Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-03T19:00:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TEXTO FINAL.pdf: 941406 bytes, checksum: 7fa4b2e89b6c1f051c94eeb58042fbdd (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T19:00:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TEXTO FINAL.pdf: 941406 bytes, checksum: 7fa4b2e89b6c1f051c94eeb58042fbdd (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / This dissertation intends to analyze the attribution of the juridical category of “person” to the unborn child in the context of the juridical-philosophical formulation of meanings attributed to the term person, from the Roman tradition until the context of the crisis of legal security by codification in which the dignity is juridically chosen as a value of the human person. In Roman law, the concept of the person (persona) was not endowed from the abstract, how it was attributed by the Pandectistic of the 19th century, but embraced the human being concretely in his multiple dimensions, inclusively considering itself as such the unborn child, to which was guaranteed the rights in view of his birth. In regard of axiom conceptus pro iam nato habetur, based in the roman treatment given to the unborn, emerged two interpretations: one, more faithful to the Justinian tradition, which recognizes the concrete reality of the unborn child and equates him to the already born, and the other, abstract, sustained by the Pandectistic and based on the thoughts of Savigny, which considers the parity between the unborn and the born simply a mere fiction. This latter interpretation influenced the elaboration of many civil codes like the German and the Brazilian Code of 1916, both of which determined that the natural personhood can be attributed only when the child is born alive. The idea of personhood while a simple legal attribution withdraws itself from the philosophical tradition that considers the person in his ontological aspects, a fact that deserves to be recognized as primary in the juridical planning. The principle of human dignity, incorporated in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 as the foundation of the Republic, serves as an indication of an ‘ethical personalism’ which reflects itself in personal rights, providing elements to enlarge the semantic content of the juridical concept of person, recognizing the personal dignity of the unborn child, as done in the ‘Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica’ (American Convention on Human Rights), to singularize the juridical personhood as a right and the unborn child as a person. Keywords:

Propõe-se estudo teórico com o objetivo de examinar a extensão e os limites da proteção jurídica concedida aos nascituros no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Há décadas a doutrina nacional se debruça acerca da exegese mais adequada do art. 4 do Código Civil de 1916, que, atualmente, corresponde ao art. 2 do Código Civil, com pequenas modificações textuais, mas sem alterar substancialmente o dispositivo. O Código Civil aparentemente optou pela atribuição da personalidade civil somente após o nascimento com vida, assegurando, contudo, os direitos do nascituro desde a concepção. O próprio Código Civil prevê expressamente direitos ao nascituro, como o direito a se beneficiar de doação e herança, o direito ao reconhecimento de paternidade e o direito à curatela. Nas últimas décadas outras leis infraconstitucionais reforçaram a proteção do nascituro, para resguardar direitos próprios do nascituro, entre eles o direito à assistência pré-natal, o direito à saúde e à integridade física e o direito aos alimentos. Não obstante, é costumeira a consciência de que o reconhecimento desses direitos pressupõe a concessão da personalidade civil desde a concepção, visto que a titularidade deles dependeria do gozo pleno da personalidade. Embora, pelo perfil do interesse, não haja óbice ao reconhecimento de situações patrimoniais, existenciais e dúplices, que podem ser titularizadas pelo nascituro, a preocupação do legislador nacional sempre se centrou nos aspectos patrimoniais. Diante da existência de situações jurídicas subjetivas merecedoras de proteção por parte do ordenamento jurídico titularizáveis pelos nascituros, pretende-se identificar e revelar os direitos extrapatrimoniais do ente por nascer como merecedores de tutela no direito brasileiro. