The research project intends to investigate the responses of households to economic uncertainty and natural shocks and the coping strategies developed both in terms of growing migration rates and remittance inflows and of increasing labour supply. In the first Chapter, we employ household survey data from the Indian State of Kerala to evaluate how transfers of remittances sent from overseas respond to heterogeneous sectoral employment shocks experienced by migrants in the host country during the 2008 crisis. In the second chapter, migration and remittances have been investigated as coping strategies adopted by households after a dramatic flood that hit Bangladesh in August-September 2014. The combination of high-resolution satellite data to precisely measure our treatment variable and the difference-in-difference estimations allow us to causally identify the impact of the dramatic flooding on internal and international migration. The same robust estimation technique is then applied to evaluate the effect of the 2014 flood in Bangladesh on female labour force participation rate and on the probability for unemployed women to enter the labour force. In addition, correcting for selection into employment, we estimate how the flood affects the probability for women working in the household farm to engage in independent wage-earning activities, evaluatiing whether the expected rise in female labour force participation - instrumented by the shock intensity they face - would help to increase their bargaining power within the households.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Keila Maria Moura Silva Ribeiro.pdf: 685035 bytes, checksum: 25865b65806d7fe3ab28a89ade9b330b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / The dissertation presents the results of a research held in an Institution of Higher Education that acts with education, research and extension, located in the city of Goiânia-Go. The primary objective of this study was to identify, describe and analyze the procedural factors that can lead some individuals of the female gender to constitute the Syndrome burnout, as well as the most used strategies of coping with it. The phenomenon of burnout, when thought in the light of the human condition, refers to some inquiries which can be analyzed through the scientific process, inside the reality of an institution of higher education. Among such questions the ones that stand out are: What are the values presented by the teachers of the stricto sensu programs in relation to their professional activities? Which stressors are associated with the professional activities from the teachers of the stricto sensu programs? What strategies of coping are most used by the teachers of the stricto sensu programs? Which personality characteristics resistant to the burnout in teachers from the stricto sensu programs can be observed? What is the existent relation between the female gender and the burnout? The dissertation is composed by an Introduction, Chapter I, Chapter II, Chapter III and Chapter IV. In the introduction and Chapters I and II are found the reasoning of the problem of study and the theoretical review of literature related to the following themes: the history of Universities in Brazil; the labor relations of an university teacher; labor relations in modernity; burnout: the syndrome of the contemporary world of work; professor labor relations and manifestations of burnout; the studies done on burnout in the context of education and strategies of coping in a working environment. On Chapter III and IV, elaborated in a form of article, presents the Introduction, the Methodology, the Results and a Discussion of an empirical study done with 33 teachers of Stricto Sensu Programs (master s and doctorate), of an Institution of Higher Education from the city of Goiânia-GO. Follow the References and Attachments. / A dissertação apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada em uma Universidade, localizada na cidade de Goiânia-GO. Este estudo teve como objetivo primário identificar, descrever e analisar fatores processuais que podem levar professoras do ensino de pós-graduação a constituir a Síndrome de burnout, bem como as estratégias de enfrentamento por elas mais usadas. O fenômeno do burnout, quando pensado à luz da condição humana, remete a algumas indagações que podem ser analisadas por meio do processo científico, dentro da realidade de uma instituição de ensino superior. Dentre tais indagações destacam-se: Quais os valores apresentados pelas professoras de programas stricto sensu em relação às suas atividades profissionais? Que estressores estão associados às atividades profissionais das professoras de programas stricto sensu? Quais as estratégias de coping que são mais utilizadas pelas professoras de programas stricto sensu? Que características de personalidade resistentes ao burnout em professoras de programas stricto sensu podem ser observadas? Qual é a relação existente entre o sexo feminino e o burnout? Assim, a dissertação é composta por Introdução, Capítulo I a Capítulo IV, Considerações Finais, Referências e Anexos. Na Introdução e nos Capítulos I e II encontram-se a fundamentação do problema de estudo e a revisão teórica da literatura relacionada com os seguintes temas: história das universidades no Brasil; relações de trabalho do professor universitário; relações de trabalho na contemporaneidade; burnout: a síndrome do mundo contemporâneo do trabalho; relações de trabalho docente e manifestação de burnout; estudos realizados sobre o burnout no contexto da educação e estratégias de enfrentamento no ambiente de trabalho. Nos Capítulos III e IV, em formato de artigo, são apresentados os dados quantitativos e qualitativos de uma pesquisa realizada com as participantes. A seguir encontram-se as Referências e os Anexos.

