Manufacture testing of digital integrated circuits is essential for high quality. However, exhaustive testing is impractical, and only a small subset of all possible test patterns (or test pattern pairs) may be applied. Thus, it is crucial to choose a subset that detects a high percentage of the defective parts and produces a low defective part level. Historically, test pattern generation has often been seen as a deterministic endeavor. Test sets are generated to deterministically ensure that a large percentage of the targeted faults are detected. However, many real defects do not behave like these faults, and a test set that detects them all may still miss many defects. Unfortunately, modeling all possible defects as faults is impractical. Thus, it is important to fortuitously detect unmodeled defects using high quality test sets. To maximize fortuitous detection, we do not assume a high correlation between faults and actual defects. Instead, we look at the common requirements for all defect detection. We deterministically maximize the observations of the leastobserved sites while randomly exciting the defects that may be present. The resulting decrease in defective part level is estimated using the MPGD model. This dissertation describes the MPGD defective part level model and shows how it can be used to predict defective part levels resulting from static defect detection. Unlike many other predictors, its predictions are a function of site observations, not fault coverage, and thus it is generally more accurate at high fault coverages. Furthermore, its components model the physical realities of site observation and defect excitation, and thus it can be used to give insight into better test generation strategies. Next, we investigate the effect of additional constraints on the fortuitous detection of defects-specifically, as we focus on detecting dynamic defects instead of static ones. We show that the quality of the randomness of excitation becomes increasingly important as defect complexity increases. We introduce a new metric, called excitation balance, to estimate the quality of the excitation, and we show how excitation balance relates to the constant τ in the MPGD model.

Hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) mixture fatigue characterization constitutes a fundamental component of HMAC pavement structural design and analysis to ensure adequate field fatigue performance. HMAC is a heterogeneous complex composite material of air, binder, and aggregate that behaves in a non-linear elasto-viscoplastic manner, exhibits anisotropic behavior, ages with time, and heals during traffic loading rest periods and changing environmental conditions. Comprehensive HMAC mixture fatigue analysis approaches that take into account this complex nature of HMAC are thus needed to ensure adequate field fatigue performance. In this study, four fatigue analysis approaches; the mechanistic empirical (ME), the calibrated mechanistic with (CMSE) and without (CM) surface energy measurements, and the proposed NCHRP 1-37A 2002 Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) were comparatively evaluated and utilized to characterize the fatigue resistance of two Texas HMAC mixtures in the laboratory, including investigating the effects of binder oxidative aging. Although the results were comparable, the CMSE/CM approaches exhibited greater flexibility and potential to discretely account for most of the fundamental material properties (including fracture, aging, healing, visco-elasticity, and anisotropy) that affect HMAC pavement fatigue performance. Compared to the other approaches, which are mechanistic-empirically based, the CMSE/CM approaches are based on the fundamental concepts of continuum micromechanics and energy theory.

Fundamentos teóricos de la entrevista periodística escrita es una contribución a establecer las bases de este género periodístico desde un enfoque multidisciplinar. Esta tesis traza un estado de la cuestión de los estudios sobre este género y profundiza en las relaciones entre la entrevista y otras narrativas del mundo de las ciencias sociales y de la literatura de ficción y veri dicente. Con el objetivo de ampliar la perspectiva del objeto de estudio, se establecen varios presupuestos filosóficos de la entrevista en tanto que encuentro entre dos personas: de la cuestión de la intersubjetividad trascendental a las aportaciones de la pragmática lingüística, entendida como una filosofía del lenguaje. La tesis transita asimismo por los trabajos de diversos pensadores que han situado en el centro de sus investigaciones conceptos como "alteridad", "relación", "diálogo". La investigación propone así mismo una definición de entrevista en prensa, así como una nueva tipología de la entrevista basada en un criterio funcionalista. / Theoretical foundations of the written interview in journalism are a contribution that sets the bases of this journalist genre from a multidisciplinary approach. This thesis questions the studies on this genre as well as penetrating into the correlation between the interview and other narratives of the world of social science, including fiction and non-fictional literature. Aiming at extending the perspective of the study, several philosophical points of view, those that defined interviews as the meeting of two people, were taking into consideration. From the question of the transcendental subjectivity, to the contributions of the pragmatic linguistics, understood as a philosophy of the language. This thesis evolves around the works of several philosophers who have placed concepts such as "alterity", "relationship" and "dialogue" in the center of their researches. The thesis proposes a definition of interview in press as well as a new typology of the interview based on functionalist criteria

