[pt] As zonas costeiras, de um modo geral, estão entre as áreas de maior risco no contexto da mudança climática, devido à concentração de ecossistemas importantes e recursos naturais típicos dessas áreas. Essas regiões abrigam uma grande parcela da população global em metrópoles urbanas, juntamente com uma concentração de estruturas críticas, como as indústrias portuárias, definindo uma alta exposição a ameaças incidentes. Devido à sua localização, as regiões litorâneas são afetadas por eventos críticos como a subida do nível do mar e outros fenômenos climáticos. Eventos de natureza extrema, como ciclones e tempestades costeiras, que somados à variação de marés podem causar ressacas e ondas gigantes. Tais eventos podem impactar essas áreas como erosão costeira, inundações, intrusão salina em corpos hídricos e desequilíbrio dos ecossistemas. A combinação dessas ameaças com o alto grau de exposição e a condição de vulnerabilidade de muitas das cidades litorâneas, pode resultar em perdas e danos relevantes. Esse alto risco define a importância de estudos sobre a vulnerabilidade de cidades costeiras nos dias atuais. Este estudo apresenta o resumo dos conceitos associados à mudança climática, vulnerabilidade e resiliência que foi baseado em uma análise crítica da literatura. Além disso, propõe uma estratégia metodológica para avaliar a vulnerabilidade climática de áreas urbanas costeiras, considerando tanto a população como os bens que estão em risco. A ferramenta de metodologia desenvolvida apresenta matrizes conceituais e inter-relações entre variáveis e indicadores. A integração de dimensões físicas e socioeconômicas, assim como as infraestruturas, instalações básicas e da capacidade de adaptação, permite aplicação deste método utilizando os dados selecionados para definição de prioridades nas políticas públicas. / [en] Coastal areas, in general, are among the areas most at risk in the context of climate change, due to the concentration of important ecosystems and natural resources typical of these areas. These regions house a large portion of the global population in urban metropolises, along with a concentration of critical structures, such as industrial ports, defining a high exposure to incident threats. Due to their location, coastal regions are affected by critical events such as sea level rise and other climate phenomena. Events of an extreme nature, such as cyclones and coastal storms, which, combined with tidal variations, can cause undertows and giant waves. Such events can impact these areas such as coastal erosion, flooding, saline intrusion into water bodies and imbalance of ecosystems. The combination of these threats with the high degree of exposure and the vulnerable condition of many coastal cities can result in significant losses and damages. This high risk defines the importance of studies on the vulnerability of coastal cities today. This study presents a summary of the concepts associated with climate change, vulnerability and resilience that was based on a critical analysis of the literature. Furthermore, it proposes a methodological strategy to assess the climate vulnerability of coastal urban areas, considering both the population and the assets that are at risk. The methodology tool developed presents conceptual matrices and interrelationships between variables and indicators. The integration of physical and socioeconomic dimensions, as well as infrastructure, basic facilities and adaptation capacity, allows the application of this method using selected data to define priorities in public policies

The ability to learn and predict threats in our environment has a direct impact onwhat and how we encode our experiences into future recollections. Experience of our daily lives has implications for how we eventually gain long-term memory, adaptive strategies to assess and foresee threats are crucial for survival. Yet, how humans encode threat-related experiences is difficult to study in terms of episodic memory (Clewett & Murty, 2019; Murty et al., 2012). From background literature, a model that focuses on brain-related modulation at encoding which then is found to impact the formation and recollection of episodic experience, our recent work has begun to characterize how threat-related arousal either enhances or disrupts temporal order memory (Cliver et al., 2024; Gregory & Murty, n.d.). In both behavioral (Study 1 and Study 2) and neuroimaging (Study 2) analyses to investigate the relationship between threat-related neural circuitry during encoding of short movie clips to test temporal order memory and temporal distance memory. We measured neural circuitry in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the amygdala sub-nuclei areas of the basolateral and the central-medial amygdala, the anterior and posterior hippocampus, and the perirhinal cortex. We present neural univariate signals of these regions of interest (ROIs), and functional connectivity between ROIs (basolateral and central-medial amygdala, anterior and posterior hippocampus, perirhinal cortex) to see successful temporal order memory performance and compression or expansion of temporal distance memory. This work highlights the importance of understanding neural processes of threat-related arousal encoding. / Psychology

