Författarna till uppsatsen hade i sin kliniska erfarenhet liknande upplevelser kring en bristfällig adressering av trauma i patienters historia samt en känsla av ökande antal ADHD-diagnoser. Tankar och funderingar uppstod kring om det förelåg samband mellan dessa tillstånd och hur trauma används i den kliniska verkligheten. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka upplevelsen av klinisk utredning gällande trauma och ADHD hos psykologer verksamma på BUP, samt undersöka om psykologer på BUP upplever ett eventuellt samband mellan trauma och ADHD samt om trauma förbises inom klinisk utredning till förmån för ADHD. Inom ramen för dessa frågor genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med psykologer verksamma på BUP vid olika regioner i Sverige. Den insamlade datan bearbetades genom tematisk analys. Resultatet redovisas genom de tre huvudteman som identifierats: Vad är trauma egentligen?; Symtomöverlapp; Att hitta eller inte hitta trauma, det är frågan. Det framkom att trauma är brett och svårdefinierat, underdiagnostiserat sett till de manualer som finns tillgängliga och tenderar att undvikas i kliniskt arbete. Resultatet visade också att ADHD troligtvis är både över- och underdiagnostiserat och är en diagnos där det inte råder samstämmighet kring etiologi. Det är också tydligt att de två tillstånden har ett omfattande symtomöverlapp och att differentieringen mellan dem är mycket problematisk. Slutsatser som dras utifrån resultatet innefattar att psykologer vid BUP dels upplever att trauma förbises vid klinisk utredning och dels att ADHD felaktigt kan tillskrivas i vissa kontexter när trauma föreligger som primär problembild för patienten. / The authors of the study had similiar experiences from their clinical work regarding an insufficient focus on trauma in patients history and a feeling that the number of ADHD-diagnosis was increasing. Questions emerged about whether there was a connection between the two conditions and how trauma is used in clinical practice. The main purpose of the study was to examine psychologists experience of clinical assessment regarding trauma and ADHD working within the child and adolescent psychiatry, as well as examining if psychologists experience a possible connection between trauma and ADHD and if trauma is overlooked in clinical assesment in favor of the ADHD-diagnosis. Eight semistructured interviews with psychologists working at child and adolescent psychiatry in Sweden was carried out. The collected data was processed through thematic analysis. It emerged that trauma has a wide understanding and is difficult to define, that it is underdiagnosed looking at the manuals available and tends to be avoided in clinical work. The findings also showed that ADHD probably is both over- and underdiagnosed and that it’s a diagnosis where there is not unanimity regarding etiology. It is also clear that these two conditions have a symtom overlap that is extensive and differentiating between the two is very difficult. Conclusions drawn from the findings include that psychologists working within child and adolescent psychiatry experience partly that trauma is overlooked in clinical assessment and partly that ADHD may be ascribed inadequately in certain contexts when the primary problem for the patient is trauma.

The goals of Swedish integration policy consist of equal rights, obligations and opportunities for all, regardless of ethnic and cultural background. However, previous research shows that there is an inequality between native Swedes and refugees in terms of living standards. In addition, it appears that there is frustration over the shortcomings of social work practice in terms of the challenges surrounding integration. From a refugee perspective on integration in Sweden, the study aims to achieve an in-depth understanding from some of those who live in the reality of integration. A thematic analysis has been carried out on secondary data to achieve the purpose of examining Syrian refugees' experiences of what is important and what constitutes an obstacle to integration. The results show that relationships with Swedes appear to be the most significant factor for feeling integrated as a refugee. Stereotypes and prejudices, lack of language skills and settlement location appears to lead to social and spatial isolation for many refugees. Experiences of a randomized system at the Swedish authorities also appears to lead to mistrust of the authorities that are set to cooperate for integration. Finally, it appears that the process of asylum and establishment entails many psychological strains, causing experiences of passivity in the integration process. Finally, the results have been analyzed in relation to previous research and the theoretical concepts of social capital, with focus on Putnam’s distinction between bonding and bridging social capital, stereotypes and prejudices. / De svenska integrationspolitiska målen utgörs av lika rättigheter, skyldigheter och möjlighet för alla oavsett etnisk och kulturell bakgrund. Det framkommer däremot i tidigare forskning att det finns en ojämlikhet mellan infödda svenskar och flyktingar vad gäller levnadsstandard. Därtill framkommer att det råder frustration över det sociala arbetets tillkortakommanden vad gäller utmaningar kring integrationen. I studien intas flyktingars perspektiv på integration i Sverige, med målet att uppnå en fördjupad förståelse från några av dem som lever i integrationens verklighet. En tematisk analys har genomförts på sekundärdata för att uppnå syftet att undersöka syriska flyktingars upplevelser om vad som är betydelsefullt samt utgör hinder i integrationen. Av resultatet framkommer att relationer till svenskar framkommer vara den mest betydande faktorn för att som flykting uppleva sig integrerad. Stereotyper och fördomar, bristande språkkunskaper samt bosättning uppges innebära en social och spatial isolering för många flyktingar. Det framkommer vidare att upplevelser av ett slumpmässigt system hos de svenska myndigheterna föranleder misstro till de myndigheter som är satta att samarbeta för integration. Slutligen framkommer att asyl- och etableringsprocessen medför flertalet psykiska påfrestningar, något som påtalas föranleda upplevelser av passivitet inför den egna integrationsprocessen. Resultatet har slutligen analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning, de teoretiska begreppen socialt kapital, med fokus på Putnams distinktion av sammanlänkande och överbryggande socialt kapital, samt stereotyper och fördomar.

