O estudo trata da descentralização de políticas públicas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (CT&I) do governo federal para os municípios. As políticas públicas de CT&I são, cada vez mais, essenciais para o desenvolvimento economicamente viável e sustentável de uma nação. Assim, governos ao redor do mundo investem em empresas e sistemas de inovação como forma de manter a competitividade em uma economia cada vez mais global. Paradoxalmente, apesar da crescente relevância política, social e econômica das cidades no mundo, seu papel tem sido subestimado nas políticas nacionais de CT&I no Brasil. No plano teórico, o presente estudo apoia-se em duas vertentes temáticas: o desenvolvimento regional na economia do conhecimento e a descentralização federativa. Nesse contexto, o estudo interroga sobre como inserir o município nas políticas nacionais de CT&I. O estudo busca evidências empíricas nas relações intergovernamentais da descentralização e em dois estudos de caso, nas cidades brasileiras de Porto Alegre e São Leopoldo, ambas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, escolhidas pelos bons resultados na promoção de sistemas empresariais de inovação. A pesquisa chegou a alguns resultados como: (a) a mobilização dos governos em torno de políticas públicas em CT&I continua sendo crucial para o desenvolvimento de empresas e sistemas empresariais de base tecnológica; (b) os municípios mostram capacidade de criar políticas públicas de CT&I, como marcos regulatórios, estruturas organizacionais, mecanismos de incentivo e sistemas de governança; (c) a descentralização via municípios pode melhorar a capilaridade e a eficácia de programas nacionais, fortalecendo sistemas regionais de inovação e complementando políticas federais de CT&I; (d) os municípios são entes federados plenos que têm poder político e econômico para influir e promover ajustes nas políticas públicas federais de CT&I. / This thesis discusses decentralization of national public policies on Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) from the federal to the city government. Governments around the world have been supporting companies and innovation systems because of their relevance to economic viability and national sustainable development. However, despite the increasing political, social and economic relevance of cities worldwide, their role has been underestimated in national ST&I policies. In this context, this study considers how municipal decentralization of national ST&I policies enhances capillarity, efficiency and the strengthening of regional systems of innovation. The study offers empirical evidence of intergovernmental relationships of decentralization through the case studies of two Brazilian cities: Porto Alegre and São Leopoldo, which were selected because of their comparatively good results in promoting companies and systems of innovation in comparison to other Brazilian cities. The main conclusions of the study are: (a) federal government public policy promotion in ST&I remains crucial to the development of entrepreneurial technologically-based systems; (b) municipalities are capable of mobilizing resources, structuring incentive mechanisms, articulating actors, and organizing governance systems; (c) decentralization via municipalities can improve capillarity and effectiveness, strengthening regional innovation systems and consequently complementing national ST&I policies; (d) increased political and economic power of city governments can promote improvements in federal policies of ST&I.

Favorisées par les gouvernants en quête d’un nouveau modèle post-industriel, les économies basées sur la connaissance vont devenir en quelques décennies le référentiel à atteindre pour le développement de territoires soumis aux pressions de la globalisation.Longtemps considérés comme des éléments indispensables à la production et à la transmission du savoir, les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche, comme les universités, ont été de plus en plus intégrés dans les analyses sur le développement territorial à mesure que s’imposait le paradigme américain de la valorisation des activités de la recherche publique. Cette nouvelle mission imposée aux établissements de recherche, suppose qu’ils sont des facteurs d’un développement localisé. Mais le rôle qui leur est assigné est-il justifié ? À travers l’impact singulier de la recherche publique, on peut analyser la place de ces établissements sur leur territoire d’accueil. Apres avoir fait un état de l’art en matière d’analyse d’impact nous utilisons le cadre méthodologique de l’étude d’un cas illustrant cette problématique. L’agglomération de Brest mise sur la forte concentration d’établissements de recherche à vocation maritime pour développer le cluster local. Bien que non généralisable, ce cas éclaire les recherches dans ce domaine. Au-delà, la thèse apporte une autre vision sur les réformes de type top down des systèmes d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche considérant le savoir comme n’importe quel bien économique. Or la connaissance n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Et c’est cette singularité qui explique les difficultés d’analyse dans le champ de l’économie de la connaissance. / Promoted by governments seeking for a new post-industrial model, the knowledge-based economies will become in a few decades the repository to reach for the development of territories subject to the pressures of globalization. Regarded as essential to the production and transmission of knowledge, higher education and research institutions, such as universities, have been increasingly integrated into the analysis of territorial development while was emerging the american paradigm for valorisation of public research activities. This new mission imposed on research institutions, assume they are factors of localized development. Is this assigned role justified? Through the singular impact of public research, we can analyze the role of these institutions on their home territory. After a state of the art on the impact assessments, we developed a methodological framework for case study illustrating this problem. In the agglomeration of Brest, there is a high concentration of research institutions with maritime vocation on which rely the local cluster. Although not generalizable, this case enlightens the research in this domain. In addition, the thesis sheds new light on the top-down reforms of higher education and research systems considering knowledge as any economic good. But knowledge is not a commodity like others. And that would explain the difficulties of analysis in the field of the knowledge economy.