The analytical tools used in displacement based design and assessment procedures require accurate strain limits to define the performance levels. Additionally, recently proposed changes to modeling and acceptance criteria in seismic regulations for both flexure and shear dominated reinforced concrete structural walls proves that a comprehensive study is required for improved limit state definitions and their corresponding values. This is due to limitations in the experimental setups, such that most previous tests used a single actuator at the top of the wall, which does not reflect the actual loading condition, and infeasibility of performing tests of walls of actual size in actual structural configuration. This study utilizes a well calibrated finite element modeling tool to investigate the relationship between the global drift, section rotation and curvature, and local concrete and steel strains at the extreme fiber of rectangular structural walls. Functions defining more exact limits of modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for rectangular reinforced concrete walls were developed. This way a strict evaluation of the requirements embedded in the Turkish Seismic Code and other design guidelines has become possible. Several other aspects of performance evaluation of structural walls were studied also. Accurate finite element modeling strategies and analytical models of wall and frame-wall systems were developed for seismic response calculations. The models are able to calculate both the static and dynamic characteristics of wall type buildings efficiently. Seismic responses of wall type buildings characterized with increasing wall area in the plan were analyzed under design spectrum compatible normal ground motions.

Hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) mixture fatigue characterization constitutes a fundamental component of HMAC pavement structural design and analysis to ensure adequate field fatigue performance. HMAC is a heterogeneous complex composite material of air, binder, and aggregate that behaves in a non-linear elasto-viscoplastic manner, exhibits anisotropic behavior, ages with time, and heals during traffic loading rest periods and changing environmental conditions. Comprehensive HMAC mixture fatigue analysis approaches that take into account this complex nature of HMAC are thus needed to ensure adequate field fatigue performance. In this study, four fatigue analysis approaches; the mechanistic empirical (ME), the calibrated mechanistic with (CMSE) and without (CM) surface energy measurements, and the proposed NCHRP 1-37A 2002 Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) were comparatively evaluated and utilized to characterize the fatigue resistance of two Texas HMAC mixtures in the laboratory, including investigating the effects of binder oxidative aging. Although the results were comparable, the CMSE/CM approaches exhibited greater flexibility and potential to discretely account for most of the fundamental material properties (including fracture, aging, healing, visco-elasticity, and anisotropy) that affect HMAC pavement fatigue performance. Compared to the other approaches, which are mechanistic-empirically based, the CMSE/CM approaches are based on the fundamental concepts of continuum micromechanics and energy theory.

Manufacture testing of digital integrated circuits is essential for high quality. However, exhaustive testing is impractical, and only a small subset of all possible test patterns (or test pattern pairs) may be applied. Thus, it is crucial to choose a subset that detects a high percentage of the defective parts and produces a low defective part level. Historically, test pattern generation has often been seen as a deterministic endeavor. Test sets are generated to deterministically ensure that a large percentage of the targeted faults are detected. However, many real defects do not behave like these faults, and a test set that detects them all may still miss many defects. Unfortunately, modeling all possible defects as faults is impractical. Thus, it is important to fortuitously detect unmodeled defects using high quality test sets. To maximize fortuitous detection, we do not assume a high correlation between faults and actual defects. Instead, we look at the common requirements for all defect detection. We deterministically maximize the observations of the leastobserved sites while randomly exciting the defects that may be present. The resulting decrease in defective part level is estimated using the MPGD model. This dissertation describes the MPGD defective part level model and shows how it can be used to predict defective part levels resulting from static defect detection. Unlike many other predictors, its predictions are a function of site observations, not fault coverage, and thus it is generally more accurate at high fault coverages. Furthermore, its components model the physical realities of site observation and defect excitation, and thus it can be used to give insight into better test generation strategies. Next, we investigate the effect of additional constraints on the fortuitous detection of defects-specifically, as we focus on detecting dynamic defects instead of static ones. We show that the quality of the randomness of excitation becomes increasingly important as defect complexity increases. We introduce a new metric, called excitation balance, to estimate the quality of the excitation, and we show how excitation balance relates to the constant τ in the MPGD model.