Föreliggande studies syfte var att undersöka yrkesverksamma psykologers erfarenheter och hantering av yrkesetiska dilemman kopplat till sociala medier. Studien utgjordes av en kvalitativ ansats och baserades på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Datamaterialet analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys, som mynnade ut i tre huvudteman: Psykologen på sociala medier- föreställningar och förväntningar, Gränser samt Vägledning. Två huvudteman bestod i sin tur av två underteman vardera. Resultatet visade att psykologers erfarenheter av yrkesetiska dilemman bestod av både konkreta erfarenheter och en generell medvetenhet inför potentiella dilemman på sociala medier. De yrkesetiska dilemman som framkom i relation till sociala medier berörde i huvudsak interaktion med patienter, hantering av information om patienter samt självutlämnande information om psykologen. En central aspekt av yrkesetiska dilemman berörde samspelet och gränsdragningen mellan rollen som privatperson och rollen som psykolog på sociala medier. Hanteringen av yrkesetiska dilemman bestod av förebyggande åtgärder och strategier som syftade till att tydliggöra och dra gränser mellan de olika rollerna, där yrkesetiska principer och stöd från arbetsplatsen fungerade vägledande. Studiens resultat kan bidra till att skapa en dialog på arbetsplatser och utbildningar kring etiska dilemman. Därtill belyser studien värdet av en medveten reflektion kring ämnet, vilket kan vara till nytta för den enskilde psykologen i arbetet med patienter. Den kunskap som studien bidrar med kan även vara relevant vid en eventuell uppdatering av Psykologförbundets yrkesetiska principer. / The aim of the present study was to explore psychologists' experiences of ethical dilemmas related to social media, and how these ethical dilemmas are managed. This was explored using a qualitative approach and was based on six semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis, which resulted in three main themes: The psychologist on social media - perceptions and expectations, Boundaries and Guidance. Two of the main themes consisted of two sub-themes each. The results showed that psychologists' experiences of ethical dilemmas consisted of concrete experiences and a general awareness of potential dilemmas on social media. The ethical dilemmas that emerged in relation to social media concerned interaction with patients, managing information about patients and self-disclosing information about the psychologist. A central aspect of ethical dilemmas concerned the interplay and demarcation between the private role and the role as a psychologist on social media. The management of ethical dilemmas consisted of preventive measures and strategies aimed at clarifying and establishing boundaries between the various roles, where ethical principles and support from the workplace acted as a guide. The results of the study can contribute to creating a dialogue in workplaces and educational systems about ethical dilemmas. In addition, the study highlights the value of awareness about the subject, which can be useful for the individual psychologist in working with patients. The study may also act as a basis in an eventual update of the Swedish Psychological Association's professional ethical principles.

This thesis examines how a female politician is being represented in a political parody account on Twitter through a thematic analysis of “Lady Emily Kardashian Duchess of Yiolou” (@edPLOgAQvtTQHJc) Tweets, satirizing the Cypriot Minister of Justice & Public Order Ms. Emily Yiolitis. The analysis of both Tweets and official media outlets, during a fixed period of time, demonstrates how a humorous and at the same time critical act of public discourse, can perform as an expression of political action and a form of activism, which can be approached as a branch of the study of anti-fandom.