With the advent of the internet age, the way in which global society interacts with technology has changed dramatically. The instantaneous availability of information and connectivity, signal the rise of a knowledge economy. This is a system in which the most valuable resource, to nations and private enterprise, is knowledge. This thesis argues that value is created through knowledge flows, which result in innovation and technological advancement. This technological advancement is the primary determinant of a nation’s global competitive advantage in a globalized knowledge economy. This thesis then posits that these innovations are fostered by institutional, social, cultural, economic, and governmental factors within a nation. These factors make up a nations’ National Innovation System (NIS). Using case studies of the US, China, India, and the EU, this paper then attempts to deconstruct, compare, and contrast the innovation strategies of each country and what implications they might have for the future. Lastly, an analysis of potential trends attempts to forecast the global innovative landscape in the near future.

This thesis aims to investigate how the City of Lund, and Lund University will provide accommodation for researchers associated with the construction of the research facilities ESS and MAX IV. Furthermore, this paper will study what synergies that exist between housing for researchers, the City of Lund, and its university to attract international researchers.  There is a shortage of housing for students and researchers, especially in municipalities with higher education institutions. To solve this, the Swedish government issued a regulation that enabled universities to offer accommodation to further groups of researchers to strengthen Sweden as a research nation. With the ESS and MAX IV as catalysts for growth, the municipality of Lund will function as an important research hub on an international level. The research conducted a study of strategic documents, such as the City of Lund’s comprehensive plans and in-depth comprehensive plan. As well as a qualitative method that implemented interviews, whereby some of the questions were based on the analyzes of the document study. The interviews were constructed from three groups and will be the perspectives this thesis will discuss its results and analysis by.  The results showed the need for strategic documents to include socio-cultural values and place-based innovations to attract knowledge-intense professionals and further highlight the need for cooperation between Lund municipality and Lund University to maintain its guest researchers.

<p><h1>There is a growing number of students with disabilities accessing postsecondary education in Ontario. Among this student body, students with learning disabilities are the largest sub-group. These students transition into knowledge workplaces, which have significant cognitive performance standards. Although there is some emerging literature on the outcome of university graduates with learning disabilities, there is little known about their <em>experiences </em>during this transition process.</h1></p> <p>There are two central purposes of this doctoral thesis: a) to provide insight into the experiences of transition for university graduates with learning disabilities, and b) to critically reflect upon the practicalities and politics of implementing participatory action research. The papers gathered in this dissertation are based upon a participatory action research project with mentees, and interviews with both mentees and mentors from a learning disability mentorship program at an Ontario university. The first paper is a collaborative writing piece with co-researchers that applies an analogy of ‘taking center stage’ to reflect upon the process of participation for co-researchers. The second paper involves a critical reflection of the <em>imagined distance </em>that took place amongst the research team, and an exploration of participatory techniques to address this distance. The third paper examines qualitative interviews with mentors and mentees on three stages of the transition process: interview, general cognitive ability testing and probationary period.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (MEd) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new Technology curriculum was included in the National Curriculum Statement (Department of Education, 2005) as part of the broader intention of serving as the vehicle for reconstructing our society and our orientation towards education for the 21st century. In this narrative I will start by exploring the congruence between the technology curriculum, globalisation and the knowledge economy, the related discourses and the expectations these create for technology education in the Further Education and Training and General Education and Training bands in secondary education in South African schools. I will continue by critically engaging with the discourses and school-based patterns of engagement that shape the technology curriculum as well as teaching and learning practices in a secondary school. By locating my arguments within Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of habitus, field and strategies, as elaborated on by Lingard and Christie (2003), as well as Foucault’s theory of power, this narrative will engage with the perceived gap in the policy implementation process. This gap consists of a myriad of contextually interrelated factors that interact with the achievement of the prescribed outcomes and ultimately the intention of shaping learners for meaningful participation in the knowledge economy.