Comprendre les mécanismes moteurs et pouvoir anticiper l'impact environnemental du phénomène El Niño Oscillation Australe (ENOA) constituent des enjeux scientifiques et sociétaux de première importance, notamment pour les Pays Emergents. Dans cette thèse, nous avons documenté et contrasté la signature de différents types d'ENOA - dits canoniques et Modoki - pour plusieurs variables climatiques essentielles (température et salinité de surface, niveau de la mer, courant de surface, précipitation, vent de surface, ...), analysé la pertinence de la théorie dite de recharge / décharge, une des quatre théories majeures d'ENOA, à rendre compte ou non de la nature quasi oscillatoire de ces différents types et quantifié l'impact potentiel des modifications des caractéristiques majeures d'ENOA sur notre interprétation des tendances climatiques à 'long' terme pour ces variables climatiques essentielles.

本研究的目的在於探究鄉土教育中應具備的教育性思維，凸顯以學習者為主要關懷的教育精神所在。蓋民國七十六年解嚴之後，以重視台灣主體性為主要訴求的鄉土教育逐漸受到重視；甚至在民國八十年代形成討論的高峰，官方亦將「鄉土教學活動」與「認識台灣」正式納入國民教育課程中。然而，在政治意識型態的爭辯中，教育的焦點被模糊了；鄉土教育在政治角力中成為企圖主導學習者認同（identification）的手段。在此背景下，研究者源於對學習主體性的關心，首先探究台灣鄉土教育由被貶抑到普獲重視的過程中，前後影響自我認同（self-identity）的諸多背景因素（包括政治、經濟、教育、社會文化等）。並從相關教育思想（以自然主義、存在主義、批判教育學為主），深化正向「自我認同」在鄉土教育中的核心地位。進一步以米德（G. H. Mead）、哈伯瑪斯（J. Habermas）之社會學理論的探討，瞭解自我認同的基礎條件、歷程、危機、機制與影響，以建構對鄉土教育完整性的理解。希望在「過度政治化」與「忽視符號問題」的兩極論述外，補充兼具微觀基礎與鉅觀批判的、具理論完整性的論述。 本研究共分五章，第一章緒論外，第二章分析台灣鄉土教育的潮流。茲分四節，「大中國主義式教育的反動」不僅在內容上爭取台灣主體性的教育，更在制度上反對中央集權式的教育模式。「族群文化的追求」同樣以建立正面健康、具有尊嚴的的自我認同為目標。但除了政治、文化霸權的操控外，族群文化尚受到經濟結構轉變與流行文化的影響。「疏離生活世界的反省」指出了台灣人對於歷史意義斷裂、人際關係疏離與教育活動僵化的檢討；政、經批判之外，尤其展開功利主義的省思。欲重新在傳統精神中、人際互動裡及鄉野自然的懷抱下，拾回作為一個與鄉土緊密聯繫的、完整的「人」。「共同體的呼籲」則強調團結實踐、投入鄉土的重要，與多元鄉土間和平共處的理想。但在政治、經濟、社會等諸多問題牽扯的背後，四個面向應有其一致的教育關懷，即「自我認同」的議題。尤其在實際運作上，主體仍岌岌可危，顯見一般對鄉土教育真正的認識尚有不足。 第三章以「自然主義的關心」、「存在主義的關懷」與「批判教育學的關切」等教育哲學的角度，思考鄉土教育的有機性，使之更具意義與生產性。並以此基礎提出鄉土教育與自我認同的相關性，包括： 一、 危機中的主體 二、 鄉土教育應肯定每一個體 三、 鄉土教育是自我認同的基礎 四、 鄉土教育激發主體能動性 五、 鄉土教育強化自我與社會的聯繫 六、 鄉土教育培養個體對自我與鄉土的責任 七、 異質相處的共同體問題 本章並分析以米德與哈伯瑪斯學說做為自我認同理論探究的幾點後設認知。 第四章以米德的符號互動論為基礎，輔以哈伯瑪斯對於結構性問題的批判。第一節「自我的起源」：米德反對傳統的意識哲學，分析自我形成的社會性，其基礎在於人類可藉「姿勢互動」（gesture interaction）並「自我反省、參照」的能力，達成「主我」（I）與「客我」（Me）的對話。第二節「自我認同的發展」：米德以為自我認同的歷程在於「掌握更廣共同體的態度」。指出在互動經驗中，學習了「角色扮演」或「角色取替」（play a role or role-taking）的能力，並在遊戲的階段（game stage）掌握了「概化他人」（generalized others）的概念，因而瞭解自我在社會中的位置而完成了自我的觀念。米德認為自我認同是「主、客我統合」。哈伯瑪斯則強調自我的個別性，主張超越僵化「角色認同」（role identity）的「自我認同」（ego identity）。其實，米德的角色認同是活化而開放的概念，但其理論缺乏對結構性力量的批判，未分析「概化他人」中的宰制因素及其傷害自尊的深層意義。所以第三節「認同的危機與轉機」：先談米德對於「符號」此聯繫與創造媒介的主張。再以哈伯瑪斯對「生活世界的殖民化」分析，指出（一）自我認同相關趣向（interests）的萎縮，及（二）符號扭曲與無意義感等自我認同的危機。此危機與「合法化危機」（legitimation crisis）及「動機機制危機」（motivation crisis）息息相關。故要恢復健全而隨境互動的自我認同機制，除了個人層面的「自我反省」與實踐外，尚須在制度面上建立理想的溝通機制。第四節「溝通行動與共同體」：米德認為「理想的社會」有兩個條件，（一）是創造性個體的充分表達；（二）是被其他成員所理解。故米德認為溝通（communication）是人類的理想，能協助社會的進步與個人的成長。哈伯瑪斯的溝通行動理論不僅得力於米德對生活面的互動、活動的關注，更進一步以其「理想社會」的特徵，建構溝通行動與論辯的條件。其中，集體認同必須建立在「互為主體性」（intersubjectivity）的尊重，允許不同意見與立場在開放的溝通空間中彼此參與。米德認為，我們必須選擇讓人類「一體感」的凝聚力導向於「溝通互動」，而非內部團結卻對外暴力相向的非理性運作。至於溝通的結果與共識，米德反對教條式的宣稱，如同所言「We don’t know where we are going, but we know we are on the way.」 第五章「結論」，第一節以理論所得，從歷史的角度詮釋與反省台灣鄉土教育中自我認同議題。第二節則以理論的角度，試圖描繪鄉土教育中應有的思維與考量，使自我認同的教育更具周延性。研究結果如下： 一、 關於認同的基礎與界線：確切、獨特與無限的時空 二、 關於自我認同的機制：個別化「符號」與「互動」兼顧 三、 關於批判：兼及「系統」與「生活世界」的反省與重建 四、 關於他者與共同體：多元並存也力求溝通 五、 自我認同與鄉土認同的永恆辯證 六、 自我肯定、共創願景的鄉土教育 最後第三節以「歷史與理論的交會」，談鄉土教育問題和相關論述的發展脈絡，及與本研究的關係。並分析鄉土教育由熱烈討論到逐漸沈澱的過程。希望鄉土教育一詞的熱潮消退之後，教育對自我認同的基礎仍能持續關心與重視。讓鄉土教育最初的關懷：學習者主體性的追求，能夠落實。

