Nos próximos 85, no Brasil, espera-se um aumento real de até 6°C na temperatura média do ar, além de uma queda de 5−20% nas taxas de precipitação. Neste sentido, o aquecimento do clima deve sobrepujar adaptações locais, e a sobrevivência dependerá da plasticidade fisiológica das espécies, além de sua capacidade de dispersão. Atualmente, a previsão das respostas ecológicas e fisiológicas dos os organismos a estas alterações compreende um dos principais desafios dos ecofisiologistas. Os lagartos são particularmente sensíveis ao aquecimento global, uma vez que alterações de temperatura podem alterar sua performance para níveis sub−ótimos, restringindo os períodos de atividade com impacto direto em sua história natural. Em lagartos de regiões com baixa variabilidade climática (próximas ao Equador), a baixa resiliência às alterações ambientais, associada a opções restritas de dispersão e habitats cuja temperatura do ar (Ta) seja superior aos seus ótimos termais, entre outros fatores, fazem destas populações as mais vulneráveis ao aquecimento. Neste estudo, foram realizadas análises espaciais e temporais no intuito de avaliar a vulnerabilidade de populações de lagartos do complexo Tropidurus torquatus no Cerrado brasileiro, e se a resiliência é influenciada pela magnitude da flexibilidade intrapopulacional de fisiologia termal e de performance. O estudo consta de três abordagens principais: (1) comparações de dados de temperatura corporal (Tb) e temperatura operativa (Te, temperaturas hipotéticas para termoconformadores); temperaturas corporais preferenciais (Tp média e amplitude dos valores de Tset), e índices quantitativos de regulação de temperatura e de qualidade do ambiente termal (db, de e E) de Tropidurus com dados de literatura para espécies dos gêneros Anolis, Liolaemus e Sceloporus, bem como de 60 populações pertencentes a 21 espécies de tropidurídeos dos domínios da Caatinga, Amazônia, Cerrado e Chaco, e outras regiões como a costa do Peru e as ilhas Galápagos; (2) análises dos padrões intra e interespecíficos de variabilidade das capacidades de performance para velocidade e resistência em populações de T. torquatus, T. oreadicus, T. etheridgei e T. catalanenis, e estimação do impacto de um aumento da Ta em 3°C sobre a performance e a atividade destes lagartos num cenário de aquecimento, e (3) examinar as variações temporais e geográficas de idade, taxas de crescimento, maturidade sexual e longevidade em espécimes de T. torquatus em duas regiões a distintas latitudes; a variação temporal foi estimada através do estudo de amostras coletadas em cada uma das regiões em épocas distintas (década de 1960 e 2012), enquanto as comparações geográficas foram feitas apenas com base nas amostras recentes destas regiões (2012). Os resultados confirmam as hipóteses sugerindo que o comportamento termorregulatório aumenta acompanhando os parâmetros de latitude e altitude e que os lagartos tropicais e de áreas situadas a baixas altitudes tendem a se comportar como termoconformadores. Estima-se que populações tropicais com pouco ou nenhum comportamento termorregulatório presentes em ambientes com restrições termais impostas por parâmetros altitudinais (de baixas ou elevadas altitudes) são os mais vulneráveis ao aquecimento do clima. Em contraste, as estepes e montanhãs da Patagônia, bem como outras áreas montanhosas, representam refúgios termais para populações de lagartos que serão progressivamente forçados a se deslocar para estes ambientes. Dentre os tropidurídeos, um padrão geral sugere que o comportamento termorregulatório ambiental diminui na direção do Equador, particularmente devido à menor variabilidade ambiental. Na maioria das linhagens, valores similares e mais elevados de Tb e Tp em relação a valores de Ta apontam para uma condição plesiomórfica, provavelmente relacionada à ocorrência em ambientes florestais. O comportamento termorregulatório limitado ou ausente, combinado com grandes proporções de Tb e Te acima dos ótimos termais aumentam os riscos de superaquecimento e limitam o tempo de atividade especialmente nas regiões central e setentrional do Cerrado. As curvas de performance demonstram que os intervalos termais de desempenho (B80’s) e as margens de segurança aumentaram com a variação de temperatura, mas diminuíram com a variação anual de precipitação. Os resultados das comparações entre os padrões de variação temporal e regional do crescimento das populações de T. torquatus sugerem que o aquecimento do clima afeta o crescimento dos indivíduos, que tendem a ser maiores em regiões de clima mais quente. O aumento nos valores de Ta das últimas décadas aceleraram as taxas de crescimento, anteciparam a maturação sexual e encurtaram a expectativa de vida nas duas regiões estudadas. Embora em curto prazo os efeitos do aumento nos valores de Ta possam parecer vantajosos no que tange o crescimento e a reprodução, é plausível estimar uma queda geral no desempenho de todas as populações a longo prazo. Devido às grandes