Bakgrund: I Sverige lever cirka 5000 personer med spinalskada. Där spinalskadan lett till nedsatt blåsfunktion är ren intermittent kateterisering (RIK) den metod som rekommenderas i första hand. Syfte: Att undersöka hur personer med traumatisk spinalskada som använder ren intermittent kateterisering (RIK) upplever detta. Syftet var även att ta reda på vilka hanteringsstrategier som finns för att underlätta det dagliga livet. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer användes där fem personer med traumatisk spinalskada som använder RIK intervjuades. Resultat: Att behöva tillägna sig metoden väckte blandade känslor. Män upplevde det lättare att RIKa jämfört med kvinnor. Den egna kompetensen och kunnandet om metoden RIK ökade med tiden och de hittade nya hanteringsstrategier för att underlätta vardagen. Informanterna var medvetna om vikten av god hygien för att undvika urinvägsinfektioner. Däremot framgick det inte om informanterna var medvetna om kopplingen mellan vikten av regelbunden RIKning, residualurin i blåsan och uppkomsten av urinvägsinfektioner. Slutsats: Personer som använder RIK upplever det som nödvändigt och avgörande för att kunna leva ett normalt liv. Hanteringsstrategier är planering och anpassande av metoden efter fysisk förmåga och den egna vardagen. Behovet av stöd hos personer med spinalskada som använder RIK är individuellt och varierar. Adekvat stöd och utbildning underlättar och hjälper personer med nedsatt blåsfunktion som använder RIK att ta kontroll över utövandet och främjar följsamheten och långsiktig hälsa avseende urinvägarna. / Background: About 5,000 people in Sweden live with a spinal injury. Where the spinal injury leads to impaired bladder function, clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is the method recommended in the first place. Aim: To examine  how individuals  with traumatic  spinal injury  using clean  intermittent catheterization experience the method. The aim was also to find out coping strategies available to facilitate daily life. Methods: A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was used where five people with traumatic spinal injury were interviewed. Results: The need to use CIC brought about mixed feelings among informants. Men felt that it was easier for them to use clean intermittent catheterization compared to women. Their expertise and knowledge increased with time and they found new coping strategies to facilitate everyday life. The informants were aware of the importance of good hygiene to prevent urinary tract infections. However, it was not clear if the informants were aware of the connection between the importance of using clean intermittent catheterization regularly, residual urine in the bladder and the occurrence of  urinary  tract  infections. Conclusion: People who use CIC experience it as essential and vital in order to live a normal life. The need for support of people with spinal injury who use CIC is individual and varies. Adequate support and training for people with impaired bladder function using CIC facilitates and helps them to take control initially and promotes an ongoing adherence and long-term health regarding urinary tract.

