472.00, financed by 71% of its own capital and 29% financed with a bank loan with a term 3 years, and an interest rate of 11.20%; obtaining a positive NPV and an IRR higher than the opportunity cost of the partners. Likewise, the payback of the investment is in 3.6 years, which we consider to be a reasonable time and reinforces the attractiveness of the business. / Tesis

La presente tesis plantea que el merchandising utilizado en las tiendas de conveniencia de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana contribuye positivamente en la satisfacción de los clientes, el ticket de compra y la probabilidad de recompra según 4 tipos de clientes, lo cual se ha comprobado mediante la validación de 4 hipótesis específicas. Luego de haber realizado el análisis se obtuvo que, dichas hipótesis fueron aceptadas. En cuanto a la primera fue aprobada mediante un análisis factorial y se encontraron cuatro tipos de clientes: Premium, visuales, buscadores de ofertas y oportunistas. De la segunda hipótesis se obtuvo que de los shoppers que habían tenido una opinión positiva en cuanto al merchandising, el 90% de ellos estaba de acuerdo con que tuvieron una experiencia de compra agradable. En la tercera hipótesis, mediante un análisis descriptivo de la valoración de las técnicas de merchandising; es decir, que los shoppers hayan notado la presencia de dichas técnicas al momento de su ingreso y recorrido por la tienda, se obtuvo que: el incremento promedio del ticket de compra fue de 52% en clientes Premium, 65% en clientes Visuales, 46% en clientes Buscadores de ofertas y 51% en clientes Oportunistas. Por último, en la cuarta hipótesis se pudo comprobar que los shoppers que habían adquirido alguna oferta en la tienda de conveniencia, regresaban en mayor número de veces en comparación con los shoppers que no adquirían ofertas. / This thesis states that the merchandising used in convenience stores in zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima contributes positively in customer satisfaction, the purchase ticket and the likelihood of repurchase according to 4 types of customers, which has been proven through the validation of 4 specific hypotheses. After having made the analysis, it was found that these hypotheses were accepted. As for the first one, it was approved through a factorial analysis and four types of clients were found: Premium, visuals, offer finders and opportunists. From the second hypothesis, it was found that of the shoppers who had a positive opinion regarding merchandising, 90% of them agreed that they had a pleasant shopping experience. In the third hypothesis, through a descriptive analysis of the valuation of merchandising techniques; that is, that the shoppers had noticed the presence of such techniques at the time of their entry and tour of the store, it was found that: the average increase in the purchase ticket was 52% in Premium clients, 65% in Visual clients, 46 % in customers Search engines and 51% in Opportunistic customers. Finally, in the fourth hypothesis it was found that the shoppers who had purchased some offer in the convenience store, returned in greater number of times compared to the shoppers who did not acquire offers. / Tesis

連鎖便利商店由於其據點多、分佈廣、全天候營業的特質，使得便利商店在網路購物的物流末端得以扮演最後一哩（the last mile）的通路角色。這種高附加價值的取貨服務，突破了傳統店面僅限於店內商品銷售的經營模式，創造出門市額外的人潮流量，亦影響到未來便利商店整體店面需求。本研究探討幾個重要議題，包括網路購物取貨服務對便利商店經營的重要程度為何？在未來網購取貨服務環境下，便利商店是否有持續展店的需要？門市選址因素較過去文獻有否改變？對內部空間規模有何影響？位於不同市郊區位影響有何差異？以期瞭解網路購物對實體零售店面需求之影響。 本研究以臺北市325家7-Eleven門市為研究對象，實證結果發現網路購物取貨服務數量對營業額有顯著正向影響，且對市區門市營業額的影響較郊區明顯，長期將提升整體門市競租能力，隱含更有能力進駐條件更佳之區位與擴張佔有率。實證亦顯示位於市區商圈愈小的門市，其網購取貨數量愈多，意味網購取貨消費者對於門市區位可及性便利的要求較高，而未來新增門市的商圈範圍劃設，亦須一併考量當地一般便利品與網購商品的需求總量，以訂定需求門檻，為因應網購取貨龐大市場，7-Eleven應持續擴張門市。在選址因素方面，目前僅發現位於非三角窗門市較有網購取貨潛力，隱含未來網路購物對零售店面區位選擇之潛在影響，而位於郊區或商圈範圍較大的門市，則蘊含潛在的網購取貨需求。門市面積方面，短期可透過選址彈性範圍或內部倉儲與展示空間相互調整予以解決，長期而言，預期門市倉儲空間的需求將會有所增加。 國內外探討網路購物對於實體零售業經營與店面需求影響的相關文獻尚未成熟之際，本研究的貢獻在於從網路零售商與便利商店實體通路結合的面向切入，首度印證網路購物、來店取貨服務對於實體便利商店經營的重要性，並進一步探討其對門市商圈範圍、選址區位與面積的潛在影響，裨以提供未來便利商店業者在網購取貨服務環境下的展店策略建議。