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Art.39 är grindvakten som inleder kapitel VII i FN-stadgan och tröskeln vid vilken säkerhetsrådet går från att vara ett multilateralt organ till ett globalt verkställande organ. Konceptet ”threat to the peace” är det bredaste, otydligaste och viktigaste begreppet i art.39 FN-stadgan. Genom att framställa de centrala förutsättningarna för tillämpningen av art. 40-42, öppnar art. 39 för de mest kraftfulla insatser som FN kan frambringa. I det fall säkerhetsrådet fastställer förefintligheten av ett hot mot freden ”any threat to the peace”, ”breach of the peace” eller ”act of aggression” är det säkerhetsrådets uppgift att rekommendera eller vidta åtgärder för att upprätthålla eller återställa internationell fred och säkerhet. Art.39 är portalparagrafen som auktoriserar tillämpningen av våld och tvångsmedel enligt kapitel VII i FN-stadgan och således fungerar fastställandet enligt art.39 som en formell förutsättning för utövandet av kapitel VII befogenheter. Följaktligen har art.39 titulerats den enskilt mest betydelsefulla artikeln i FN-stadgan. Betydelsen till trots finns det inte överdrivet mycket material som utreder hur art.39 tolkas och tillämpas. Frågan om vilka situationer som utgör ett hot mot freden lyser med sin frånvaro och är långtifrån glasklar och oproblematisk.

Previously threats were conceived as being connected to wars and armed attacks on other countries. But if we observe the world today there are financial situations that, if they got out of hand, could cause severe problems for large parts of a countries population. The environment is another area where severe consequences can be expected. Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (1998:2) work from the premises that security can, and should, be applied to a wider selection of areas in society. From this stand point this Bachelor thesis will cover the discourse of threats in the inaugural addresses of USAs five most recent presidents: Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama and Trump. The inaugural address` were chosen because it is the presidents opportunity to outline their strategy and ‘set the tone’ for their term in office (Brownell 2016).Throughout the analysis there is a focus on the five sections outlined in Buzans (1991:116) analysis model: military, politics, economy, ecology and societal. The analysis frame is based on both traditional realism and more alternative security theory. There is also a comparing element to examine whether there have been any changes in the discourse, connected to threats, since the 9/11 attacks. Furthermore, the study sets out to see if any of the subjects have shown signs of becoming securitized.The result of this study shows that the discourse of threat is mainly focused around the military section. There has been a general increase in the number of threats mentioned since 9/11, although some sections have decreased. Terrorism and immigration are the two questions that meets the criteria to have undergone securitization.

Several quantitative studies show a significant association between the experience of childhood maltreatment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some researchers argue for the need of a more psychosocial approach in ADHD assessment of children partly because of the relationship between these variables. The purpose of the present study was to focus on psychologists working with ADHD assessment of children in Sweden and to examine their psychosocial approach and discretion.This study was based on six qualitative interviews which were analysed through thematic analysis. The theoretical framework used were Lipskys theory of street-level-bureaucracy as well as the Power Threat Meaning Framework. The results show that a psychosocial perspective is present during the assessment for instance when looking at the child’s history and when the ADHD-symptoms arose. However, the psychosocial focus is dictated by the amount of time and discretion the psychologist’s experience that they possess. The assessment is further affected by the psychologists characteristics such as knowledge and experiences. One of the main conclusions is that factors such as time, personal characteristics and a flexible discretion influence whether a more medical or psychosocial focus dominate the ADHD assessment.