知識經濟可以定義為以知識資源之配置，以技術擁有為目的，以科學的生產為支柱而從事生產、行銷、消費的經濟模式。首先，這樣的一種經濟模式，主要的特點是它擁有及運用知識的資源。第二個，它生產的基礎是高科技的基礎。第三個，它創造出來的是在高科技與知識結合之後的一個經濟永續生產的模式。 「沒有成功的組織，面臨的問題無法解決；缺乏有力的領導，組織則無法成功」若沒有稱職的領導人，實在難以想像這個國家或世界如何能塑造一個更令人嚮往的未來。惟當代的管理學者逐漸認識到，作為一位領導者，不僅應具有某種專業知識技能，也應具有「認知的複雜」(Cognitive complexity)，能從多面向詮釋問題的意義，協調多重的努力和發展組織的願景(vision)等，因此，領導者的價值、態度、思維傾向要比他本身所具備的專業知識更為重要。 核心能力是指組織擁有競爭者所沒有的專業能力，這種能力多以知識為基礎，並非以產品或有形資產為主。筆者定義高階領導人核心能力為領導組織面對多變的外在環境，可分為如下： 一 、策略管理能力 二 、變革管理能力 三、創新管理能力 四、危機管理能力等四種核心能力。 研究策略管理的內容有策略核心組織、策略地圖、平衡計分卡等三項。 策略管理內容＝（策略地圖+平衡計分卡+策略核心組織） Content of Strategy Management =（Strategy Map）+ （Balanced Scorecard）（Strategy Focused Organization） 基本上一套完整的策略管理程序，可以歸納如下五項：1.界定組織使命與目標、2. 策略的規劃、3.形成策略、4.執行策略、5.評估成效。 現在企業創造價值的方式，已由過去「管理有形資產(Tangible assets)」轉變為「管理無形資產(Intangible assets)」。所謂無形資產，例如顧客關係、創新的產品和服務、高效率高品質的作業流程、前瞻的資訊技術，以及高素質的員工等。有形資產可用財務報表、資產負債表和損益表來描述其成效，然而無形資產則要以策略核心組織來整體評估。 變革管理理論可分為兩種來研究，經濟理論（E理論）與組織理論（O理論） E理論：經濟策略，「E理論」變革的目標，在於迅速、大幅增加以現金流量、股價來衡量的股東價值。O理論：組織能力策略，最成功、永續的組織，便是那些擁有幹勁、有學習導向文化，以及傑出員工的組織。這類變革所需要的是員工的高度參與、較扁平的組織架構，以及組織和員工間密切的關係。 知識經濟時代，□動企業革命的重要因素己由「E」的思維移轉至「I」的思維。□動未來革命的策略因子，將移轉至以「創新」（Innovative）為主軸的時代，知識經濟時代的領導風格必須培養下列五個「I」的思維：1.誠正思維（Integrity）、2.承諾思維（Involvement）、3.智價思維(Intelligence)、4.遠見思維（Insight）、5.整合思維（Integration）。 所謂有效的危機管理，是一項非常重要且非常複雜的動態管理過程，組織若欲對危機作有效管理，首先要建立「凡事豫則立，不豫則廢」的正確態度來面對危機，再以長期規劃的觀點來對組織可能發生的危機作準備，並建構一套周詳的危機管理策略，從不斷學習的過程中來達到危機管理的成效。 在知識經濟時代下，領導人於混亂的資訊中容易迷失方向，而流於主觀與偏見，筆者對領導者核心能力之建構，歸結出下列數點結論，以期掌握工作本質與全貌。 一、 知識經濟的體認 二、創造競爭優勢 三、核心能力的發展與落實 四、企業家精神的培育 五、領導能力的提昇 六、策略整合與協同工作

產業結構轉變，使得勞動保護法原所預想的勞工圖像造成變化， 及該保護設計漸不相吻合。知識經濟對於產業勞動關係之影響，產 生如行、職業分類標準，勞動基準法一體適用性，勞動關係從屬性 等衝擊；工作時間彈性化，工作壓力與工作滿足，工會發展之衝擊， 移動自由引起之問題等議題。今日，於知識工作者之定義仍眾說分 歧下，筆者從現行職場已出現非典型之勞動者這一塊，探究該知識工作者其勞動法制面如何因應，然為使焦點集中，故以個別勞動關係、集體個別勞動關係、工作環境權等勞動法制為核心進行探討。 就知識經濟下及多元社會發展下，立法者未來對於該勞動法制 之釐訂，或更須多加審視立法對象之個別情形。知識經濟下，非典 型勞動者中，知識工作者之工作型態已不同以往，由於其工作投入 源自於智力，完成工作之時間，已非傳統之計算方式可加以適用。 因此，管理者對於該知識工作者，已有對其工作時間採彈性規定， 對其工作成果採責任制導向等。故於時間規範，宜由勞資雙方自行協商。於勞工職業安全方面，知識工作者可能因工作產生精神壓力並造成心理方面之疾病，對此，國際組織及我國主管機關未來對於此種新興疾病，除瞭解其形成原因外，更須加以有效防範與採取解決之道，以謀勞動者之心理健康。 關於知識工作者其團體勞動意識之凝聚力如何加強的問題，或 應先探究勞動者成立工會之主要本質，即其須有明確之團體利益導向。因此，該組織之各知識工作者，因某事件而形成明確團體利益之意識下，則工會組織才會對其發揮作用，接續談及的團體協商、 爭議權之行使才有意義。而對於無工會之企業，應強調該企業健全 人力資源發展之重要，因為在人力資源發展良好的企業裡，其相對 會為員工設立健全內部申訴管道，如此或應可相當地解決員工之困 擾，消弭問題之滋衍。對於知識工作者因移動自由，不管是人權、團體勞動權利，皆有可類推適用之保障規範，然當該知識工作者因涉及涉外要素之民事事件時，則產生國際裁判管轄權之問題。而按法律行為發生涉外關係時，有關當事人自主原則，此時應判定其為「國際私法之當事人意思自主原則」，抑或「實體法上之當事人意思自主原則」，因為適時區別對該知識工作者權益會有所助益。 關鍵字：知識經濟、勞動關係、知識工作者、非典型勞動者 / Abstract Because of industrial structure transformation, it causes to change that the laborer image which the labour protection law originally expected to, and then the protection design gradually does not tally. Knowledge economy has its influence regarding industrial labour relations on the impacts of the occupation classification standard, labour standards law applying to all, the subservience of labour relations, and so on; the issues of the working time flexibly, working pressure and work satisfies, the impact of the trade union development, the causing problems of moving freely, etc. Nowadays, there are still different definitions to the knowledge workers, the author inquires into the labour laws how to built in about the knowledge workers that belong to the non－typical labours from the present duty field, however, for the point to be centralized, I focus on the individual labor relations, collective individual labor relations, and working environment rights, etc. Under the knowledge economy and a great diversity of social development, the legislators designing the labour laws in the future have to carefully examine the legislation object about the individual situation. On the knowledge economy，for the knowledge workers of non- typical workers, their working patterns have been differently than ever, as a result of their work investment source from to intelligence, the time about completing the work, it is not suitable for