The present thesis analyses and clarifies the phenomenon of hybrid warfare. While the term has established its place in the political lexicon, current definitions and explanations are inadequate and unhelpful. This thesis addresses that shortfall by providing a concise strategic definition and a unifying theory of hybrid warfare. As a thesis grounded in the Realist tradition, the analysis focuses on the strategic implications with a view to aid in practical policy-making. Following a theoretical examination of the context and the intellectual history of the term, hybrid warfare is defined as a deliberately opaque blend of conventional and unconventional warfare. The rules of the international order and its 'guardian powers' are a key to understanding hybrid warfare and this thesis provides that understanding through the concept of the quinity. Based on the trinity, a concept emanating from Clausewitzian thought, the quinity blends traditional notions of war with the contemporary international order. The unique set of circumstances which such a combination creates is then combined with the proposed definition and operationalised through an examination of the defence policies and doctrines of the leading global powers. Hybrid warfare, whether practiced by state-like actors like Hezbollah, or states like Russia and China, can be said to represent the future of warfare, at least in the near- to mid- term. As a form of warfare which is not limited to any one domain, hybrid warfare is examined in its land, air, and maritime iterations by analysing the cases of the 2006 Lebanon War, the 2014 Ukraine crisis, and the South China Sea disputes. Its combination of opaqueness, effectiveness, impact, and strategic surprise makes it a carefully balanced and finely calibrated tool of international coercion.

Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to find out what role the Swedish civilian population is expected to have in the country's total defense and what the civilians are expected to do in cases where there is a high level of preparedness, crisis, or war. This purpose includes finding out if the authorities questioned have varying views of said role.   Method: The research method on which this essay is based in an interview study and a document analysis. The informants are made up by five different Swedish authorities and one municipality.   Material: All the policy documents that this essay analyzes are taken from the government's data base and deal with the various proposals that came about during the closing down of total defense at the turn of the millennium and the rearmament around the mid 2010's. Furthermore, the material also consists of interviews as mentioned above.   Conclusion: The analysis of the various policy documents and the interviews resulted in a clarification of the civilian population's role in total defense. This is because the authorities gave tangible examples of what they believe the civilian population should do in the event of heightened alert, crisis, or war. The previous ambiguity of the role is explained with the help of the policy documents and reflections from the informants. The study is concluded with a discussion about the role of the civilian population and offers suggestions for further research on the role of the civilian population in the Swedish total defense.

This study examines digital media activism during the full-scale war in Ukraine caused by the Russian invasion in 2022, focusing specifically on Instagram content posted by users with connections to Kharkiv city between March 18-25, 2022. Kharkiv was heavily affected by bombings throughout the war.  The theoretical framework combines Bennett and Segerberg’s (2009) theory of connective action with Vegh’s theory of internet activism (2013) and Earl et al.’s (2010) perspective on Vegh’s theory. Additionally, the analysis, observations, and theory review led to the development of an additional category, building upon Bennett and Segerberg’s (2009) theory of connective action.  The research methodology involves a four-step toolkit comprising qualitative content analysis, semiotics (denotation and connotation), and anchorage. The analysis of patterns and classification confirms the high level of involvement in digital media activism by users and reveals differentiation based on the purpose of communication. Semiotic analysis and anchorage demonstrate the intellectual and emotional engagement of Ukrainians in digital society and their efforts to provide information and support.  The study introduces a new classification of digital media activism for content analysis and establishes a new category within the theoretical framework. It expands possibilities for future research on digital media activism and online activity during war or similar life-threatening situations. Furthermore, the study presents a methodological toolkit applicable to limited content formats such as Instagram stories, Facebook Stories, and Snapchat.

Balenciaga was one of the most influential fashion brands of 2022. Due to the attention the brand gets in traditional and social media, and their tendency to address political issues during their fashion shows, I consider it relevant to analyse what the brand communicates ideologically. Hence, this study aims to investigate what ideological values are portrayed through audio-visual elements in Balenciaga’s marketing of the Winter 22 collection. A multimodal critical discourse analysis was made on the Winter 22 runway show and campaign video – with support from theories concerning semiotics, discourse, ideology, hegemony, and brand positioning.   The study resulted in four ideological discursive main themes: climate, flight, celebrities, and fashion. Throughout the material a climate discourse was seemingly produced using extreme weather such as snowstorm, flooding, and drought. Grave-looking models walking through a snowstorm in impractical clothing, and the reading of a pro-Ukraine poem gave rise to a flight discourse – a flight caused by climate change or war. The campaign video had a visual focus on celebrities known for their work in popular culture or sports. A fourth pervading theme was fashion, showing a fixation on appearance despite harsh circumstances. These main discourses were used in a marketing genre implicating Balenciaga used climate change and social and political issues to generate more sales. Altogether, in the marketing of the Winter 22 collection Balenciaga used discourses regarding climate, flight, celebrities, and fashion to reproduce the western society’s hegemonic ideologies such as capitalism, materialism, consumerism, individualism, and elitism.