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, observada a metodologia do direito civil constitucional, serão examinados os conceitos de nascituro, bem como as teorias existentes sobre os direitos que lhe são assegurados, com vista à possibilidade de proteção de seus direitos existenciais / The proposal is a theoretical study with the objective of examining the extent and limits of the legal protection granted to the unborn in the Brazilian legal system. For decades, the national doctrine deals about the most appropriate exegesis of art. 4 (1) of the Civil Code of 1916, which, currently, corresponds to art. 2 (1) of the Civil Code, with small textual changes, but without substantial changes. The Civil Code apparently opted for attribution of civil personality only after birth with life, ensuring, however, the rights of the unborn child from conception. The Civil Code itself expressly provides for rights to the unborn child, such as, for example, the right to benefit from donations and inheritance, the right to recognition of paternity and the right curatorship. In recent decades other federal laws reinforced the protection of the unborn child to safeguard their rights, such as, for example, the right to pre-natal care, right to health and physical integrity and alimony rights. Nevertheless, it is usual to realize that the recognition of these rights requires the granting of civil personality from conception, since the entitlement to such rights would depend on the full enjoyment of civil personality. Although, by the profile of interest, there is no obstacle to the recognition of economic, existential or multiple situations, that can be held by the unborn child, the concern of the national legislator always focused on economic aspects. Before the existence of subjective legal situations deserving of protection on the part of the legal system attributed to the unborn, this work aims to identify and disclose the non-economic rights of the unborn as being worthy of protection in Brazilian law. Through bibliographic research, observed the civil-constitutional methodology of civil law, there will be examined the concepts of unborn children, as well as the existing theories about the rights which are guaranteed, with a view to the possibility of protecting their existential rights.

Few issues divide leaders and policy-makers as much as abortion, which regularly sparks heated political, religious and philosophical debates. Numerous states choose to prohibit or criminalize abortion, despite the fact that it has been practiced throughout recorded history. In many of these states, women turn to unsafe abortion methods, such as consuming bleach or inserting a coat hanger, which may cause long-term damage or death. In the light of this tragic reality, one could ask whether these women have a right to safe abortion in human rights law or not. In order to answer this question, the author analyzes the status of abortion in public international law. The results are based on a thorough examination of the preparatory works (travaux préparatoires) and reservations to CEDAW, CRC, ECHR, and ICCPR, as well as documents by international and regional treaty bodies. The author applies a treaty-based international law methodology, analyzes the results through Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin’s theory of the public and private distinction in public international law and discusses the juridical- political context. The author concludes that there is neither an explicitly formulated human right to abortion, nor is abortion included within the right to family planning. However, she finds that domestic legislation which criminalizes or restrict access to safe abortions may be in violation of other fundamental human rights.

Propõe-se estudo teórico com o objetivo de examinar a extensão e os limites da proteção jurídica concedida aos nascituros no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Há décadas a doutrina nacional se debruça acerca da exegese mais adequada do art. 4 do Código Civil de 1916, que, atualmente, corresponde ao art. 2 do Código Civil, com pequenas modificações textuais, mas sem alterar substancialmente o dispositivo. O Código Civil aparentemente optou pela atribuição da personalidade civil somente após o nascimento com vida, assegurando, contudo, os direitos do nascituro desde a concepção. O próprio Código Civil prevê expressamente direitos ao nascituro, como o direito a se beneficiar de doação e herança, o direito ao reconhecimento de paternidade e o direito à curatela. Nas últimas décadas outras leis infraconstitucionais reforçaram a proteção do nascituro, para resguardar direitos próprios do nascituro, entre eles o direito à assistência pré-natal, o direito à saúde e à integridade física e o direito aos alimentos. Não obstante, é costumeira a consciência de que o reconhecimento desses direitos pressupõe a concessão da personalidade civil desde a concepção, visto que a titularidade deles dependeria do gozo pleno da personalidade. Embora, pelo perfil do interesse, não haja óbice ao reconhecimento de situações patrimoniais, existenciais e dúplices, que podem ser titularizadas pelo nascituro, a preocupação do legislador nacional sempre se centrou nos aspectos patrimoniais. Diante da existência de situações jurídicas subjetivas merecedoras de proteção por parte do ordenamento jurídico titularizáveis pelos nascituros, pretende-se identificar e revelar os direitos extrapatrimoniais do ente por nascer como merecedores de tutela no direito brasileiro. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, observada a metodologia do direito civil constitucional, serão examinados os conceitos de nascituro, bem como as teorias existentes sobre os direitos que lhe são assegurados, com vista à possibilidade de proteção de seus direitos existenciais / The proposal is a theoretical study with the objective of examining the extent and limits of the legal protection granted to the unborn in the Brazilian legal system. For decades, the national doctrine deals about the most appropriate exegesis of art. 4 (1) of the Civil Code of 1916, which, currently, corresponds to art. 2 (1) of the Civil Code, with small textual changes, but without substantial changes. The Civil Code apparently opted for attribution of civil personality only after birth with life, ensuring, however, the rights of the unborn child from conception. The Civil Code itself expressly provides for rights to the unborn child, such as, for example, the right to benefit from donations and inheritance, the right to recognition of paternity and the right curatorship. In recent decades other federal laws reinforced the protection of the unborn child to safeguard their rights, such as, for example, the right to pre-natal care, right to health and physical integrity and alimony rights. Nevertheless, it is usual to realize that the recognition of these rights requires the granting of civil personality from conception, since the entitlement to such rights would depend on the full enjoyment of civil personality. Although, by the profile of interest, there is no obstacle to the recognition of economic, existential or multiple situations, that can be held by the unborn child, the concern of the national legislator always focused on economic aspects. Before the existence of subjective legal situations deserving of protection on the part of the legal system attributed to the unborn, this work aims to identify and disclose the non-economic rights of the unborn as being worthy of protection in Brazilian law. Through bibliographic research, observed the civil-constitutional methodology of civil law, there will be examined the concepts of unborn children, as well as the existing theories about the rights which are guaranteed, with a view to the possibility of protecting their existential rights.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Maternal smoking is known to cause serious health risks to the unborn child. Recent studies implicate nicotine as the causative factor. Maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation interferes with foetal and neonatal lung growth and development,rendering the lung more susceptible to damage and diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: 1) the effect of maternal exposure to nicotine (1mg/kg BW/day) during all phases of lung development: 2) and vitamin C supplementation (0.5mg/kg BW/day) to prevent the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on lung development in the offspring. This is based on studies in our laboratories which suggested that nicotine reduces the blood and tissue vitamin C content of the mother,thereby rendering the neonate more susceptible to oxidation damage. The chief motivation of this study was to establish whether an anti-oxidant, such as vitamin C, can be administered to smoking pregnant and lactating mothers in order to combat the deleterious effects of nicotine on the lung development of their offspring. It was found that although maternal nicotine exposure had no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring, it did have an effect on the development of the lung, compromising the ability of the lung to act as an organ of gaseous exchange. There was a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange. The change occurred after the lung reached maturation and resembled microscopic emphysema. Vitamin C supplementation was unable to fully protect the neonatal lung against the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure; it however partially protected the neonatal lung against structural deterioration. Supplementation with vitamin C definitely offers possibilities as a prophylactic to combat the detrimental influence of maternal nicotine-exposure on foetal and postnatal lung development.