proporções de valores de Te atualmente superando o limite superior de B80 e das preferenda termais de T. torquatus e T. etheridgei na região Central, à capacidade de dispersão restrita e à baixa variabilidade na biologia termal de T. torquatus nas matas quentes de galeria, espera-se que os maiores impactos devam se concentrar sobre as populações das regiões central e setentrional. / In Brazil, an increase in the mean air temperature (Ta) of up to 6°C and a trend of decreasing rainfall by 5−20% are expected within 85 years. Climate warming is expected to overrun local adaptation and survival will depend on the plasticity and dispersal options and abilities. Predicting how organisms will respond these changes is one of the most critical challenges for contemporary ecophysiologists. Lizards are particularly sensitive to global warming, as temperature changes could shift overall performance to suboptimal levels, restricting time for activity. The low resilience to environmental changes of lineages from regions of low climatic variability (close to the Equator) combined with low dispersal options and current habitats’ Ta that exceeds their thermal optima, among other factors, make these populations the most vulnerable to warming. We conducted spatial and temporal analyses to assess the vulnerability of populations of the Tropidurus torquatus species complex in the Brazilian Cerrado and whether resilience is influenced by the magnitude of flexibility in thermal physiology and performance that exists within populations using three different approaches: (1) we compare data on body (Tb) and operative temperatures (Te, “null temperatures” for nonregulating animals), preferred body temperatures (mean T/p and Tset Tet range), and quantitative indices of temperature regulation and quality of the thermal environment (b, d e and E) for Tropidurus with data from the literature for Anolis, Liolaemus, and Sceloporus, and for 60 populations of 21 species of tropidurids from the Caatingas, Amazonia, Cerrado, Chaco, and other regions as the coast of Peru and Galapagos Islands; (2) We analyze patterns of variability in the performance capacities for velocity and endurance within and among populations of T. torquatus, T. oreadicus, T. etheridgei and T. catalanenis, and estimate the impact of a Ta increase by 3°C on performance and activity of these lizards in a warming scenario; and (3) we examine the geographic and temporal variation of individual age, growth rates, age at sexual maturity and longevity in specimens of T. torquatus at two sites at different latitudes; temporal variation was estimated studying subsamples at each site collected in 1960s and 2012, whereas the geographical comparisons were performed between the two subsamples collected in 2012 both at the two sites. Our results confirm the hypotheses by suggesting that thermoregulatory behavior increases with latitude and altitude and that tropical and lowland lizards behave as thermoconformers. We estimate that tropical populations with poor or no thermoregulatory behavior that inhabit stressful environments (open and low elevation sites) are the most vulnerable to rising temperatures. In contrast, Patagonia steppe and mountains as well as other montane environments represent future thermal refuges for lizards that would eventually be forced to retreat to these environments. Within tropidurids, a general pattern suggests that the thermoregulatory behavior decreases towards the Equator, particularly due to environmental constrains and probably to the low environmental variation. In most lineages, similar and higher Tb and Tp with respect to Ta point to a plesiomorphic condition, probably related to earlier forested environments. Constraint or no thermoregulation combined with the large proportions of Tb and Te above the thermal optima augment the risk of overheating and preclude time of activity particularly in the central and northernmost regions of the Cerrado. Based on the thermal performance curves, thermal breadths (B80’s) and safety margins increased with the thermal variation and decreased with the variation of annual precipitation. The results on the temporal variation and between sites differences on the growth patterns suggest that warming positively affect growth in T. torquatus. The increase of Ta of the last decades accelerated growth rates, anticipated sexual maturity and shortened the life−span at both sites. Although short-term effects of an increasing Ta’s may seem beneficial with respect to growth and reproduction, we predict an overall decay in the fitness response in all populations in the long term. Due to the large proportions of T e ’s currently exceeding the upper limit of the B 80 and thermal preferenda of T. torquatus and T. etheridgei at the Central site and the limited dispersal capacity and low variability on the thermal biology of T. torquatus in the warm gallery forest, the northernmost and Central populations are expected to experience the highest impact.