男同志愛滋病患者的心理狀態一直是美國愛滋病研究的邊疆區域。大多數的國家政策多著重於此一族群的身體狀況以及疾病本身的研究。這些政策往往忽略了自我和解對於男同志愛滋病患者來說的重要性，殊不知自我和解是男同志愛滋病患者對抗全景式迫害的重要策略之一。賴瑞克萊默《正常心》及《我的命運》處處顯示對於此一策略以及國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患之迫害的關注。透過主人公奈得從愛滋鬥士到染病再到自我和解的過程，這兩齣戲劇重砲抨擊了國家社會不公，並同時點出受迫害者對抗這些不公不義的必要性。在此之下，傅科對於權力以及抗拒的討論適足為本論文的理論出發點。本論文藉助傅科的觀點來討論國家社會迫害男同志愛滋病患背後的深層因素，並進一步探討這些被迫害者中可能產生的抗拒策略。本論文分成四個部份：除了導論和結論外，第二章著重美國國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患者的歧視及壓迫，以及形成這些迫害的原因，並進一步檢視《正常心》及《我的命運》裡男同志愛滋病患者的困境。第三章討論這些被迫害者不同的反壓迫策略，以及這些策略對於男同志愛滋病患者身心的影響。 / The psychological condition of the HIV-positive is always peripheral to the governmental studies of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Compared with the governmental studies, Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart (1985) and The Destiny of Me (1992) lay more emphases on the psychological conditions and transformations of the HIV/AIDS patients. These two plays demonstrate the homophobic disciplines and regulations performed against the homosexual HIV-positives in the discourse of HIV/AIDS. In addition, through Ned Weeks's transformation and resistance, these two plays illuminate on the lesson, self-knowledge, and self-reconciliation that empower the diseased gay men to survive in the crisis of HIV/AIDS. This thesis makes resort to the studies of Michel Foucault, particularly his concepts of anatomo-politics and biopolitics as well as his exegeses of the dynamics between the persecutor and the persecuted. Foucault's theories are insightful in understanding the underlying homophobia behind the policies in a normalizing society. His studies envision the possibilities of resistance alongside these homophobic panoptic persecutions. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The second chapter examines the disciplines and regulations over the diseased homosexuals in The Normal Heart and The Destiny of Me. The third chapter focuses on the transformations of Ned from a polemicist to a reconciliationist as well as his resistance to the panoptic persecutions. The concluding chapter reconfirms that the lesson and growth of a gay HIV-positive patient rests on self-reconciliation.