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar o estresse, as estratégias de enfrentamento e caracterizar a qualidade de vida no trabalho dos profissionais de uma empresa de médio porte da construção civil do sul de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida por meio do delineamento de estudo de caso. A amostra foi composta por cem funcionários aos quais foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Escala Toulousiane de Estresse (ETS- Echelle Toulousaine de Stress) para avaliar o estresse, a Escala de Toulousaine de Coping (ETC Echelle Toulousaine de Coping) para as estratégias de enfrentamento, questionário adaptado e validado de Hackman e Oldham para medir a QVT e questionário de dados sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software Sphinx, Excel e SPSS para Windows. Resultados revelaram a predominância de homens, casados com idade entre 30 a 50 anos. Todas as médias de estresse estão abaixo da média nacional, e as médias de utilização das estratégias de enfrentamento de controle e apoio social são menores na amostra quando comparadas à média brasileira e os índices de utilização das estratégias de isolamento e recusa são maiores. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre estresse e as variáveis na análise comparativa. Com relação às estratégias de enfrentamento constatou-se que há diferença estatisticamente significativa somente ao compararmos as estratégias por idade e por escolaridade. Em relação à QVT na maioria das dimensões investigadas houve um predomínio de resultados satisfatórios, destacando-se as variáveis da percepção, da responsabilidade pelos resultados e motivação interna para o trabalho. Apenas nas variáveis autonomia e satisfação com a compensação foram encontrados índices mais elevados de insatisfação. / This paper aims at identifying the stress, the strategies to cope with it, and at characterizing the quality of work life of the professionals working for a medium-sized company in the civil construction business, located in South Minas Gerais. Its a descriptive research utilizing quantitative approach, developed by means of case study outlining. The sample was composed of one hundred employees and the following instruments have been applied: the Toulousaine Stress Scale (ETS- Echelle Toulousaine de Stress) to assess stress, the Toulousaine Coping Scale (ETC Echelle Toulousaine de Coping) for the coping strategies, the adapted and validated questionnaire of Hackman and Oldham to measure the QWL and a questionnaire of social and demographic data. The data were analyzed with the aid of the Sphinx software, Excel and SPSS for Windows. The results showed a predominance of male employees, married, aged 30-50 years. All stress averages were below the national average, and the averages of using coping strategies of control and social support were lower in the sample than the Brazilian average and the indexes of using isolation and refusal strategies were higher. There wasnt any statistically significant difference between stress and the social and demographic variables in the comparative analysis. When the coping strategies were concerned, it was verified that there was only a statistically significant difference when we compared the strategies with age and schooling. As to quality of work life, in most investigated aspects there was predominance of satisfactory results, especially concerning the variables of perception, responsibility for results achieved and internal drive to work. Higher indexes of dissatisfaction were only found in the variables of autonomy and pay satisfaction.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnliga idrottares upplevelser av karriärövergången att bli mamma, med ett fokus på utmaningar, resurser och copingstrategier under perioderna före-, under- och efter graviditeten. I studien användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Deltagarna i studien var nio svenska idrottande mödrar i åldrarna 30-53 år (M=39.8, SD=7.3). Alla deltagare hade erfarenhet av att kombinera sitt moderskap med ett idrottande på nationell eller internationell nivå inom sin specifika idrott. Intervjuguiden och dataanalysen grundade sig på Övergångsmodellen (Stambulova, 2009). I resultatet framkom följande: under perioden före graviditeten upplevdes oro som främsta utmaning, att känna sig redo för att bli mamma som främsta resurs och att kunna planera sin graviditet som främsta copingstrategi. Under graviditeten framkom utmattning som främsta utmaning, socialt stöd som främsta resurs och strategier som deltagarna lärt sig under sin idrottskarriär som främsta copingstrategi. Efter graviditeten var stress främsta utmaning, socialt stöd främsta resurs och livet som en atlet hjälpte var främsta copingstrategi. Slutsatsen som dras i studien är att det finns flera upplevda utmaningar vid övergången att bli elitidrottande mamma, och att ett sätt att underlätta för dessa kvinnor skulle kunna vara ett utökat stöd från till exempel förbund, både socialt och finansiellt. / The aim of this study is to investigate experiences of motherhood transitions in sport, with a focus on the challenges, resources and coping strategies in the pre-pregnancy, during the pregnancy, and the postpartum phase. In the study a qualitative research metodology with semi-structured interviews was used. The participants in the study were nine Swedish athlete mothers aged 30-53 years (M=39.8, SD=7.3). All the participants had an experience of combining their motherhood with an athletic career at a national or an international level in their specific sport. The interview guide and the data analysis were grounded on the athletic career transition model (Stambulova, 2009). In the result during the pre-pregnancy, worry emerged as the main challenge, feeling ready to become a mother as the primary resource and planned pregnancies as the main coping strategy. During the pregnancy, fatigue emerged as the main challenge, social support both inside and outside sport as the primary resource, and strategies from sport as the main coping strategy. In the post-partum, stress was a frequent challenge, social support inside and outside sport were the most common resource, and life as an athlete helped were the main coping-strategy. As a conclusion in the present study, several challenges were experienced in the transition to becoming a mother as an elite athlete. A way of facilitating for these women could be increased support, for example from sport federations, both socially and financially.

