The thesis focuses on modern methods of traffic sign detection and traffic lights detection directly in traffic and with use of back analysis. The main subject is convolutional neural networks (CNN). The solution is using convolutional neural networks of YOLO type. The main goal of this thesis is to achieve the greatest possible optimization of speed and accuracy of models. Examines suitable datasets. A number of datasets are used for training and testing. These are composed of real and synthetic data sets. For training and testing, the data were preprocessed using the Yolo mark tool. The training of the model was carried out at a computer center belonging to the virtual organization MetaCentrum VO. Due to the quantifiable evaluation of the detector quality, a program was created statistically and graphically showing its success with use of ROC curve and evaluation protocol COCO. In this thesis I created a model that achieved a success average rate of up to 81 %. The thesis shows the best choice of threshold across versions, sizes and IoU. Extension for mobile phones in TensorFlow Lite and Flutter have also been created.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux modèles de calcul dans les réseaux d'objets à capacité restreinte, tels que les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Nous nous focalisons sur les protocoles de population proposés par Angluin et al. Dans ce modèle, les objets sont représentés par des agents à états finis, passivement mobiles, communiquant entre paires et formant un réseau asynchrone et anonyme. Nous présentons deux études comparatives qui nous permettent par la suite de proposer une approche établissant le lien des protocoles de population avec deux autres modèles : le modèle des tâches avec les systèmes de réécritures de graphes, et le modèle asynchrone et anonyme d'échange de messages. Nous passons ensuite au problème d'ordonnancement dans les protocoles de population. Nous proposons un nouvel ordonnanceur probabiliste, 1-central, basé sur les rendez-vous randomisés et appelé HS Scheduler. Contrairement aux autres ordonnanceurs,il permet à plus d'une paire de communiquer à la fois. Nous prouvons qu'il est équitable avec probabilité 1. Nous analysons par la suite les termes Nous analysons par la suite les temps de stabilisation de certains protocoles s'exécutant sous le Random Scheduler ou le HS Scheduleret sur différentes topologies du graphe d'interaction. Nous prouvons que le HS Scheduler est équivalent en temps au Random Scheduler quand le graphe d'interaction est complet mais qu'il permet une stabilisation plus rapide quand le graphe est aléatoire. Par la suite,nous proposons un autre ordonnanceur qui prend en considération les états des agents et permet d'introduire la terminaison à certains protocoles : le Prorotol Aware HS Scheduler.Nous prouvons qu'il est équitable avec probabilité 1. Nous faisons l'analyse des temps de stabilisation de certains protocoles s'exécutant sous cet ordonnanceur en considérant différentes topologies du graphe d'interaction. Finalement, nous implémentons et simulons sur ViSiDiA l'ensemble des scénarios étudiés et validons nos résultats théoriques. / In this work, we consider computing models for networks of tiny objects suchas wireless sensor networks. We focus on the population protocols, a pairwise computationalmodel introduced by Angluin et al. where the tiny objects are represented byanonymous, passively mobile, finite state agents forming asynchronous networks. Weestablish two comparative studies between the population protocol model (and its extensions)and the two following ones: tasks with graph relabeling systems, and anonymousasynchronous message passing. These studies aim to establish possible mappings betweenthe population protocols and these two models. We then focus on the scheduling of thepairwise interactions in population protocols. We propose the HS Scheduler, a new probabilistic1-central scheduler based on randomized handshakes. Compared to the existingschedulers, this scheduler allows to more than one pair of agents to communicate simultaneously.We prove that this scheduler is fair with probability 1. We thereafter presentanalyses of the complexity of the stabilization time of some protocols running under thescheduling of the Random Scheduler and the HS Scheduler, and over different topologiesof the interaction graph. We prove that these two schedulers are time equivalent withComputing Models for Networks of Tiny Objects iiirespect to these protocols when the interaction graph is complete, however computationsunder the HS Scheduler stabilize faster when the interaction graph is random. We then introducethe Protocol Aware HS Scheduler, a slightly modifed version of the HS Schedulerthat takes into account the states of the agents and allows termination in some protocols.We also prove that this scheduler is fair with probability 1. We present analyses of thetime complexity of some protocols running under the scheduling of the Protocol AwareHS Scheduler and over dfferent structures of the interaction graph. We implement thedifferent scenarios in ViSiDiA, and validate through simulations our theoretical results.