Orientador: Tânia Marcia Costa / Resumo: Organismos do entremarés são frequentemente expostos a temperaturas extremas e as alterações climáticas podem trazer consequências negativas para estes organismos. Neste trabalho, avaliamos os efeitos do aumento da temperatura e redução do pH nas respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de caranguejos chama-maré. Leptuca uruguayensis e Leptuca leptodactyla ocorrem tipicamente em habitat vegetado e não-vegetado de regiões estuarinas, apesar de coabitarem diversas áreas dos ecossistemas do entremarés. Realizamos experimentos para obtenção das respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de ambas espécies ao aumento da temperatura. Minuca mordax foi exposta ao aquecimento e redução do pH da água para avaliação das respostas fisiológicas. Também estimamos a futura distribuição de M. mordax em cenários de mudanças climáticas. As duas espécies de Leptuca apresentaram diferenças nas adaptações fisiológicas (em relação ao consumo de oxigênio) e nos mecanismos de termorregulação, em consonância com a seleção de habitat e distribuição geográfica de cada espécie. Leptuca uruguayensis selecionou micro-habitat com temperatura inferior enquanto L. leptodactyla estava em um substrato com maior temperatura, mas apresentou características conhecidas por promoverem a dissipação de calor e reduzirem a taxa de desidratação, como tamanho e quelípodo maiores e coloração clara. As atividades comportamentais na superfície também foram afetadas pela elevação da temperatura, aumentando o tempo dentro da t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intertidal organisms are often exposed to extremes temperatures and may be harmed by climate change. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of warming and pH decrease on physiology and behavior of fiddler crabs. Leptuca uruguayensis and Leptuca leptodactyla inhabit vegetated and unvegetated habitats from estuarine regions, respectively, despite cohabit some areas in intertidal ecosystems. Both species were exposed to warm to analyze the physiological and behavioral effects. Minuca mordax was exposed to warm and lower pH water. Also, we estimated the future distribution of M. mordax in climate change scenarios. Both species showed different adaptation (regarding oxygen consumption) and thermoregulatory mechanism, which reflect their habitat selection and range distribution. Leptuca uruguayensis selected less heated micro-habitat while L. leptodactyla was in a warmer substrate beside possessed larger size and major claw and whiten display that enhanced dissipation of heat and lowered desiccation rate. Higher temperature constraint surface activities, increasing refuge use and decreasing feeding, which might have impacted some physiological response (ammonia excretion and hepatosomatic index). Waving display was not affected by temperature, suggesting influence by other factors such as female and competitor presence. Warming and reduced pH altered physiological response (oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, hepatosomatic index, and osmoregulation) of M. mordax, effect... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-22T11:45:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Menino Leite.pdf: 391546 bytes, checksum: 52bc8a5614355c53ce9715b63d0dc59f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T11:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Menino Leite.pdf: 391546 bytes, checksum: 52bc8a5614355c53ce9715b63d0dc59f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this work was to investigate the physiological responses of cattle and buffaloes to warm temperatures is affected when fed diets with different proportions of forage and concentrate. The experiment was conducted in the Animal Science Department at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, from February to June 2006. Four male buffaloes and four steers were fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate, on dry matter basis (DM). Animals were housed in individual pens with cemented floor and covered with asbestos-cement tiles. It was used a split-plot arrangement in a complete randomized experimental design. The experiment lasted for 114 days. The environment was monitored bya meteorological station installed at the experimental area. Thermoregulation was evaluated by measures of rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), skin temperature (TP), and sweating rate (TSUD). Average air temperature ranged from 25.6 to 31.0 ºC, the temperature and humidity index (THI) from 76.0 to 81.6 the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI) from 77.7 to 84.8, and Radiant Thermal Charge (RTC) from 480.1 to 538.4 watts/m².Higher levels of concentrate in the diet of cattle and buffaloes increased RT, RR, and TP of animals, but these values remained within the normal physiological range. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as respostas fisiológicas de bovinos e bubalinos, recebendo dietas com diferentes proporções de volumoso e concentrado. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no período de fevereiro a junho de 2006. Foram utilizados quatro bubalinos e quatro bovinos, alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de concentrado, com base da matéria seca (MS). Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais de piso concretado, em galpão coberto com telha de fibrocimento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela composta por um arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (duas espécies e quatro níveis de concentrado: 0, 24, 48, 72%) e na subparcela o período de avaliação. O ensaio foi analisado por turnos, manhã e tarde. O experimento teve duração de 114 dias. O ambiente foi monitorado por intermédio de um abrigo termométrico, localizado no interior do galpão. A termorregulação foi avaliada por medidas da temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura de pele (TP) e taxa de sudação (TSUD). Durante o período experimental, a temperatura do ar variou de 25,6 a 31,0 ºC, o Índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) de 76,0 a 81,6 e o Índice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) de 77,7 a 84,8 e a Carga Térmica de Radiação (CTR) de 480,1 a 538,4. O aumento nos níveis de concentrado na dieta de bovinos e bubalinos ocasionou aumentos na TR, FR e TPL dos animais, entretanto, esses valores se mantiveram dentro da faixa fisiológica normal.