Tourism industry is one of the hardest hits by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, Event industry as an important stakeholder of tourism has been fiercely damaged globally. In this study the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the event industry businesses in Sweden, their methods of coping with this situation and the recovery plans will be evaluated. Further some predictions about the future trends and possible transformations of the industry have been made. This research has been conducted qualitatively and by gathering data from both primary and secondary sources provided a very broad reference for the researcher. Restrictions in Sweden started with a 500-person limit then the figures went down to 50 people, followed by 8 people, afterwards 300 and finally 8 people limit again. Commercially, it has been difficult to conduct business due to the massive uncertainty brought on by COVID-19 for all the companies in the event industry in Sweden. Cancelling or postponing events caused huge revenue losses, redundancies, closing businesses etc. limitations and uncertainties brought by COVID-19 pandemic forced some innovative companies to start rethinking their event packages. By upskilling staff and digital investing in building the needed infrastructures, many event companies could step into the virtual and hybrid events landscape. Meanwhile , Small to medium-sized companies suffered the most in terms of tackling the situation due to limited resources and severity of the situation. The forceful hiatus to hold-on till going back to normal has been the best solution for those who were not able to come up with coping strategies. Clearly by the mass vaccine distribution, the event industry will gradually go back to its normal status quo, while virtual on demand and hybrid events will stay as important components of the industry.The result of this study reveals the value of resiliency and being prepared that will help companies to survive during crisis situations. But after all, although this pandemic is a disruption that caused many challenges for the event industry. But, at the same time it brought many dynamic opportunities for the sector to slowly evolve and develop.

近年來越來越多人投入華語教學這個領域，然而華語教師的培訓尚未有一統一的規範。過往有許多關於教師發展歷程的研究，顯示教師的初任階段是奠定未來教育生涯的關鍵期。因此本論文以兩位初任的華語教師為個案研究對象，採取質性研究的半結構式訪談，深入了解研究參與者在教學過程中所遇到來自不同方面的困擾以及他們的因應策略，最後提出結論以及相關建議。 研究結果發現初任教師主要的困擾和成因在專業技巧方面是由於經驗的不足所以不熟悉學生的程度，以及無法預測學生於課堂的反應；而社會情緒方面則是由於缺乏自信心，對於自己的表現還不夠肯定；環境組織方面則是由於大環境政策的不友善，使得教師有後顧之憂。 最後根據個案的研究結果歸納出對於華語教師培訓機構、語言中心以及後續研究的建議。 / More and more people are engaging in Teaching Chinese as Second Language these years. There are many studies on teacher’s development which reveal that the beginning phase is the key phase in a teacher’s career. This study aims to understand the problems beginning teachers might encounter and what are their coping strategies by interviewing two cases. The major findings reveal that their problems originate from three aspects: (1) profession technique: lack understanding of students’ level and their reactions in class; classroom climate (2) self-emotion: lack of confidence; skeptical of self (3) working conditions: unstable income and the lack of welfare And their coping strategies are: asking their colleagues, observing other seniors, talking directly with students. At the end of the thesis, suggestions are given to the TCSL teacher training foundations and language center, to help TCSL teachers get through this unstable phase of teaching career.