In recent years, some of the research within the field of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) seems to have gone through a re-orientation, shifting focus from form to practice. This has highlighted the dynamic nature of languages and identities performed in interaction, leading to the conceptualization of ‘English as a multi-lingua franca’, which refers to placing emphasis on multilingualism in ELF interactions. While much of ELF research has favored in-person spoken interaction, the increasing presence of electronically mediated intercultural communication (EMIC) in society encourages a consideration of online communication as a setting for ELF usage. Online interactions veer between written and spoken communication, thus providing many ways for speakers to express their linguistic identities and show ownership of the language produced. As such, in this paper a temporary multilingual social configuration was observed with regards to participants’ linguistic behavior. Six participants were asked to engage in discussion throughout one week in an online group chat, with the aim of acquiring further insight into how linguistic identity is performed in relation to language ownership and linguistic innovation by ELF speakers within the context of an online environment. The EMIC data was supported by individual interviews that took place prior to the group discussion, and follow-up interviews after the chat had ended. Through a qualitative thematic analysis, the research questions were discussed in relation to the three main focal issues of the study, i.e., linguistic identity, language ownership and linguistic innovation. The findings are in line with recent research that indicate that ELF is a multilingual practice that is shaped by its speakers, as well as the specific context of the interaction.

Traditionella metoder för Safety Management har bidragit till en exceptionellt hög flygsäkerhet. Händelser inom flygindustrin och ökande systemkomplexitet har dock aktualiserat att systemteori kan ge kompletterande perspektiv och bidra till flygsäkerhet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva och förstå piloters och chefers erfarenheter av flygsäkerhet, risk och anpassning av arbetssätt. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med fem piloter och fem flygchefer/Safety Managers i civila flygbolag och Flygvapnet. En induktiv tematisk analysmetod användes. Resultaten identifierade teman för konflikter och motsägelser i de studerade systemen. Resulterande konfliktteman var mellan produktion och säkerhet, ett starkt system och individens roll, standardisering och piloters beslutsutrymme, efterlevnad och flexibilitet, förtroende och avstånd, samt flygsäkerhetskultur och flygsäkerhetsmätning. Systemen som undersöktes uppvisade komplexa egenskaper, vilket visade på en risk för systemolyckor och gjorde systemkonflikter svårare att lösa. Olösta konflikter mellan till exempel produktion och säkerhet var kopplade till organisatorisk och praktisk glidning/avdrift, ibland förvärrad av hemlighållande. Konflikterna uppträdde olika i olika organisationer. Studiens resultat visar på vikten av att använda kvalitativa data för att få flera olika perspektiv, öka systemanpassningsförmågan och övervaka balansen mellan produktion och säkerhet. Storleken på piloternas beslutsutrymme bör medvetet hanteras och tillägg av ytterligare traditionella säkerhetsbarriärer bör utvärderas utifrån påverkan på systemets transparens och komplexitet. / Traditional aviation safety management methods have contributed to exceptional aviation safety. Recent aviation events and increasing system complexity has actualised that a systems theory approach could provide complementary perspectives and contribute to aviation safety. The purpose of the study was to describe and understand pilots’ and managers’ experiences of flight safety, risk and adaptations of work practises. Qualitative interviews were performed with five pilots and five managers/safety managers in civil airlines and an air force. An inductive thematic analysis method was used. The results identified themes of conflicts and contradictions inherent in the aviation systems studied. The conflict themes were production and safety, a strong system and role of the individual, standardisation and discretionary space, compliance and flexibility, trust and distance, and safety culture and safety measurement. The systems studied showed complex characteristics, making them liable to systems accidents and making system conflicts more difficult to solve. Unresolved conflicts such as between production and safety was connected to organisational and practical drift, in some cases compounded by secrecy. The conflicts appeared differently in different organisations. The study results highlight the importance of using qualitative data to gain a multitude of perspectives, increase system adaptability, and monitor the balance between production and safety. The size of the pilots’ discretionary space should be deliberately managed and added traditional safety barriers should be evaluated by their effect on system opaqueness and complexity.