In networked robot systems (NRS), robots and robotic devices are distributed in the environment; typically tasks are performed by cooperation and coordination of such multiple networked components. NRS offer advantages over monolithic systems in terms of modularity, flexibility and cost effectiveness, and they are thus becoming a mainstream approach to the inclusion of robotic solutions in everyday environments. The components of a NRS are usually robots and sensors equipped with rich computational and communication facilities. In this thesis, we argue that the capabilities of a NRS would greatly increase if it could also accommodate among its nodes simpler entities, like small ubiquitous sensing and actuation devices, home appliances, or augmented everyday objects. For instance, a domestic robot needs to manipulate food items and interact with appliances. Such a robot would benefit from the ability to exchange information with those items and appliances in a direct way, in the same way as with other networked robots and sensors. Combining such highly heterogeneous devices inside one NRS is challenging, and one of the major challenges is to provide a common communication and collaboration infrastructure. In the field of NRS, this infrastructure is commonly provided by a shared middleware. Unfortunately, current middlewares lack the generality needed to allow heterogeneous entities such as robots, simple ubiquitous devices and everyday objects to coexist in the same system. In this thesis we show how an existing middleware for NRS can be extended to include three new types of “citizens” in the system, on peer with the other robots. First, we include computationally simple embedded devices, like ubiquitous sensors and actuators, by creating a fully compatible tiny version of the existing robotic middleware. Second, we include augmented everyday objects or home appliances which are unable to run the middleware on board, by proposing a generic design pattern based on the notion of object proxy. Finally,we go one step further and include humans as nodes in the NRS by defining the notion of human proxy. While there exist a few other NRS which are able to include both robots and simple embedded devices in the same system, the use of proxies to include everyday objects and humans in a generic way is a unique feature of this work. In order to verify and validate the above concepts, we have implemented them in the Peis-Ecology NRS model. We report a number of experiments based on this implementation, which provide both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of its performance, reliability, and interoperability.

Orientador: Ana Lúcia Goulart de Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_Flavio_M.pdf: 1668411 bytes, checksum: cecc3551c2da3b101b257ea7f355ebc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As escolhas conceituais, linguísticas e políticas presentes nas páginas desta dissertação são frutos dos diferentes encontros ocorridos durante uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada no período de agosto a dezembro de 2012, em um Centro de Educação Infantil de uma cidade da região metropolitana de Campinas-SP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa envolvendo crianças pequenininhas de três anos e suas/seus docentes. O objetivo é apresentar a violência da hierarquização social capitalista fundamentada no processo de racialização sobre a construção das culturas infantis. A partir dos pressupostos teóricos da Sociologia da Infância e dos estudos das Ciências Sociais, relacionados às Relações Raciais no Brasil, procurei compreender a influência macro desse processo nas construções dos estereótipos referentes às crianças pequenininhas negras. Além disso, analiso como esse processo de racialização contribui para o afastamento da cultura e história negra das pedagogias presentes na educação infantil e na exclusão de meninas pequenininhas negras e meninos pequenininhos negros do campo social permissível às experiências relativas à aceitação do seu corpo, de sua ancestralidade. Os resultados apontam para a presença de uma pedagogia da "branquitude", que se embasa num modelo educacional com propósitos de reprodução de preconceitos referentes às crianças pequenininhas negras para a manutenção dos privilégios das crianças pequeninhas brancas. Indicam, também, como as crianças pequeninhas negras percebem o racismo presente nas posturas pedagógicas adotadas pelo Centro de Educação Infantil e deixam explícito, por meio de diferentes linguagens, a não aceitação dos enquadramentos que as fixam em posições subalternas na sociedade / Abstract: The conceptual, linguistic and political choices presented on the pages of this dissertation are the outcome of different meetings occurred during an ethnographic research at an Early Childhood Center in Vinhedo ¿ SP, conducted in the period that goes from August to December 2012. This research involves three-year-old tiny young children and their teachers. It aims to bring up the violence of capitalist social hierarchization based on the process of racialization on the construction of peer cultures. From the theoretical assumptions of Childhood Sociology, and studies of Social Sciences related to Racial Relationships in Brazil, I sought to understand the macro influence of this process on the construction of stereotypes related to tiny young black children. In addition to that, I analyze how this process of racialization contributes to the withdrawal of both culture and black history from the pedagogies present in childhood education, and to the exclusion of black girls and black boys from a social field that is permissible to experiences related to the acceptance of their own body; of their ancestry. The results point out to the presence of a pedagogy of "whiteness" that relies on an educational model with purposes of reproduction of prejudices against tiny young black children in order to achieve the maintenance of the privileges of white tiny young children. The results also indicate how these tiny young black children perceive racism installed on the pedagogical postures adopted by childhood educational centers, and make it explicit, through different languages, the non-acceptance of the fitting framework that pins them down in a subordinate position in society / Mestrado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Mestre em Educação