The developemnt of fisheries in Lake Victoria is faced with a myriad challenges including overfishing, environmental destruction, disappearance of certain indigenous species and pollution. All these problems can be located within the social, economic and political systems that exists today and in the past. This thesis, ‘Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria : Colonial Policy and the Development of Fish Production in Kenya, 1880-1978’, argues that the Luo fishers had their own indigenous techniques of fishing, modes of preservation and systems of management that ensured sustainable utilisation of fisheries. The thesis examines the role of the Luo fishers in the sustainable usage of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The British colonial settlers came up with new policies of plantation and commercial farming, taxation and forced labour, all of which encouraged the Luo fishers to partially break with their pre-colonial systems and create new ways of responding to the demands of the colonial state. The study argues that the coming of colonialism and its attendant capitalism introduced new fishing gear as well as new species, such as mbuta, that were inimical to the sustainable utilisation of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The colonial regime also introduced new practices of fisheries management such as scouts, licensing, closed seasons and the numbering of boats, practices geared towards ensuring the commercial production and development of the fisheries. This commercialisation led to cut-throat competition between Asian, European and African fish traders. The coming of independence in 1963 brought some changes, such as the provision of credit facilities, new technology, and attempts by the new African government to more effectively control and manage the fisheries. However, not much changed in terms of policy objectives, and most of the colonial policies remained unchanged. New industries were established around the fisheries, but most remained in the hands of Asians and a few African middlemen. The small-scale fishers continued to struggle against the commercialisation of fishery production, remaining voiceless and marginalised. The study recommends an all inclusive participatory approach to solve the problems currently affecting the Lake Victoria fisheries. / History / DLITT (History)

本研究旨在探討正向心理介入方案對大學生正向心理的影響，以及正向心理介入方案、正向因應策略與主觀幸福感的關係。受試者為國立政治大學的大學生，有效樣本為130人。本研究採問卷調查法，施以情緒溫度計量表、主觀幸福感量表、臺灣憂鬱情緒量表、臺灣正向比量表、臺灣巔峰幸福感量表、靈性幸福感量表、正向因應策略量表及心理資本量表，並蒐集前測與後測資料。資料分析方法包含：成對樣本t檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、內容分析法及結構方程式模型。本研究主要發現如下： 一、在前、後測方面 （一）大學生在「主觀幸福感」、「主觀幸福感」分量表之「社會幸福感」及「情緒幸福感」、「情緒刻度」、「快樂時間」、「持平時間」、「正向因應策略」、「巔峰幸福感」、「巔峰幸福感」分量表之「正向機能」及「正向情緒」、「靈性幸福感」、「靈性幸福感」分量表之「團體靈性幸福感」、「環境靈性幸福感」及「超然靈性幸福感」、「正向比」、「心理資本」、「心理資本」分量表之「復原力」、「希望」及「樂觀」上有顯著差異。 二、在背景變項方面 （一）不同性別大學生在「正向心理介入方案」上有顯著差異。 （二）不同性別大學生在「負向情緒」上有顯著差異。 （三）不同年級大學生在各背景變項上皆無顯著差異。 三、在結構模式方面 （一）正向心理介入方案對正向因應策略有直接正向效果。 （二）正向心理介入方案對主觀幸福感有直接正向效果。 （三）正向因應策略對主觀幸福感有直接正向效果。 　　最後，研究者根據研究結果與討論，針對高等教育及未來研究提出若干建議。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the positive psychology intervention effects on college students, and also the relationships among positive psychology interventions, positive coping strategies and subjective well-being. The participants included 130 college students sampled from National Chengchi University. The pretest and posttest data were both collected by questionnaires, including the Emotional Thermometer Scale, the Subjective Well-Being Scale, the Taiwan Depression Scale, the Taiwan Positivity Scale, the Taiwan Flourishing Scale, the Spirituality Well-Being Scale, the Positive Coping Scale, and the Psychological Capital Scale. Moreover, the data analysis was based on paired-samples t-test, independent-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, content analysis method, and SEM. The main results were summarized as follows: About the pretest and posttest: 1.Students were significantly different in the scores of subjective well-being, social well-being, emotional well-being, emotional degree, happy time, balanced time, positive coping strategy, flourishing well-being, positive function, positive emotion, spirituality well-being, group-spirituality well-being, environment-spirituality well-being, super spirituality well-being, positivity, psychological capital, resilience, hope, and optimism. About the background variables: 1. Students with different gender were significantly different in the scores of positive psychology interventions. 2. Students with different gender were significantly different in the scores of negative emotion. 3. Students with different grade were not significantly different in the scores of background variables. About the structural model: 1. Positive psychology interventions had positive influence on positive coping strategy directly. 2. Positive psychology interventions had positive influence on subjective well-being. 3. Positive coping had positive influence on subjective well-being. Based on the results and discussion of this study, directions of higher education and future research were suggested.