Internet of Thing (IoT) products have in recent years become increasingly popular with both industries and private consumers, and it has been forecasted that the number of connected devices around the world will be roughly 14 billion in the year 2022. One particular field that the booming of IoT solutions continues to create endless possibilities for is smart offices. Several different devices are connected in an office environment to create a better workplace and enable a better, faster and smarter working approach. However, while there are several advantages with IoTs, they have also introduced new security threats that can not be overlooked. In this thesis, the security of a smart office system designed by Yanzi is examined. The system consists of a gateway, 34 sensors and a cloud service embedded as a SaaS. The security analysis was performed in three steps: planning, penetration testing and reporting. Radio frequency (RF) hacking against the systems RF communication was the main focus of the work. Due to some technical issues, not all selected attacks were possible to perform. Out of three that were possible to perform, one of them revealed a security flaw. Different countermeasures for the found flaw were proposed. / ”Internet av saker” produkter har under de senaste åren blivit alltmer populära bland både industrier och privata konsumenter, och man har prognostiserat att antalet anslutna enheter runt om i världen kommer att vara ungefär 14 miljarder år 2022. Ett särskilt område som ökandet av IoT-lösningar fortsätter att skapa oändliga möjligheter för är smarta kontor. Flera olika enheter är anslutna i en kontorsmiljö för att skapa en bättre arbetsplats och möjliggöra ett bättre, snabbare och smartare arbetssätt. Även om det finns flera fördelar med IoT, har de också infört nya säkerhetshot som inte kan förbises. I denna avhandling undersöks säkerheten för ett smart kontorssystem som designats av Yanzi. Systemet består av en gateway, 34 sensorer och en molntjänst inbäddad som en SaaS. Säkerhetsanalysen utfördes i tre steg: planering, penetrationstestning och rapportering. Radiofrekvenshackning mot systemets radiokommunikation var huvudfokus för arbetet. På grund av vissa tekniska problem var det inte möjligt att utföra alla föreslagna attacker. Av de tre som var möjliga att utföra avslöjade en av dem ett säkerhetsfel. Olika motåtgärder för den funna sårbarheten föreslås.

Through the lens of identity process theory, the present thesis explores: (i) the qualitative nature of British national and ethnic attachments and their respective outcomes for identity processes among British South Asians (BSA); and (ii) the impact of media representations for identification and identity processes. In study I, 20 first generation South Asians (FGSA) were interviewed regarding identity, national and ethnic group memberships and inter-ethnic relations. The results revealed that (i) social representations of the ethnic 'homeland' could accentuate national attachment, but that both national and ethnic identities could have positive outcomes for identity processes in distinct social contexts; (ii) the phenomenological importance of 'special moments' and family identity can shape and accentuate national identification; (iii) ethnic and national identities are strategically 'managed' in order to achieve psychological coherence. In study II, 20 second generation South Asians (SGSA) were interviewed regarding similar issues. The results revealed that (i) SGSAs' awareness of the hardship faced by FGSA in the early stages of migration could induce disidentification with Britishness and accentuate identification with the ethnic group; (ii) the Press may be regarded as excluding BSA from Britishness; (iii) SGSA may manifest hybridised identities to enhance psychological coherence. In study III, a sample of 50 tabloid articles regarding BSA was analysed qualitatively. The results revealed that (i) BSA are constructed as 'deviating' from self-aspects of Britishness; (ii) BSA may be represented in terms of a hybridised threat to the ethno-national ingroup. Study IV investigated some of the findings of the previous studies quantitatively. The questionnaire was administered to 215 BSA. A series of statistical analyses confirmed (i) the impact of negative media representations of one's ethnic group for identity processes; (ii) the accentuation of ethnic identity and attenuation of British national identity as a result of exposure to negative media representations; (iii) a weaker national attachment among British Pakistanis than British Indians. It is argued that levels of British national and ethnic identities will likely fluctuate in accordance with social and temporal context and that BSA will make strategic use of both identities in order to optimise identity processes.