Disorders of the autonomic nervous system constitute serious complications of spinal cord injury (SCI) and their treatment is usually highly prioritised by spinal patients. Among these, autonomic dysreflexia and impaired thermoregulation are potentially life threatening conditions and require effective management. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), progenitor cells and polymeric scaffolds have been tested in animal models of SCI and some of them have been considered for clinical trials. However, evaluation of the effect of such interventions on autonomic functions has received only rudimentary attention and would require a more thorough experimental assessment before the methods are utilised in human patients. This thesis tested two potential therapeutic strategies for autonomic dysreflexia and examined disorders of thermoregulatory functions in a rat model of spinal cord transection. Magnitude and duration of autonomic dysreflexia were evaluated with radio telemetry in spinalised animals treated with (i) implants of OECs and olfactory neurosphere-derived cells seeded in poly(lactic co glycolic) porous scaffolds or with (ii) transplants of OECs alone. (iii) Effects of SCI and of OECs on the morphology of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs; which are involved in pathogenesis of autonomic dysreflexia) stained for NADPH diaphorase were examined. (iv) Doppler ultrasonography and infrared thermography were used to assess responses of tail blood flow and surface temperature to cold. Transplants of OECs alone, but not in combination with olfactory neurosphere-derived cells and polymeric scaffolds, resulted in significantly shortened episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. This may be attributed to the alterations to the morphology of SPNs adjacent to the lesion: a transient increase in the morphometric features of the SPNs was evoked by spinal cord transection and this was further altered by transplantation of OECs. The thesis also showed that local responses of tail blood flow and temperature to cold were not abolished by complete SCI suggesting that temperature homeostasis could still be maintained in response to cold. It is hypothesised that OECs facilitate improved recovery from autonomic dysreflexia through alteration of the morphology of SPNs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the role of the tail in heat conservation can be regulated by mechanisms that are independent of the descendent neural control from supraspinal centres.

Disorders of the autonomic nervous system constitute serious complications of spinal cord injury (SCI) and their treatment is usually highly prioritised by spinal patients. Among these, autonomic dysreflexia and impaired thermoregulation are potentially life threatening conditions and require effective management. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), progenitor cells and polymeric scaffolds have been tested in animal models of SCI and some of them have been considered for clinical trials. However, evaluation of the effect of such interventions on autonomic functions has received only rudimentary attention and would require a more thorough experimental assessment before the methods are utilised in human patients. This thesis tested two potential therapeutic strategies for autonomic dysreflexia and examined disorders of thermoregulatory functions in a rat model of spinal cord transection. Magnitude and duration of autonomic dysreflexia were evaluated with radio telemetry in spinalised animals treated with (i) implants of OECs and olfactory neurosphere-derived cells seeded in poly(lactic co glycolic) porous scaffolds or with (ii) transplants of OECs alone. (iii) Effects of SCI and of OECs on the morphology of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs; which are involved in pathogenesis of autonomic dysreflexia) stained for NADPH diaphorase were examined. (iv) Doppler ultrasonography and infrared thermography were used to assess responses of tail blood flow and surface temperature to cold. Transplants of OECs alone, but not in combination with olfactory neurosphere-derived cells and polymeric scaffolds, resulted in significantly shortened episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. This may be attributed to the alterations to the morphology of SPNs adjacent to the lesion: a transient increase in the morphometric features of the SPNs was evoked by spinal cord transection and this was further altered by transplantation of OECs. The thesis also showed that local responses of tail blood flow and temperature to cold were not abolished by complete SCI suggesting that temperature homeostasis could still be maintained in response to cold. It is hypothesised that OECs facilitate improved recovery from autonomic dysreflexia through alteration of the morphology of SPNs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the role of the tail in heat conservation can be regulated by mechanisms that are independent of the descendent neural control from supraspinal centres.

This research project examined the role of environmental time cues and circadian rhythms in mediating seasonal adjustments in the body temperature and locomotoractivity patterns in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray 1827). The first component of this study investigated whether daily rhythms of behavioural thermoregulation and locomotor activity that T. rugosa displays in the field are endogenous circadian rhythms. In each season, there was significant variation in each of these rhythms in lizards released on laboratory thermal gradients under prevailing light-dark (LD) cycles. Both rhythms persisted when lizards were released in constant darkness (DD) and exhibited the same free-running period suggesting a single circadian pacemaker drives both rhythms. The first component of this study revealed that seasonal changes in the expression of daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor activity rhythms are mediated by the circadian system in T. rugosa. The second component of this project comprised three experiments that determined the relative importance of 24 h LD and temperature cycles (TCs) in entraining the locomotor activity rhythm. In the first experiment, lizards were held