For most writers who deal with displacement, rewriting themselves, articulating and communicating their sense of estrangment is their lifetime work. For displacement forces one to leave behind the familiar and embrace the unknown. In this process of deconstruction, the concepts of home, belonging and identity are renegotiated and questioned constantly. Le Grand Voyage – the working title for the draft of a novel that is presented in conjunction with this exegesis – is a fictional work that is produced out of the implications of displacement, which inscribes itself in a series of explorations I started in 2001, cumulating with two video works Frammento in 2003 and Footnotes in 2004. Le Grand Voyage investigates further the concept of home by questioning the home/mother relationship. The exegesis aims to contextualise the making of Le Grand Voyage by using another woman’s narrative as the main point of reference: Linda Olsson’s Let Me Sing You Gentle Songs (2005). Olsson’s work – like mine – is conceived out of the effects of displacement, and the literary form and structure display symptoms that are characteristics to narratives of displacement. By putting the home/mother/daughter in context, the narrative displays home as a patriarchal construct showing how the idealisation of home/place is predicated on a gendering of home, whereby, as McDermott notes, ‘home is constructed as a maternal, static and past, to which the (male) subjects longs to return’ (2003: 265). The narrative’s point of view is that of daughters but also that of mothers as daughters, and enables not only a feminist discussion of the notion of home but also of motherhood. Therefore, the theoretical approach for this work has encompassed feminists’ writings that have particularly focused their research on space, place and gender. In challenging the dominant form of gender constructions and relations, the first and second wave feminism have empowered many women to leave home in order to shape their own version of identity. I believe it is within the perspective of displacement, of being out of place, that many women continue to find the necessary distance to contest a particular reading of woman and home that still prevails in academic literature and fiction. Thus, an important part of this exegesis concentrates on the critic of home. I want to argue in a feminist way that our ideas of home and belonging still reflect gendered assumptions and are therefore contestable. That displacement as a catalyst for loss, emotional grief and mourning becomes an enabling way for women to rethink home in terms of what was at play rather than in place and to do the ‘memory work’ that feminists ask women to do: to remember in order not to forget because ‘forgetting is a major obstacle to change’ (Greene, 1991: 298). Their attacks on the feminisation of place have opened up for me possibilities to think of home outside the parameters of sameness. They have also enabled me to understand the paradoxical position a displaced person is faced with: if displacement is favored and privileged why then do longings for home still persist for some? – a fact that is well illustrated in the actual resurgence of the preoccupation to belong. The gain in displacement also involves the fact that distance forces one to look at the longing and nostalgia for what they really conceal. In the case of a woman and, motherless daughters, distance, as this exegesis demonstrates, enables the writer to unveil the longings as subversive and fraudulent, tricking women into thinking there was nothing better than the past: home sweet home, the safe, bounded nest where women could be women: could be the mother. With the ‘memory work’ they both learn to think away from the parameters of sameness and the past, outside the nostalgic stances of singularity, safety, boundaries and internalised histories, therefore outside of the maternal, the home/mother relationship. ‘What is home?’ is a difficult question to negotiate for a woman. The exegesis and the first draft of the novel show what is at stake when one asks the question and the responsibility of women when writing about home.