computing by traditional mode. Regarding this kind of knowledge workers, superintendents take flexible working time, pick the responsibility system guidance to their work achievement, etc. So to the code of conduct about time standard, it suitably voluntarily consults by labor both sides. To labour professional safety aspect, the knowledge workers possibly have the spiritual pressure and creating the psychological disease, the International organization and the government in Taiwan for this kind of emerging disease in the future, should understand its the reason of forming, also have to perform effectively and adopt ways of the solution, and seek for psychologically healthy of the workers. The question about the cohesive force of association consciousness for the knowledge workers how to strengthen , perhaps we should first inquire into the main essence about the labours why they set up the trade union, namely they must have the association benefit guidance. Therefore, the organization of various knowledge workers forms the association benefit consciousness under some event, then the labor union can display its function, continues the association which refers to consult, the dispute power enable significance. But regarding the enterprise that has no trade union founded, it should emphasize the sound human resources development, because of doing so, it relatively can set up the perfect internal appeal pipeline for the staff, and perhaps be possible to solve staff puzzle , extinguishes the question to incite spreads out. Regarding the moving freedom of knowledge workers, no matter what the human rights, the association right to labour, All the knowledge workers could be suitable the safeguard standards, however, when they involve in the foreign affairs about the essential factor of the civil event, thus causing the question of the international umpire jurisdiction. But according to the legal act which touches on foreign affairs, concerned independent principle of litigant, this should determine it is “The meaning independent principle of Litigant at the international private law”, or “In substantive law, the meaning independent principle of litigant”, for it is helpful to distinguish them at the right moment for these knowledge workers’rights. Keywords：Knowledge economy, Labour Relations, Knowledge worker, Non- typical worker

In this thesis, I draw on the particular experiences of Indian hi-tech immigrants arriving in a growing Canadian technological cluster, the Waterloo Region, located in south-western Ontario. This bilateral pattern of international labour migration between India and Canada reflects both nationsʼ efforts to enhance their economic competitiveness in a global knowledge economy: India as a global exporter and Canada as an importer of knowledge professionals. The stereotypical association of Indian nationals with technology work brings both restrictions and opportunities for Indian hi-tech immigrants navigating a racialised as well as gendered technology labour market in the Waterloo Region. My main aim is to reveal a microcosm of gendered negotiations involving individual economic migrants, their skilled spouses, their employers and the welfare state, particularly in the guise of officials regulating migration and access to childcare. The complex set of individual behaviours, ideologies, attitudes and practices all contribute to the emergence and maintenance of, as well as challenges to, particular gendered divisions of productive and reproductive work among these new entrants to Canada, as they lose the significant employment, social and familial networks and supports that typically are available in India. These Indian newcomer families view their responsibilities to their family to be as significant as their engagement in the Canadian labour market, as well as the advancement of their individual careers. In practice, however, familial responsibilities remain a more significant aspect of womenʼs lives, reproducing gendered divisions of both paid and unpaid work that mirror traditional gender roles and ideologies. The labour market participation of this particular group of Indian hi-tech immigrants, and especially professional immigrant mothers, is limited by the non-recognition of foreign credentials and cultural and/or racial discrimination but perhaps to an even greater extent by the lack of sufficient provisions for reproductive work under Canadaʼs liberal welfare state.