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att utifrån perspektiv på gräsrotsbyråkrati skapa en djupare förståelse för socialsekreterares upplevelser av att arbeta till skydd för det ofödda barnet när mamma missbrukar under graviditeten. För att uppnå studiens syfte har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare genomförts. Det empiriska materialet har med tematisk analys analyserats utifrån Lipskys (1980) teori om gräsrotsbyråkrati samt handlingsutrymme och studien har på så vis genererat en djupare förståelse för socialsekreterarnas upplevelser. Studien har behandlat avsaknaden av riktlinjer och lagstöd, slitningen mellan organisationens ramar och de moraliska värderingarna, samt socialsekreterarnas upplevelse av sitt handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar att det råder en brist på riktlinjer och rutiner för att hantera dessa ärenden, och att socialsekreterarna upplever en avsaknad av lagstöd för att ingripa till skydd för det ofödda barnet när insatser på frivillig väg inte är möjliga, vilket även resulterar i att deras handlingsutrymme blir begränsat eller obefintligt. Detta medför att socialsekreterarna många gånger tvingas välja mellan att gå emot sina moraliska värderingar eller hitta sätt att kringgå lagen. Vidare påvisar studien att socialsekreterarna upplever ansvar för det ofödda barnet trots att de enligt organisationens ramverk egentligen inte har ett ansvar för denne. Att inte kunna agera till skydd för det ofödda barnet, i kombination med omvärldens förväntningar på socialsekreteraren, skapar en stark känsla av frustration. Våra resultat visar därför på ett behov av riktlinjer och rutiner för hur socialsekreterare ska arbeta med det ofödda barnet när mamma missbrukar under graviditeten. Emellertid täcker vår studie bara en liten del av socialsekreterares upplevelser av att arbeta till skydd för det ofödda barnet, varför det finns behov av vidare forskning inom området. Möjligen skulle förståelsen för deras upplevelser berikas av att belysas ur andra perspektiv, såsom makt och etik.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-08T15:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Mittmann.pdf: 887809 bytes, checksum: 84930272d2170c50ba8d348467f47e95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Mittmann.pdf: 887809 bytes, checksum: 84930272d2170c50ba8d348467f47e95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Nenhuma / Os recentes avanços da biotecnologia têm causado forte impacto em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, impulsionando a indagação quanto aos limites éticos a serem respeitados, dando origem à Bioética, denominação que se generalizou como compreensiva de todos os fenômenos relacionados às consequências dos referidos avanços, mesmo que verificados em distintos campos. Pois bem, com a revolução tecnocientífica restou possível verificar a existência, durante a gestação, de fetos portadores de anencefalia. O problema é estabelecerse o aborto (antecipação do parto), quando diagnosticado feto anencéfalo, fere ou não a dignidade humana. Na atualidade, destaca-se no Supremo Tribunal Federal a discussão sobre o assunto na Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 54-8 – proposta pela Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Saúde – a qual busca consolidar que antecipação terapêutica do parto de feto anencéfalo não é aborto sob o manto da inviabilidade, apontando o fato da gestante sofrer tortura psicológica, além da liberdade pessoal dos profissionais da saúde nesses casos. Não obstante, a pesquisa pretende buscar uma resposta sob o prisma constitucional, à luz da dignidade da pessoa humana. O embasamento teórico será o de obras no ramo da bioética, sobretudo de matriz teórica kantiana, como intuito de aceitar o ser humano como uma realidade moral. Será abordado sob o prisma moral, filosófico e jurídico acerca da dignidade humana, com ênfase nos valores sociais da sociedade contemporânea, mapeando, ainda, sobre o início da vida humana, aquisição dos direitos da personalidade, as fases do desenvolvimento do embrião humano, por fim verificando o direito a vida. / Recent advances in biotechnology have made a strong impact on different areas of knowledge, boosting the inquiry regarding the ethical limits to be respected, giving rise to Bioethics, a designation that was generalized as a comprehensive of all phenomena related to the consequences of these advances, even if observed in different fields. Well, with the techno-scientific revolution it remained possible to verify the existence of carrying embryos anencephaly during pregnancy. The problem is to establish whether abortion (earlier delivery) when diagnosed anencephalic fetus, hurts or not human dignity. Currently, there is the Supreme Court discussion on the subject of the Arguing of 54-8 Violation of Fundamental Precept - proposed by the National Confederation of Workers in Health - whichseeks to consolidate the therapeutic delivery anticipation of anencephalic fetus is not abortion under the cloak of