Master thesis, Master of science in Innovation through Business, Engineering and Design with specialization in Business Administration Field of research: Business Administration, School of Business & Economics University: Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden Course code: 5FE07E Semester: Spring 2017 Author: Elias Gentili Examiner: Saara Taalas Tutor: Lena Olaison Title: Exploring Wellbeing in Small and Unconventional Dwellings Subtitle: Understanding living in small and unconventional dwellings through a multi- dimensional perspective of space Background: Urbanization and densification is happening in practically all parts of the world. Cities are becoming bigger, and questions about accessibility to the urban areas is a concern. Difficulties in finding affordable accommodation is one, and another one is wellbeing in homes. With the recent interests in the increasing tiny house movement, living solutions that are affordable, simple, and small are gaining in popularity. This is happening partly as a reaction to that the average home size in many parts of the western world have been increasing dramatically in the last decades. Both building regulation institutions and research are often connecting small space living with negative effects on wellbeing. But the tiny house movement seem to show that people can live well also in small dwellings outside of such regulations. The question of what brings wellbeing to a homes has never been more relevant, and the area of small and unconventional housing is lacking research. Research question: What is wellbeing living in small and unconventional homes? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of wellbeing in small and unconventional homes. The objective of this research is to provide a holistic understanding of wellbeing in such homes, by going beyond firstspace and secondspace dimensions, into a thirdspace perspective. Method: Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and observations of people chosing to live in small and unconventional dwellings. A thematical analysis strategy suitable for new concept development was adopted. An abductive approach was applied in order to frame the study being multi disciplinary, and in order to obtain increased understandings of the study phenomenon. However, the study focused heavily on the empirical data from my study. Conclusion: This study found that the wellbeing is experienced as a totality of different dimensions: not only does the physical dwelling in itself provide for wellbeing, but also dimensions relating to thoughts, meanings and lived experiences they associate to their dwellings. A holistic perspective is what best can provide an understanding of their experienced wellbeing, where physical, mental and lived dimensions are combined. Furthermore was found that the dwellings can work as facilitators to achieve wellbeing on several levels both relating to their inner space in their dwellings, bringing in other spatialities, and for their lives as a whole. Keywords: Small space living, tiny house movement, experienced wellbeing at home, housing beyond traditions and conventions, influences of spatialities, spatial theory

I den politiska debatten sägs arbete vara den främsta vägen in i det svenska samhället, samtidigt som tidigare tonvikt på stöd och socialt ansvar har ersatts av aktivering och individuellt ansvar i etableringsprogrammen för nyanlända. Detta tankesätt centrerar social inkludering kring lönearbete och utelämnar den avsevärda del av samhällslivet som sker på fritiden. Denna studie ifrågasätter lönearbetets primat och undersöker därför integration i förhållande till fritidsvärlden, utifrån upplevelser av hem- och tillhörighet. Detta görs genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med informanter som flyttade till Sverige i vuxen ålder. Mot bakgrund av Floya Anthias texter om migration och integration lyfts de relationella och flytande aspekterna – de translokala kontexterna – av hem- och tillhörighet. Den lokala kontexten utforskas vidare med Gary A. Fines interaktionistiska perspektiv på grupper, och fritidsaktiviteternas betydelse belyses med hjälp av Tony Blackshaws teori om fritid i moderniteten. Tolkande fenomenologisk analys av materialet visar hur fritidsaktiviteter kan understödja behovet av självförverkligande och gemenskap, samt hur upplevelsen av social inkludering till stor del handlar om de interaktioner som går utöver acceptans eller tolerans. Positiva och integrerande upplevelser bland informanterna relaterade till huruvida den lokala gemenskapen välkomnade och bjöd in, samt interaktioner som kännetecknades av uppskattning, gränsöverskridande, omsorg, och hänsyn. Vad detta föreslår är att stat och civilsamhälle borde vidga sin förhärskande förståelse av integration och gemenskap.