The present study constitutes the qualitative part of a project with aim to evaluate the implementation of Region Skåne’s care program to prevent intimate partner violence. Due to the increasing awareness of youth intimate partner violence in Sweden, the study aim was to evaluate the extent to which the care program has been implemented, as well as what the perceptions of the care program were, in three care settings specialized in young patients. A qualitative focus group study with an inductive approach was chosen. Four focus groups with 12 participants recruited from three care settings specialized in young patients within the region of Skåne county were held. Three of the participants were not explicitly governed by regional guidelines due to working in units which constituted a partnership between the region and the municipality. The data was analysed by using thematic analysis. Two main themes appeared in the findings, with the first being organizational leadership. Factors associated was that the care program had not been fully communicated and/or implemented in any regional unit. Further, the extent to which the professionals had obtained extensive training and/or perceived themselves as supported from the management varied. The second main theme, the clinical practice, reflected the clinical experiences of various types of violence, tasks that could appear challenging such as documenting IPV, screening for IPV online and making reports of concern. The main conclusion is that there are gaps between policy and practice in all contexts where the program is to be used. Recommendations are that organizational leaders should ensure the program to be sufficiently communicated to all professionals, and be responsive to requests for local adjustments and/or insecurities in relation to following the program, in order for neither screenings, nor documentation, nor making reports to fall between the cracks. / Den ingår i en ännu pågående utvärdering av Region Skånes vårdprogram mot våld i nära relationer. Projektet är finansierat av BRÅ.

The master thesis Political mobilization of ethnicity in Rwanda examines the content of radio broadcasts that played an infamous role in spreading the hatred aimed against the Tutsi minority before and during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. For the purposes of this study, the method of thematic analysis was employed. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of the thesis begins with the conceptualization of key terms including their theoretical underpinnings. Following the theoretical part, the next section contains historical analysis of Hutu-Tutsi relationship while mapping both its origins and subsequent development. The second, practical part of this work studies the discourse of Rwandan radio station Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines that played an essential role in inciting hatred towards the Tutsi minority and subsequent Hutu mobilization during the genocide. The core of this part comprises thematic analysis of English radio broadcasts transcripts, which aired in the period of 1993-1994 when this radio existed. The aim of this work is to shed light on how ethnicity was mobilized before and during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Initial understanding of the historical development of a highly complex relationship between the Hutu and the Tutsi will help to explain what caused...

Abstract This study is about revealing the motivational factors of individuals. The aim of this study is to look at an individual's motivational factors through a motivational test called MyNeeds and with the help of a series of qualitative interviews find out if MyNeeds has any scientific validity. MyNeeds has not been used in previousscientific research. Therefore, there is no prior research where the motivational test MyNeeds has been used. The intention of this study is to fill that gap by looking at the differences and similarities that are found in the results of the MyNeeds test and the analysis from the empirical data. Before any interviews could be held digital motivational tests were sent out to the participants. The intent of the motivational tests was to get the results through MyNeeds 6 motivational factors and find out the participants main factors. These results from the participants were later analyzed and compared to the participants'own thoughts through ten semi-structured interviews with questions on the theme motivation. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through an analytical method called thematic analysis. The results of the study was that in 4/9 interviews the results from the motivational test did not match, In 2/9 interviews the results from the motivational test were partially in line with the empirical data, and in 3/9 interviews the results from the motivational test was matching well with the empirical data. This study has added a small scope on an individual's perception of what their main motivators are and how it compares to the motivational test MyNeeds. The results suggest that the individual's perception of their main motivators is not quite a perfect match with the results that the motivational test MyNeeds gave them. However in afew cases (5/9) it did match fairly or very well with the analysis of the empirical data.

The aim of this degree project was to identify motivational orientations among upper-secondary school students in grade 12. A qualitative approach, namely analysis of interviews, was used to explore six participants’ views on and reasons for learning the English language. The interviews were semi-structured where the participants had the opportunity to clarify why they were learning the language, why they had chosen the advanced, optional English 7 course, what they thought about the learning environment and how they will use English in the future. This study also had a secondary aim, which was to explore and understand the differences between the motivational orientation exhibited by high achieving students and low achieving students in the subject English.  The results showed that all the participants were motivated toward a specific goal. The high achieving students possessed integrative and instrumental motivation as they displayed an inherent interest in the cultural community associated with the target language whilst also valuing the practical aspects and benefits that come with being proficient in the language. The low achieving students only possessed instrumental motivation since the English language was learned mainly for practical purposes, travel reasons, or to secure a better job and education in the future. The analysis of the differences between the groups showed that the high achieving students had stronger ties with the English language, and with people speaking the language, than the low achieving students. The results of this study concur with earlier research on integrative orientation and how it helps to promote second language learning. They do not, however, agree with more recent studies conducted in Sweden on integrative and instrumental orientation in upper-secondary English.