under LD 12:12 and were subjected to either a TC of 33:15C in phase with the LD cycle or a reversed TC. Following LD 12:12, lizards were maintained under the same TCs but were subjected to DD. Activity was restricted to the thermophase in LD irrespective of the lighting regime and during the period of DD that followed, suggesting entrainment by the TC. In the second experiment, lizards were held under LD 12.5:11.5 and were subjected to one of three treatments; (1) constant 30C, (2) normal TC (30:20C), or (3) reversed TC. Following LD, all lizards were subjected to DD and constant 30C. Post-entrainment free-run records revealed that LD cycles and TCs both entrain locomotor activity rhythms of T. rugosa. Although there was large variation in the phasing of the rhythm in relation to the LD cycle in reversed TC lizards, TCs presented in phase with the LD cycle most accurately synchronised the rhythm to the photocycle. In the third experiment, lizards were held in DD at constant 30C before being subjected to a further period of DD and one of four treatments; (1) normal TC (06:00 h to 18:00 h thermophase), (2) delayed TC (12:00 h to 00:00 h thermophase), (3) advanced TC (00:00 h to 12:00 h thermophase) or (4) control (no TC, constant 30C). While control lizards continued to free-run in DD at constant temperature, locomotor rhythms of lizards subjected to TCs rapidly entrained to TCs irrespective of whether TCs were phase advanced or delayed by 6 h. The results of this experiment excluded the possibility that masking effects were responsible for locomotor responses of lizards to TCs. This study demonstrated that seasonal changes in the expression of this species‟ daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor rhythms are mediated by a circadian system that is sensitive to both light and temperature. The sensitivity of the circadian system to temperature, in particular, may allow T. rugosa to restrict its activity to times of the year that are thermally favourable. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1521959 / Thesis(Ph.D.)-- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2010

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NoeideSF_DISSERT.pdf: 1291581 bytes, checksum: 5459c2431224e1b75c0881d65fd5dfc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini), so far, thermal tolerance and social thermoregulation have received little scientific interest. Yet, both these topics are fundamental to understand the evolution of sociality and of the adaptations of this bee group to their natural environment, thus contributing to the conservation and sustainable management of Meliponini species. Here, was analysed the natural thermal conditions in nests of Melipona subnitida in the Caatinga biome and investigated the thermal tolerance of workers bees of this bee species. The present study was performed at the Experimental Field Station Rafael Fernandes and at the Laboratory of Behavioural Ecology, both belonging to the Federal Brazilian University at Mossoro-RN. For our investigation of the mechanisms of thermoregulation, we used two nests of M. subnitida, the first being a wooden box commonly used in stingless bee-keeping containing an intact bee colony, the second an abandoned nest localized in a living tree. The latter nest was used to evaluate the level of thermic insulation provided in a natural nesting cavity. Temperature data were registered at different areas inside the nests using thermo-sensors connected to data-loggers. For the determination of the thermal tolerance of M. subnitida adults, groups of workers were kept at different temperatures inside BOD incubators, supplied with sugar water and, in some experimental groups, water. The temperature inside the nests closely followed the variations in ambient temperature. Even so, the temperature in the brood area was more stable than that of the other investigated thermal environments. During our study, the temperature in the brood area varied between 27-33°C, and reached maximum values of 4° above outside environmental temperature. Both the reduced thermal variation and the temperature increase above ambient temperature in the brood area point to some form of active thermoregulation in M. subnitida. Further, thermal oscillations inside the tree trunk were smaller compared to those registered in the outside environment. This indicates that the nesting cavity provides some form of thermal insulation, probably related to the thickness of the wood around the cavity. Concerning the thermal tolerance of workers of M. subnitida, we found mortality rates of 100% at temperatures above 42°C and below 0°C, indicating these temperatures as lethal for this stingless bee species. The thermal tolerance (50% mortality) of workers was between 5 and 40°C. The access to water during the experiments increased the thermal tolerance of workers exposed to high temperatures / A tolerância térmica e a termorregulação em abelhas sem ferrão (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) são aspectos importantes para entender a evolução da sua socialidade. Além de contribuir com informações acerca da adaptação das espécies ao seu habitat natural, e com a conservação e manejo sustentável das espécies. No presente estudo analisamos as condições térmicas naturais de ninhos de Melipona subnitida no bioma Caatinga e investigamos a faixa de tolerância térmica de abelhas operárias desta espécie. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes e no Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental, ambos pertencentes à Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido em Mossoró-RN. Para o estudo da termorregulação foram utilizados dois ninhos de M. subnitida: um habitado mantido em uma caixa racional de madeira e outro desabitado localizado em uma árvore viva. Este último foi utilizado para analisar o nível de isolamento térmico conferido pela cavidade de nidificação em ambiente natural. Dados de temperatura foram coletados em diferentes áreas no interior dos ninhos através de sensores conectados a data loggers. Para determinar a tolerância térmica, operárias foram submetidas a diferentes temperaturas em uma estufa incubadora, supridas com xarope de açúcar e, em alguns grupos experimentais, com água. Verificamos que a temperatura dos ninhos seguiu as variações da temperatura ambiental. Porém, a temperatura na área de cria foi mantida relativamente constante em uma faixa de 27-33°C e chegou a ficar cerca de 4° a mais que a temperatura ambiente. A manutenção de temperaturas constantes na área de cria e o aumento da temperatura em relação ao ambiente indicam que, de alguma forma, as operárias de M. subnitida regulam ativamente a temperatura nesta área. A amplitude térmica no interior da árvore foi menor do que a amplitude térmica ambiental, indicando que cavidade de nidificação confere algum isolamento térmico, provavelmente devido a espessura da madeira da árvore onde fica a cavidade. Com respeito à tolerância térmica de operárias de M. subnitida, foi observada a taxa de mortalidade de 100% dos indivíduos em temperatura acima de 42°C e abaixo de 0°, indicando que estas são temperaturas letais para indivíduos adultos dessa espécie de abelhas sem ferrão. Enquanto, a faixa de tolerância térmica das operárias (mortalidade 50%) ficou entre 5° e 40ºC. O acesso à água durante os experimentos aumentou a tolerância térmica das abelhas em temperaturas altas

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-24T14:43:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MicheleDFC_DISSERT.pdf: 920263 bytes, checksum: 53a2a3e4da4623de921e854a9507225d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T14:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MicheleDFC_DISSERT.pdf: 920263 bytes, checksum: 53a2a3e4da4623de921e854a9507225d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Honeybees managed in semi-arid region were observed with the objective to determine the individual body surface temperature in different places, as well the heat loss by convection. The body surface temperature was measured with micro thermocouple type T touching in three different body region (the head, thorax and abdomen), its collected from four different places (beehive, hive entrance, foraging and watering place) in which they was arrested by the wings between thumb and forefinger for a few seconds, without causing any injury to the animal. The same time was made measurements of climatic variables. The convective heat transfer was estimated by the theory of convection from a horizontal cylinder. The results showed that had different among temperature surface in parts of the body and in different places. The thorax showed the hottest part of the body, then the head and abdomen was the coldest. In hive entrance the bee had the highest thorax temperature (36.6°C) due the shivering caused for flight muscles. Already, in watering place the surface temperature was the lowest in all parts of the body probably because almost always the body surface had wet by water, if not, at the time of measuring the bee regurgitated the liquid ingest in your body. When the bee was in beehive and in hive entrance (in conditions of low wind) the heat loss by convection increases from 0 to 7.5 W m-2 while increase in the gradient temperature from 0 to 10ºC, but when the wind was 1.0 ms-1 the heat loss by convection increases from 0 to 27.5 W cm-2. In bee hive when the black globe showed a temperature of 43°C, the body surface temperature of bee was 46°C, but when the black globe temperature increased 6°C, the body surface temperature lowered 3°C. These results clearly explain that the bee in a semi-arid region in individual or society has physiological and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their body temperature, but more studies are requires know the most efficient thermoregulatory processes. And climatic variations of the environment are crucially to their thermoregulatory behavior / Abelhas criadas em uma região semi-árida foram observadas com o objetivo de determinar qual a temperatura da superfície corpórea do individuo em diferentes lugares, além da sua perda de calor por convecção. A temperatura da superfície corporal foi medida com micro-termopar tipo T tocando em três diferentes regiões do corpo (cabeça, tórax e abdome) da abelha, sendo estas coletadas em quatro diferentes lugares: dentro da colméia, no alvado, forrageando e no bebedouro. Para a medição da temperatura da superfície corpórea, as abelhas tinham as asas presas pelo dedo polegar e indicador por alguns segundos e logo após eram soltas, sem causar nenhuma injúria ao animal. Ao mesmo tempo era feitas as medições das variáveis climáticas. A transferência de calor por convecção foi estimada aplicando-se a teoria da convecção em cilindros horizontais. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença de temperatura de superfície entre as partes do corpo e nos diferentes lugares. O tórax apresentou a parte mais quente do corpo, seguido da cabeça e abdômen. A abelha no alvado apresentou a maior temperatura de superfície do tórax (36,6°C). Já, no bebedouro a temperatura de superfície foi a mais baixa em todas as partes do corpo. Provavelmente por apresentarem quase sempre a superfície do corpo molhada, se não, na hora da medição a abelha regurgitava a água ingerida no seu próprio corpo. Quando a abelha se encontrava dentro da colméia e no alvado a perda de calor por convecção aumentou de 0 a 7,5 W m-2 com o aumento no gradiente de temperatura de 0 a 10ºC, mas quando o vento foi de 1,0 m s-1 a perda de calor por convecção aumentou de 0 a 27,5 W m-2. Quando a abelha estava no interior da colméia e o globo negro apresentou uma temperatura de 43°C, a temperatura de superfície corpórea desta foi de 46°C, mas quando a temperatura de globo negro aumentou 6°C, a temperatura de superfície corporal da abelha baixou 3°C. Estes resultados explicam claramente que as abelhas em uma região semi-árida como indivíduo ou em colônia possuem mecanismos fisiológicos e comportamentais para regular sua temperatura corporal. E que as variações climáticas do meio ambiente são determinantes para o seu comportamento termorregulatório / 2017-05-16