A significant amount of research in the field of stereo vision has been published in the past decade. Considerable progress has been made in improving accuracy of results as well as achieving real-time performance in obtaining those results. Although much of the literature does not address it, many applications are sensitive to the tradeoff between accuracy and speed that exists among stereo vision algorithms. Overall, this work aims to organize existing efforts and encourage new ones in the development of stereo vision algorithms for resource limited systems. It does this through a review of the status quo as well as providing both software and hardware designs of new stereo vision algorithms that offer an efficient tradeoff between speed and accuracy. A comprehensive review and analysis of stereo vision algorithms is provided with specific emphasis on real-time performance and suitability for resource limited systems. An attempt has been made to compile and present accuracy and runtime performance data for all stereo vision algorithms developed in the past decade. The tradeoff in accuracy that is typically made to achieve real-time performance is examined with an example of an existing highly accurate stereo vision that is modified to see how much speedup can be achieved. Two new stereo vision algorithms, GA Spline and Profile Shape Matching, are presented with a hardware design of the latter also being provided, making Profile Shape Matching available to both embedded processor-based and programmable hardware-based resource limited systems.

Embedded system such as microcontrollers has become more powerful and cheaper during the past couple of years. This has led to more and more development of on-edge applications, one of which is anomaly detection using machine learning. This thesis investigates the ability to implement, deploy and run the unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm called Isolation Forest, and its modified version Mondrian Isolation Forest on a microcontroller. Both algorithms were successfully implemented and deployed. The regular Isolation Forest algorithm resulted in being able to function as an anomaly detection algorithm by using both data sets and streaming data. However, the Mondrian Isolation Forest was too resource hungry to be able to function as a proper anomaly detection application.

Objektdetektering har fått stort forskningsintresse de senaste åren, eftersom det är maskiners ögon och är en grundläggande uppgift inom datorseende som syftar till att identifiera och lokalisera föremål av intresse. Hårdvaruacceleratorer syftar vanligtvis till att öka genomströmningen för realtidskrav samtidigt som energiförbrukningen sänks. Studier av feltolerans säkerställer att algoritmen utförs korrekt även med felpresentation. Denna avhandling täcker dessa ämnen och tillhandahåller en Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-implementering av en objektdetekteringsalgoritm, You Only Look Once (YOLO), samtidigt som man undersöker implementeringens feltolerans. En baslinjeimplementering på FPGA tillhandahålls först och sedan tillämpas, implementeras och testas två feltoleranta implementeringar, en med trippelmodulär redundans och en med tidsredundans. Fastnade fel injiceras i implementeringarna för att studera feltoleransen. Vår FPGA-implementering av YOLO ger en höghastighets, låg strömförbrukning och mycket konfigurerbar hårdvaruaccelerator för objektdetektering. I detta examensarbete görs implementeringsdesignen med en kombination av egendesignade moduler med VHDL och Xilinx-försedd Intellectual Property (IP). Jämfört med andra forsknings- eller öppen källkodsversioner som använder High-Level Synthesis (HLS), är denna design mer konfigurerbar för framtida referenser och tar bort onödiga hårdvarusvarta lådor. Jämfört med andra studier om hårdvaruacceleratorer fokuserar denna avhandling på feltolerans. Detta examensarbete skapar utrymme för mer arbete med att utforska feltolerans, t.ex. skapa en mer feltolerant implementering eller undersöka hur vissa fel kan påverka resultatet. Det är också möjligt att använda implementeringen från denna avhandling som baslinje för andra forskningsändamål, eftersom implementeringen är fristående och mycket konfigurerbar. / Object detection gets great research interest in recent years, as it is the eyes of machines and is a fundamental task in computer vision that aims at identifying and locating objects of interest. Hardware accelerators usually aim at boosting the throughput for real-time requirements while lowering power consumption. Studies on fault tolerance ensure the algorithm to be performed correctly even with error presenting. This thesis covers these topics and provides a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of an object detection algorithm, You Only Look Once (YOLO), while investigating the fault tolerance of the implementation. A baseline implementation on FPGA is first provided and then two fault-tolerant implementations, one with triple-modular redundancy and one with time redundancy are applied, implemented, and tested. Stuck-at faults are injected into the implementations to study the fault tolerance. Our FPGA implementation of YOLO provides a high-speed, low-power-consumption, and highly-configurable hardware accelerator for object detection. In this thesis, the implementation design is done with a combination of self-designed modules with VHDL and Xilinx-provided Intellectual Property (IP). Compared to other research or open-source versions using High-Level Synthesis (HLS), this design is more configurable for future references and removes unnecessary hardware black boxes. Compared to other studies on hardware accelerators, this thesis focuses on fault tolerance. This thesis creates space for more work on exploring fault tolerance, e.g., creating a more fault-tolerant implementation or investigating how certain faults could affect the result. It is also possible to use the implementation from this thesis as a baseline for other research purposes, as the implementation is stand-alone and highly configurable.

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