<p>Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation threaten the World’s ecosystems and species. These, and other threats, will likely be exacerbated by climate change. Due to a limited budget for conservation, we are forced to prioritize a few areas over others. These places are selected based on their uniqueness and vulnerability. One of the most famous examples is the biodiversity hotspots: areas where large quantities of endemic species meet alarming rates of habitat loss. Most of these places are in the tropics, where species have smaller ranges, diversity is higher, and ecosystems are most threatened.</p><p> Species distributions are useful to understand ecological theory and evaluate extinction risk. Small-ranged species, or those endemic to one place, are more vulnerable to extinction than widely distributed species. However, current range maps often overestimate the distribution of species, including areas that are not within the suitable elevation or habitat for a species. Consequently, assessment of extinction risk using these maps could underestimate vulnerability.</p><p>In order to be effective in our quest to conserve the World’s most important places we must: 1) Translate global and national priorities into practical local actions, 2) Find synergies between biodiversity conservation and human welfare, 3) Evaluate the different dimensions of threats, in order to design effective conservation measures and prepare for future threats, and 4) Improve the methods used to evaluate species’ extinction risk and prioritize areas for conservation. The purpose of this dissertation is to address these points in Colombia and other global biodiversity hotspots.</p><p>In Chapter 2, I identified the global, strategic conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical local actions within the selected priorities in Colombia. I used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify priority conservation areas that would protect the greatest number of species at risk in Colombia (endemic and small-ranged species). The Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such species—100 in total—but the lowest densities of national parks. I then adjusted the priorities for this region by refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated ranges of these species shrank by 18–100% after accounting for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation priorities on the basis of currently available range maps excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats, I made practical recommendations for conservation actions. One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main Andes.</p><p>For Chapter 3, I identified areas where bird conservation met ecosystem service protection in the Central Andes of Colombia. Inspired by the November 11th (2011) landslide event near Manizales, and the current poor results of Colombia’s Article 111 of Law 99 of 1993 as a conservation measure in this country, I set out to prioritize conservation and restoration areas where landslide prevention would complement bird conservation in the Central Andes. This area is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, but also one of the most threatened. Using the case of the Rio Blanco Reserve, near Manizales, I identified areas for conservation where endemic and small-range bird diversity was high, and where landslide risk was also high. I further prioritized restoration areas by overlapping these conservation priorities with a forest cover map. Restoring forests in bare areas of high landslide risk and important bird diversity yields benefits for both biodiversity and people. I developed a simple landslide susceptibility model using slope, forest cover, aspect, and stream proximity. Using publicly available bird range maps, refined by elevation, I mapped concentrations of endemic and small-range bird species. I identified 1.54 km2 of potential restoration areas in the Rio Blanco Reserve, and 886 km2 in the Central Andes region. By prioritizing these areas, I facilitate the application of Article 111 which requires local and regional governments to invest in land purchases for the conservation of watersheds.</p><p>Chapter 4 dealt with elevational ranges of montane birds and the impact of lowland deforestation on their ranges in the Western Andes of Colombia, an important biodiversity hotspot. Using point counts and mist-nets, I surveyed six altitudinal transects spanning 2200 to 2800m. Three transects were forested from 2200 to 2800m, and three were partially deforested with forest cover only above 2400m. I compared abundance-weighted mean elevation, minimum elevation, and elevational range width. In addition to analyzing the effect of deforestation on 134 species, I tested its impact within trophic guilds and habitat preference groups. Abundance-weighted mean and minimum elevations were not significantly different between forested and partially deforested transects. Range width was marginally different: as expected, ranges were larger in forested transects. Species in different trophic guilds and habitat preference categories showed different trends. These results suggest that deforestation may affect species’ elevational ranges, even within the forest that remains. Climate change will likely exacerbate harmful impacts of deforestation on species’ elevational distributions. Future conservation strategies need to account for this by protecting connected forest tracts across a wide range of elevations.</p><p> In Chapter 5, I refine the ranges of 726 species from six biodiversity hotspots by suitable elevation and habitat. This set of 172 bird species for the Atlantic Forest, 138 for Central America, 100 for the Western Andes of Colombia, 57 for Madagascar, 102 for Sumatra, and 157 for Southeast Asia met the criteria for range size, endemism, threat, and forest use. Of these 586 species, the Red List deems 108 to be threatened: 15 critically endangered, 29 endangered, and 64 vulnerable. When ranges are refined by elevational limits and remaining forest cover, 10 of those critically endangered species have ranges < 100km2, but then so do 2 endangered species, seven vulnerable, and eight non-threatened ones. Similarly, 4 critically endangered species, 20 endangered, and 12 vulnerable species have refined ranges < 5000km2, but so do 66 non-threatened species. A striking 89% of these species I have classified in higher threat categories have <50% of their refined ranges inside protected areas. I find that for 43% of the species I assessed, refined range sizes fall within thresholds that typically have higher threat categories than their current assignments. I recommend these species for closer inspection by those who assess risk. These assessments are not only important on a species-by-species basis, but by combining distributions of threatened species, I create maps of conservation priorities. They differ significantly from those created from unrefined ranges.</p> / Dissertation