La valorisation des résultats est considérée comme un objectif prioritaire du service public de la recherche depuis maintenant trente ans. Ce phénomène s’est encore accentué avec l’émergence de l’économie de la connaissance. Les productions immatérielles de la recherche scientifique sont désormais clairement perçues comme des richesses qu’il convient d’exploiter sur un marché pour générer de la croissance.Pour atteindre cet objectif, les acteurs de la recherche publique sont encouragés par les pouvoirs publics à mobiliser les mécanismes de la propriété intellectuelle, en rupture avec le modèle de science ouverte. Le recours à la propriété intellectuelle pour les besoins de la valorisation fait ainsi naître une tension entre, d’une part, une logique économique et entrepreneuriale et, d’autre part, les normes d’ouverture et de partage qui prévalaient jusqu’alors au sein la recherche scientifique publique.La présente étude se propose d’examiner les rapports complexes qu’entretient la propriété intellectuelle en tant qu’institution juridique avec la mission de valorisation des résultats de la recherche publique. Les points de contact sont en effet nombreux, qu’il s’agisse de délimiter ce qui, au sein des résultats, peut être approprié et selon quelles modalités, d’identifier qui, parmi les acteurs de la recherche, doit être considéré comme propriétaire, ou encore de favoriser le transfert des résultats vers le secteur industriel et commercial. Il apparaîtra que la logique et les mécanismes de la propriété intellectuelle ne sont pas incompatibles avec les normes de la recherche publique. Au contraire, la propriété intellectuelle doit être considérée comme un instrument privilégié dans la mesure où elle aménage un équilibre subtil entre réservation et diffusion des connaissances qui répond parfaitement aux objectifs de la valorisation / For the last thirty years, valorisation of research results has been deemed a main objective for public research organisations. This trend has been emphasised by the emergence of a knowledge-based economy. Immaterial productions of scientific research are now plainly seen as assets that need to be used on the market to encourage growth.In order to achieve this goal, public research stakeholders are pressed by authorities to summon intellectual property rights, in contradiction with the open science model. The use of intellectual property rights for the needs of valorisation gives rise to a tension between a business-oriented perspective and the norms of sharing and openness that prevail among the scientific community.The aim of this thesis is to study the intricate interactions existing between intellectual property and valorisation of public research results. There are numerous points of contact, such as defining what is subject matter for intellectual property among scientific research results and who is entitled to the intellectual property rights, or fostering the technology transfer toward industry. It will be shown the mechanisms underlying intellectual property do not collide with the norms of public research. Quite the opposite, intellectual property is to be favoured since it can provide public research organisations with a subtle balance between reservation and dissemination of knowledge, hence fulfilling the goals of valorisation