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T13:47:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HericaGTD_TESE.pdf: 2847524 bytes, checksum: 79ea86b1575cb492d15eda3fcefca5cb (MD5) / Rejected by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br), reason: referencia on 2017-08-28T14:40:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T14:41:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HericaGTD_TESE.pdf: 2847524 bytes, checksum: 79ea86b1575cb492d15eda3fcefca5cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T14:42:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HericaGTD_TESE.pdf: 2847524 bytes, checksum: 79ea86b1575cb492d15eda3fcefca5cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T14:43:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HericaGTD_TESE.pdf: 2847524 bytes, checksum: 79ea86b1575cb492d15eda3fcefca5cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T14:43:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HericaGTD_TESE.pdf: 2847524 bytes, checksum: 79ea86b1575cb492d15eda3fcefca5cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The temperature control in Apis mellifera is realized by the bees themselves through behavioral adjustments in order to keep the temperature at optimum levels. Unfavorable climatic conditions such as high temperatures and intense solar radiation can cause overheating of the colonies and consequently damage to beekeeping. The objective of this work was to evaluate how africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) control temperature under different conditions, exposed and protected from direct solar radiation in a semiarid environment. Three colonies of Africanized bees housed in Langstroth hives that were changed every 3 months were used, total of twelve colonies. The internal temperatures and humidity of the three colonies were recorded using thermohygrometer. The body surface temperature of the bees was measured in three parts of the bee's body, head, chest and abdomen, using a mini infrared thermometer. Observations of the social behavior of ventilation were classified into four levels ranging from none to high ventilatory activity. When the hives were in the shade the internal temperature of the hives remained within the range considered optimal, while in the sun, this condition was not reached. In the shade, the bees managed to keep the relative humidity stable. In the sun, there was an increase in internal humidity as the bees carried water to the hive in order to lower the internal temperature. The ventilation behavior was much more expressive in hives than in the sun, since in the shade only few bees were recruited for this task. The bees that were in the shade, managed to maintain their body temperatures at relatively normal levels, while the bees that was in the sun, had a considered increase of its temperatures. The chest temperature is the highest, followed by the head and abdomen. The mechanisms of temperature control used at colony level and at individual level in the shade were, low ventilation activity and heat transfer to the head, respectively. In the sun, at colony level were distribution of water in the hive and high activity of ventilation and at the individual level transfer of heat to head and abdomen and use of water to wet the body surface. The results obtained in this work, represent a mean collected data of individuals surface temperature of the bees and data of temperature and humidity inside the hives, which constitute important subsidies for an understanding of three fundamental principles for a beekeeping, or abandonment of the bees In drought, a low productivity in the semi-arid and a need of construction of cans for the supply of shade in the apiaries / O controle de temperatura em Apis mellifera, é realizado pelas próprias abelhas através de ajustes comportamentais de forma a manter a temperatura em níveis ótimos. Condições climáticas desfavoráveis, como altas temperaturas e intensa radiação solar podem causar o superaquecimento das colônias e consequentemente prejuízos para a apicultura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como as abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) realizam o controle de temperatura, sob duas condições distintas, expostas e protegidas da radiação solar direta em ambiente semiárido. Foram utilizadas três colônias de abelhas africanizadas alojadas em colmeias modelo Langstroth que eram trocadas a cada 3 meses, totalizando doze colônias. Foram registradas as temperaturas e umidades internas das três colônias, utilizando-se um termohigrômetro digital. A temperatura de superfície corpórea das abelhas foi aferida em três partes do corpo da abelha, cabeça, tórax e abdômen, utilizando-se um mini termômetro de infravermelho. As observações do comportamento social de ventilação foi classificada em quatro níveis que variavam de nenhuma, a alta atividade ventilatória. Quando as colmeias estavam na sombra a temperatura interna das colmeias permaneceu dentro da faixa considerada ótima, enquanto ao sol, essa condição não foi alcançada. Na sombra as abelhas conseguiram manter a umidade relativa estável. Já no sol, houve um aumento da umidade interna pois as abelhas levavam agua para a colmeia com o intuito de baixar a temperatura interna. O comportamento de ventilação foi bem mais expressivo nas colmeias que estavam ao sol, já na sombra apenas poucas abelhas eram recrutadas para esta tarefa. As abelhas que estavam na sombra, conseguiram manter suas temperaturas corporais em níveis relativamente normais, enquanto as abelhas que estava ao sol, tiveram um aumento considerado de suas temperaturas. A temperatura do tórax é a mais elevada, seguida da cabeça e do abdômen. Os mecanismos de controle de temperatura utilizados a nível de colônia e em nível individual na sombra foram, baixa atividade de ventilação e transferência de calor para a cabeça, respectivamente. No sol, a nível de colônia foram, distribuição de água na colmeia e alta atividade de ventilação e a nível individual transferência de calor para cabeça e abdômen e utilização de água para molhar a superfície corporal. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho representa uma significativa coletânea de dados individuais de temperatura de superfície das abelhas e dados de temperatura e umidade no interior das colmeias, que se constituem em importantes subsídios para a compreensão de três aspectos fundamentais para a apicultura, o abandono das abelhas na seca, a baixa produtividade no semiárido e a necessidade de construção de latadas para fornecimento de sombra nos apiários / 2017-08-22