unfeasibility, pointing to the fact of the pregnant woman suffering psychological torture, beyond the personal freedom of health professionals in these cases. Nevertheless, the research intends to seek a response under constitutional perspective according the principles of human dignity. The theoretical foundation will be works in the field of bioethics, especially kantian theoretical framework, in order to accept the human being as a moral reality. Will be addressed through the moral, philosophical and legal perspective concerning human dignity, with emphasis on social values of contemporary society, mapping, about the beginning of human life, acquisition of personality rights, the development phases of the human embryo, finally verifying the right to life.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aleksandro Clemente.pdf: 1903186 bytes, checksum: cda10a16cd5837d02e381629d7472268 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-14 / This paper discusses the controversial issue of the abortion legalization in Brazil based on careful analysis of the argument that this would be a necessary measure to address a public health problem, which is: the high rate of maternal mortality caused by the illegal practice of abortion. The subject studied in this academic research seeks to know whether this argument - that the abortion legalization is a necessary measure to address a public health problem - resists a more accurate and rational analysis, even if legal abortion could be upheld by Brazilian legal system. This paper seeks to investigate some hypothesis: 1st - Legalizing abortion is a necessary or proper to reduce the high rate of maternal mortality in Brazil and perfectly compatible with our legal system; 2nd - Legalizing abortion is a necessary or proper to reduce the high rate of maternal mortality in Brazil, however, it have no support in the Brazilian legal system, 3rd - Abortion legalization is no solution to reduce the maternal mortality rate in Brazil, but the Brazilian legal system have no obstacles to such an extent , 4th - The abortion legalization is not a solution to reduce the maternal mortality rate in Brazil and also finds no support in the Brazilian legal system. We analyzed the issue of abortion legalization in Brazil in a rational and objective way, studying Brazilian and also other countries legislation considering the subject. Furthermore, the findings obtained in this study are based on surveys and statistics compiled and disseminated by various institutions - public and private - as well as government agencies, including the Brazilian Health Ministry / O presente trabalho debate a polêmica questão da legalização do aborto no Brasil a partir da análise criteriosa do argumento de que esta seria uma medida necessária para solucionar um problema de saúde pública, qual seja: o alto índice de mortalidade materna ocasionado pela prática do aborto clandestino. A problemática estudada nesta pesquisa acadêmica busca saber se esse argumento - o de que a legalização do aborto é uma medida necessária para solucionar um problema de saúde pública resiste a uma análise mais apurada e racional e, ainda, se a legalização do aborto encontra amparo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. As hipóteses que esse trabalho busca investigar são as seguintes: 1ª Legalizar o aborto é uma medida necessária ou adequada para reduzir o alto índice de mortalidade materna no Brasil e perfeitamente compatível com o nosso ordenamento jurídico; 2ª Legalizar o aborto é uma medida necessária ou adequada para reduzir o alto índice de mortalidade materna no Brasil, porém, não encontra amparo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro; 3ª A legalização do aborto não é solução para reduzir o índice de mortalidade materna no Brasil, embora no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro não haja óbices para tal medida; 4ª A legalização do aborto não é solução para reduzir o índice de mortalidade materna no Brasil e também não encontra amparo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Procuramos analisar a questão da legalização do aborto no Brasil de modo racional e objetivo, estudando a legislação brasileira acerca do assunto e também a legislação de outros países. Além disso, as conclusões obtidas neste trabalho se baseiam pesquisas e estatísticas elaboradas e divulgadas por diversas instituições pública e privadas - bem como por órgãos governamentais, dentre eles o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil

Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig i tidigare forskning som har påvisat att det är skillnad i hälsa mellan kvinnor och män. Vad skillnaden beror på är svår att fastställa och det diskuteras kring om det är det biologiska könet, det som individer föds till eller om det är det sociala könet, det som individer formas till genom kulturen. Det har påvisats att ett barns identitet kan formas tidigt, en så kallad socialisering och tidigare studier visar på olika grader av föräldrars påverkan kring barns socialisering. Syftet var att undersöka blivande föräldrars attityder till att ta reda på det ofödda barnets kön. Metoden som användes var enkätundersökning med både öppna och slutna frågor och därefter gjordes en statistisk analys, totalt var det 241 blivande föräldrar från hela Sverige som deltog i studien. Resultatet påvisar att 75% av deltagarna skulle eller hade tagit reda på det ofödda barnets kön. Den främsta anledningen till att ta reda på könet var för att kunna förbereda inför barnets ankomst. Konklusionen av denna studie visar på att det inte går att dra några slutsatser kring om barnets framtida hälsa påverkas negativt av att blivande föräldrar tar reda på det ofödda barnets kön, samtidigt finns det vetskap om att föräldrars attityd till genus har en verkan på barnet. För ett större djup till förståelse för vilka faktorer som bidrar till viljan att ta reda på barnets kön och om det kan ha en inverkan på barnet, behövs vidare forskning inom området. / The background to this study is based on former research that has found that there is a difference in health between women and men. What this difference depends on is hard to determine and there is a discussion around if it’s the biological sex, what individuals are born to or if it’s the social sex, what individuals are shaped into by the culture. It has been found that a child’s identity can be shaped early, a type of socialization and former research shows different intensity on parents impact on children’s socialization. The purpose was to examined future parents attitudes to find out the unborn child’s sex. The method that was used was a questionnaire with both open and closed questions and then was a statistic analyze made, a total of 241 future parents from Sweden participated in the study. The result found that 75% of the participant wanted to find out the unborn child’s sex. The main reason to find out the sex was to prepare before the child’s arrival. The conclusion of this study shows that it’s not possible to make a conclusion about the unborn child’s future health can have a negative affect because the future parents finds out the unborn child’s sex, at the same time there is knowledge about that parents attitude to gender has an effect on the child. For a greater depth to understanding of which factors that impact to the will of finding out the child’s sex and if it can have an impact on the child, are there a need of further research in the field.

未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴長期被在公領域被乎略。本研究以質性之焦點團體訪談法，分別在臺灣與新加坡進行24個焦點團體進行訪談。其中包括12個沒有信仰者的團體與12個有信仰者的團體，探索其對未岀生胎兒生命尊嚴的看法，以及臺灣與新加坡如何在聯合國、美國、新馬爾薩斯人口學家、優生學家與國際計畫家庭組織（International Planned Parenthood Federation，IPPF)所推動的家庭計畫，因追求經濟成長而選擇人口零成長的政策，導致未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴更行惡化。 / The human dignity of the unborn child remains uncertain in public policy domain. The importance of rethinking public reasonableness becomes unavoidable in the stage of late capitalism and liberal democracy. Political power, knowledge, and participation are three key elements of policymaking. The human dignity of the unborn child is neglected in the process of policymaking of population politics. There are advocators, United Nations, United States, eugenicists, neo-Malthusians and International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) in the process of population policymaking at the international level during the past three decades. This research first attempts to focus on the inter relationship among these five advocators and to review how the unborn child becomes missing within the process of international population policymaking. Secondly, Taiwan and Singapore are two test cases to reveal the policy follower roles who adopt the similar dream of modern states. Thirdly, since the personal religious beliefs play a significant role not only in shaping attitudes, but also in economic development, political stability, sexual morality and gender equality. This research adopts qualitative approach the focus group interview to compare the attitude of human dignity of the unborn child between the faith-based people with non-faith people both in Taiwan and Singapore. In this research 24 focus groups will be organized across Taiwan and Singapore, each country contains 12 groups. Each country contains 6 faith-based focus groups and 6 non-faith focus groups. Attempt to find the difference and similarity of population policy between Taiwan and Singapore and to explore how the religious values and the concept of human dignity of the unborn child excluded in the process of demographic policymaking.