Cette thèse porte sur les espaces d'urbanisation dispersée de la métropole parisienne, c'est-à-dire des espaces bâtis discontinus, de taille petite et moyenne, insérés dans un tissu urbain lâche. Partant de l'offre commerciale, des pratiques associées et d'un ensemble de mobilités, cette thèse analyse ces espaces dans une approche relationnelle pour saisir les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les dynamiques des espaces d'urbanisation dispersée. L'approche s'inscrit dans le sillage des travaux récents qui opèrent un changement de focale en considérant ces espaces pour leurs caractéristiques propres et non par rapport aux espaces dominants des métropoles. L'enjeu est de proposer une vision critique sur la manière dont ils s'organisent au-delà des considérations et des représentations portées par les politiques et les aménageurs sur la dépendance et le déclin de ces espaces. La thèse développe une méthodologie mixte qui combine des approches quantitatives et la réalisation d'entretiens et de cartes mentales permettant de saisir les représentations des habitants dans quatre terrains. Le croisement des structures de peuplement et de la morphologie des espaces bâtis ont permis de mettre en évidence quatre formes contrastées de dispersion allant de la petite ville à l'habitat diffus. Le choix des terrains d'étude situés à moins de deux heures de Paris reflète cette diversité. Les espaces d'urbanisation dispersée ont été étudiés finement tout d'abord à partir de la structure commerciale et a montré une évolution contrastée du nombre de points de vente au regard de leurs fonctions au cours des quinze dernières années et une concentration des commerces dans les bourgs et les petites villes. Dans un deuxième temps, l'approche relationnelle a interpellé les liens qu'entretiennent ces espace: avec leur environnement et notamment avec Paris. Par cette analyse, elle met en avant la capacité de ces espaces à se structurer, à participer à des systèmes urbains et à s'inscrire dans des échanges réciproques et non univoques avec de grands pôles urbains. / This thesis deals with the scattered urbanization areas of the Paris metropolis. Combining the commercial offer, diversity of practice and mobilities, this thesis analyzes these areas in a relational approach to understand the mechanisms underlying their dynamics. We will approach the subject through the prism of recent works, using a new method that considers these areas for their own characteristics and not in relation to the dominant metropolis areas. The issue is to suggest a critical vision on the way they organize, beyond the traditional considerations and representations carried by politics and planners on the dependency and decline of these areas. Using a mixed methodology (quantitative approach, interview, and "mental maps"), we will try to understand the inhabitants' representations in 4 research areas. Four different types of dispersion from the small town to the scattered housing are highlighted, by crossing population patterns and built area morphology. The research fields are located within a two-hour drive from Paris and reflect this diversity. The scattered urbanization areas were finely studied starting with their commercial structure. We thus noticed a contrasted evolution in the number of stores and a concentration of shops in towns over the last 15 years. ln a second stage, the interpersonal approach focused on the links between these areas and their environment, particularly with Paris. Through this analysis, it highlights the capacity of these areas to be structured, to participate in urban systems and to be part of mutual exchanges with large regional hubs.

本論文探討台北市連鎖式便利商店的市場進入決策。研究發現在便利商店的產業裡，相較於多重市場接觸(亦即是否已同時出現在其他市場)的考量，與競爭對手門市的距離對廠商的進入決策有較大的影響。此外，上期競爭對手存在與否，也是廠商是否進入該市場的重要衡量依據。大型連鎖店會進入前一期競爭較激烈的市場，這些市場競爭對手的門市已有一家以上；而小型連鎖店通常不會依據對手的門市數目來決定其進入的決策。最後，利用不同的落後期變數設定，本文發現廠商的進入決策具有一致性。這表示在台北市，便利商店已經是相當成熟的產業了。 / In this paper we study entry decisions of the convenience store chains in Taipei. We find that the distance between store pairs is more relevant to firms' entry decisions than the multimarket contact (i.e., firms encounter each other in multiple markets) in this industry. In addition, the presence of a firm's rivals in the previous period plays an important role in the entry decision. The large convenience store chains are more likely to enter more competitive markets, such as markets consisting of more than one rivals' store. On the other hand, the small chains are indifferent to their rivals' presence when making their entry decisions. Lastly, firms' entry decisions are consistent when different measurements of lagged variables are used. We interpret that the convenience store industry may have reached a stable state in Taipei.