In the light of the ongoing war in Ukraine, the present study has studied the swedish upper secondary school students' perceptions of the subject of social studies. More precisely, the purpose of the study has been to investigate whether the students feel that the subject of social studies - and teaching has been of any use in terms of understanding the prevailing external situation. In the case of the study, the focus group interview has become the methodology that the undersigned found particularly relevant to the purpose of the study [...].

Kriget i Ukraina har nu pågått i mer än ett år och medfört stort lidande, framför allt för den ukrainska civilbefolkningen. Detta krig orsakar även omfattande skador på miljön och olika icke-mänskliga aktörer inom denna. Vilket övervakas och rapporteras av både ukrainska myndigheter och internationella forskare. Kriget är mycket välbevakat av internationell massmedia, vars rapporter gällande kriget och effekterna av det utgör det grundläggande materialet för denna kritiska diskursanalys. Syftet med denna analys var att identifiera vilka värden som diskuterades av media och om krigets miljöpåverkan inkluderades i denna diskussion. Vidare syftade en fördjupning inom analysen till att undersöka om det fanns kunskapsluckor i mediediskursen gällande krigets miljöpåverkans potentiella effekter på de värden som bedömdes som centrala i diskursen. Analysen genomfördes på ett material bestående av 10 texter som hämtats från Svenska Dagbladets ledarsida. Inom analysen identifierades 10 värden; Hälsa, Ekonomi, Kultur, Politik, Internationell handel, Miljö, Religion, Samhällsfunktioner, Mänskliga rättigheter och Krigsförbrytelser. Analysen gjordes utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på politisk ekologi, posthumanism samt teorier kring diskurs respektive ecocide som begrepp. Detta pekade på att samtliga 10 värden diskuterades ur ett rent antropocentriskt och humanistiskt perspektiv. I den fördjupade analysen diskuteras det faktum att det förekommer kunskapsluckor i diskursen, och att potentiella miljörelaterade hot har identifierats som relevanta gällande diskursen för 7 av de 10 värdena. Hälsa, Mänskliga rättigheter, Ekonomi, Internationell handel, Politik, Miljö och Krigsförbrytelser. Hoten förekommer främst i form av omfattande kemiska föroreningar samt topografiska och hydrologiska störningar. Vidare diskuteras även möjligheterna för lagföring av krigsförbrytelser i form av grova miljöbrott via den juridiska definitionen av ecocide. / The war in Ukraine have now been waged for over a year and caused great suffering, especially for the civilian population. But it also causes great damage to the en-vironment and non-human actors within it. Which is being monitored and reported by both Ukrainian authorities and international researchers. The war is well covered by international media, whose reports regarding the war and its effects is the material for this Critical Discourse Analysis. The objective of this study was to identify what values were being discussed by the media, and if the environmental ef-fects were portrayed. The analysis further explored the more in-depth question regarding if the environmental effects of the war could pose a risk to the values that were deemed central within the media discourse. The analysis was conducted upon a material consisting of 10 texts, collected from the editorial pages of the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. During the analysis 10 values were identified: Health, Econ-omy, Culture, Politics, International Trade, Environment, Religion, Community func-tions, Human rights, and War crimes. The analysis was conducted using a theoretical framework consisting of political ecology, posthumanism and theories regarding the terms discourse and ecocide. The analysis pointed to the fact that all 10 values were discussed from a purely anthropocentric and humanism-based perspective. Within the in-depth analysis the discussion states that there are knowledge gaps in the discourse, and that potential environmental threats can be identified as relevant to the discourse regarding 7 of the 10 values. Health, Human rights, Economy, International Trade, Politics, Environment, and War crimes. The threats mainly consist of extensive chemical pollution and topographic and hydrological disturbances. Furthermore, the discussion also includes the possibilities of prosecution of war crimes in the form of large scale environmental crime, through the juridic definition of ecocide.