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-28T19:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Rejected by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br), reason: Solicitado pela servidora Lara on 2018-03-29T12:32:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-29T16:39:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T16:49:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T16:49:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T16:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Owing to high environmental temperatures in combination with elevated solar radiation, the Brazilian SeasonallyDry Tropical Forest, the Caatinga, is a thermally challenging environment for bees, particularly during food collection outside of the nest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptations of bees that allow these animals to survive the thermal conditions of this biome. As model species for our study, we used Melipona subnitida, a stingless bee species (Apidae, Meliponini), endemic from Caatinga. We analysed the following features: (1) the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of the individuals (both young workers and foragers) as well as the best acclimation time for this kind of study (acclimation times tested: without acclimation, 20 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) The influence of ambient temperature in direct sunlight (Ta) on the thoracic temperature of foragers (Ttx); (3) the possible heat transfer from the thorax to the abdomen, assessed through the temperature difference between these two body parts associated with ambient temperature in both alive and dead individuals; and (4) the role of the thoracic hairs in heating and cooling rates of the bees. The results of the experiments demonstrated that (1) there was no significant difference concerning CTmax between young worker bees and foragers. After 48 hours of acclimation (acclimation time showing the highest CTmax and the lowest variation compared to the other acclimation times tested), the bees' average CTmax was 50.2°C ± 0.7. (2) The foragers' Ttx increased with increasing Ta. At Ta < 40°C, the bees' Ttx was higher than Ta; however, at Ta > 41°C, the forgers' Ttx remained below Ta. (3) There is a possible active heat transfer from the thorax (Ttx) to the abdomen (Tabd) given that, as Ta increased, the difference between Ttx and Tabd decreased in alive foragers. In dead individuals, in contrast, we did not observe this association with Ta. The difference between Ttx and Tabd was relatively constant over all studied Tas. (4) The thoracic hair slow down the heating of M. subnitida. Dead bees without thoracic hair had a higher heating rate than dead bees with their natural air cover. However, there was no difference between the two experimental groups concerning the cooling rates. The results of this study demonstrate that M. subnitida tolerates ambient temperatures that are higher than those found in their natural outside environment. In addition, foragers control their body temperature through active (heat transfer to the abdomen) and passive (thoracic hair) mechanisms, which enables the bees to forage at high environmental temperatures. Results like these of the present study provide important insights into the adaptations necessary to deal with increasing environmental temperatures, as predicted by global warming scenarios / Devido às temperaturas ambientais elevadas em combinação com um alto índice de radiação solar, a Floresta Tropical Sazonalmente Seca brasileira, a Caatinga, é um ambiente termicamente desafiador para abelhas, principalmente durante a coleta de alimento fora do ninho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as adaptações de abelhas para lidar com as condições térmicas da Caatinga. Como modelo de estudo foi utilizada Melipona subnitida, uma espécie de abelha sem ferrão (Apidae, Meliponini) nativa desse bioma. Foi analisado (1) a temperatura crítica máxima (CTmax) dos indivíduos (operárias jovens e forrageadoras) e o tempo de aclimatação adequado para esse tipo de estudo (tempos de aclimatação testados: sem aclimatação, 30 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) o efeito da temperatura ambiente ao sol (Ta) sobre a temperatura torácica (Ttx) das forrageadoras; (3) a possível transferência de calor do tórax para o abdômen, mensurando a diferença de temperaturas entre estas duas áreas, em função da temperatura ambiente, para abelhas vivas e mortas; e (4) o papel da pelagem torácica na taxa de aquecimento e resfriamento das abelhas. Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram que (1) não houve diferença significativa com respeito ao CTmax entre abelhas jovens e forrageadoras. Após 48 horas de aclimatação (tempo de aclimatação com maior CTmax e menor variação comparado aos outros tempos de aclimatação), a CTmax média das abelhas foi de 50,2°C ± 0,7. (2) A Ttx das forrageadoras aumentou conforme aumentou a Ta. Em Ta < 40°C, a Ttx se manteve acima da Ta; já em Ta > 41°C, a Ttx ficava abaixo da Ta. (3) Acontece uma possível transferência ativa de calor do tórax (Ttx) para o abdômen (Tabd), pois a medida que a Ta aumentou, a diferença da Ttx e da Tabd em forrageadoras vivas diminuiu. Já em abelhas mortas não foi observada essa relação com a Ta. A diferença ente Ttx e Tabd foi praticamente constante em todas as Ta estudadas. (4) A pelagem retarda o aquecimento de M. subnitida. Abelhas mortas sem pelagem mostraram uma taxa de aquecimento maior do que as abelhas mortas com a pelagem natural. Porém, não houve diferença entre esses dois grupos experimentais com respeito às taxas de resfriamento. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que M. subnitida consegue tolerar temperaturas superiores às encontradas naturalmente no ambiente externo. Adicionalmente, as forrageadoras controlam a temperatura corporal através de mecanismos ativos (transferência de calor para o abdômen) e passivos (pelagem torácica), o que permite que esta espécie consiga forragear em temperaturas elevadas. Resultados como estes dão subsídios para entender melhor as adaptações necessárias para lidar com um aumento da temperatura ambiental, como previsto por cenários de aquecimento global, o que vai ser importante para possíveis ações voltadas para a conservação desta espécie / 2018-03-28