The supply chain is the underlying process which enablescompanies and customers to exchange goods and services. Centralto a functional supply chain is its resilience against disruptions.Resilience in the supply chain is its capability to prevent, manageand recover from disruptions. The last couple of years has beencharacterized by events that have caused disturbances in the supplychain. This study is set to research how two Swedish companieshave managed three specific disruptions, the Covid-19 pandemic,the blocking of the Suez Canal and the ongoing war in Ukraine. Thepurpose of this paper is to contribute with knowledge and researchabout resilience in the supply chain and how companies can adaptin a volatile world with unpredictable events that may occur. Themethod used consists of semi-structured interviews with the casecompanies and collection of literature and previous research withinthe research area. The results from the study presents that thecompany operating in the retail industry main strategy is tomaintain a transparent communication to its suppliers as well ascustomers in order to maintain a high level of certainty in its supplychain. The company operating in the forest industry explained inthe interview that the company prioritizes a high level of self-sufficiency in raw materials, energy and transportation in order tomaintain a high level of certainty in the supply chain. The resultalso explains that cooperation between the three abilities, prevent,manage and recover from disruptions is the foundation tomaintaining a high level of certainty in the supply chain. The studycontributes with insights on how companies are affected by andmanage the ongoing situation in Ukraine, with the supply chain as astarting point. / Försörjningskedjan är den bakomliggande processen som möjliggörför utbyte av varor och tjänster mellan företag och kunder. Centraltför en fungerande försörjningskedja är att den är resilient motstörningar. Resiliens i försörjningskedjan handlar om förmågan attförebygga, hantera och återhämta sig från störningar. De senasteåren har präglats av händelser som har orsakat störningar iförsörjningskedjan. Denna studie undersöker hur två svenskaföretag har hanterat tre specifika störningar, Covid-19 pandemin,stoppet i Suezkanalen samt det pågående kriget i Ukraina. Syftetmed detta arbete är att bidra till kunskapen och forskningen omresiliens i försörjningskedjor och hur företag kan anpassa sig till envolatil värld med oförutsägbara händelser som uppstår. Metodenutgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fallföretagen ochinsamling av litteratur samt tidigare forskning inomforskningsområdet. Studiens resultat visar att företaget som verkarinom livsmedelsindustrin främst arbetar med att bibehållatransparent kommunikation till sina leverantörer och kunder för attupprätthålla en hög nivå av tillförlitlighet i sin försörjningskedja.Företaget som verkar i skogsindustrin anger i intervjun att företagetprioriterar en hög självförsörjningsgrad på råvaror, energi ochtransport för att upprätthålla en hög nivå av tillförlitlighet iförsörjningskedjan. Studiens resultat redogör dessutom attsamverkan mellan de tre förmågorna, förebygga, hantera ochåterhämta sig från störningar är grunden till att uppnå hög nivå avtillförlitlighet i försörjningskedjan. Studien bidrar bland annat medinsikter om hur företag påverkas och bemöter den rådandesituationen i Ukraina med försörjningskedjan som utgångspunkt.

Sammanfattning: Bristen på luftmaktsteorier för småstater har medfört att de oftast försökt använda sig av luftmaktsteorier för stormakter. Med allt snabbare teknikutveckling och utveckling i militärt tänkande har chanserna ökat för att en småstat ska kunna använda luftmakt till en strategisk fördel mot en stormakt. Genom att småstaten kan utnyttja asymmetriska fördelar med sina förmågor inom luftmakt kan småstaten utmana motståndarens dominans på slagfältet. För att åstadkomma detta måste småstatens säregenskaper och tillgängliga resurser omhändertas i luftmaktsteorierna. Studiens syfte är att studera det första året i kriget mellan Ukraina och Ryssland och pröva två luftmaktsteorier skrivna för småstater ur ukrainskt och ryskt perspektiv avseende luftstridskrafterna. Det två teorierna som prövas är Shaun Clarkes SPOT-paradigm och Arash Pashakhanlous the Underdog´s Model. Studien visar att Pashakhanlous luftmaktsteori kan till del förklara Ukrainas användning av luftstridskrafter men belägg saknas för att förklara Rysslands användning av teorin. Vad avser Clarkes SPOT-paradigm så saknas belägg för användning från båda länderna. Till del kan det förklaras med att Ukrainas militära stöd haft begränsningar att bara användas över ukrainskt territorium.

Transnational population migration is a multifaceted phenomenon that has been shaping human history and continues to shape the world today. War and conflict are among the major drivers of forced migration. The full-scale war waged by Russia on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 caused an unprecedented mass migration of the Ukrainian population with millions of refugees scattered across Europe. This study explores migration decisions, education strategies, and experiences of Ukrainian wartime refugees with school-aged children in Sweden. Taking a qualitative approach and following the sociological tradition of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the study examines what considerations determined the families’ decisions to leave Ukraine and seek refuge in Sweden; how the families navigate the Swedish school system and perceive the changes in their children’s education trajectories caused by the war and migration; and how various forms of the families’ capital shape the children’s migration and education trajectories in wartime. Data collection involved 20 qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews with parents of school-aged children who left Ukraine after 24 February 2022 and at the time of data collection, were living in Sweden. The findings reveal the following: (1) migration decisions of the families were driven by the perceived immediate threat to life and physical integrity for some, and by the increasing uncertainty caused by the war for others; (2) their routes to Sweden were to a great extent determined by the earlier accumulated social capital in the form of personal contacts, but also by work-related arrangements, and by random volunteers encountered in other European countries; (3) at the time of heading to Sweden, the country was widely perceived by the families as a child-friendly destination; (4) the families’ practices of navigating the Swedish school system appear to depend on the volume and composition of their capital and can be categorised as the Proactive, the Reliant, and the Oblivious; (5) the families’ perceptions of the changes in their children’s education trajectories caused by the war and migration are characterised by ambivalence leading to some of the children’s “double schooling” in Sweden and in Ukraine as the families struggle to establish and/or maintain their social standing in both countries. The study is among the first to explore the migration decisions and experiences of Ukrainian refugees in the context of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first to explore the experiences of Ukrainian refugee families of Swedish schools. It adds to the existing body of literature on the forced migration and education of refugee children by shedding light on the lived experiences of transitioning from one education system to the other at a time of war and uncertainty.