A presente dissertação analisa a modulação dos efeitos temporais da declaração de incons-titucionalidade sob a perspectiva de seus métodos de aplicação. Aprecia-se criticamente a adequação da orientação jurisprudencial feita pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e defendida pela predominante doutrina brasileira no sentido de que a modulação de efeitos deve ser realizada a partir da técnica de ponderação de princípios. Neste propósito, este trabalho apresenta os principais métodos mencionados na doutrina estrangeira e brasileira para a modulação de efeitos, subdividindo-os em soluções com ponderação e soluções com sub-sunção. Além disso, tomando-se como fundamento que a invalidação da lei inconstitucio-nal é ato de imposição de sanção jurídica, analisam-se os pontos em comum existentes entre a modulação de efeitos e a dosimetria da pena, na medida em que ambas podem ser consideradas técnicas de dosagem de sanção jurídica. / This dissertation examines the changing of temporal effects judgment of unconstitutionali-ty from the perspective of their application methods. Critically, it studies the adequacy of judicial guidance made by Supreme Court and defended by the prevailing brazilian doc-trine that chancing effects should be performed using the technique of balacing principles. In this way, this study presents the main methods mentioned in brazilian and foreign doc-trine for chancing effects, subdividing into balacing solutions and subsumption solutions. Moreover, taking assumption that invalidation of unconstitutional law is adjudication act of legal sanction, it analyzes commonalities between chancing effects and criminal dosimetry, because both can be considered dosage techniques of legal sanction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Moraes de Oliveira_Dissertacao.pdf: 4032189 bytes, checksum: 34feb21293eb09f34ed37fa1251b2ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-07 / This thesis describes how imaginary's intimations have influenced actorteachers' form-a(c)tion as structured and structuring structures: theater students, in an extracurricular perspective, were immersed in ten poetical experiments during almost three years in order to amplify their perceptions on imaginary's various intimations (symbolic groups of images) which take part in every moment of their and our lives. Is this amplification of the perception on the constant dislocations which everyone performs in the present (bersonian eternal duration) what configures a reeducation of the sensible? The answer to that question, originated from my research, is composed by a series of letters which intend to take the reader closer to the research trajectory itself. The "letters upon the reeducation of the sensible" highlight several movements; however, they reveal that the sensible is a dimension impossible to measure: one can try to have it measured, but that would mean potentizing the intelligible. For that reason, in the thesis report, the description and the direct speech were chosen as a sort of data analysis. The main references, which support the theoretical construct, are: studies on the imaginary (Gilbert Durand and Michel Maffesoli) and actor formation (Constantin Stanislavski and Jerzy Grotowski). With such references it was possible to observe the interaction between form (structured structure) and action (structuring structure), both interpellated and conformed by a complex texture of imaginary's intimations. That interaction, as a moving one, also allowed the juxtaposition of two different actants: the actor and the teacher, resulting in the actorteacher. The constant movement of students-researchers I denominate reeducation of the sensible, that is, the perception of the sharing which involves them with every part of life, including the underground ones. / A presente tese descreve como as intimações do imaginário agiram na forma-ação de atoresprofessores como estruturas estruturadas e estruturantes: estudantes de teatro, num âmbito extracurricular, estiveram imersos em dez experimentos poéticos durante quase três anos com o intuito de ampliarem suas percepções das diversas intimações do imaginário (conjuntos simbólicos de imagens) que agem em todos os momentos de suas e de nossas vidas. É essa ampliação da percepção dos constantes deslocamentos que todos fazem no presente (eterna duração bersoniana) que se configura em um processo de reeducação do sensível? A resposta a essa questão, decorrência de minha pesquisa, é composta por uma série de cartas que visam a aproximar o leitor do próprio trajeto de pesquisa. As ―cartas sobre a reeducação do sensível‖ apontam para inúmeros movimentos, entretanto, revela que o sensível é uma dimensão impossível de medir: pode-se tentar uma medição, mas aí se está potencializando o inteligível. Por isso, no relato da tese há a opção pela descrição e pela fala direta como uma espécie de análise de dados. As referências principais e que amparam o constructo teórico são: estudos do imaginário (Gilbert Durand e Michel Maffesoli) e formação do ator (Constantin Stanislavski e Jerzy Grotowski). Com esses referenciais foi possível perceber a interação entre a forma (estrutura estruturada) e a ação (estrutura estruturante), estes interpelados e conformados por uma complexa teia de intimações do imaginário. Essa interação, porque movente, permitiu também a justaposição de dois actantes distintos: o ator e o professor, resultando no atorprofessor. Ao constante movimento dos alunos-pesquisadores denomino reeducação do sensível, isto é, a percepção da partilha que os envolve com todas as partes da vida, inclusive as subterrâneas.

Master’s thesis in the first part focuses on the effectiveness of communication in the selection of reference nodes during the anchor-free localization in WSN. In this part two anchor-free localization algorithms AFL and CRP are explored. Knowledge learned on the selection of reference nodes and communication complexities of these algorithms are used in the second part. The second part is aimed at eliminating weaknesses in communication and subsequently proposed a new algorithm for selection of references. The principle of the newly proposed algorithm CASRU (Centralized Algorithm for Selection of Reference Nodes) is based on the principle of CRP. CASRU algorithm builds logical tree structure and then filters the communication through it. New algorithm achieves much greater success in the selection in randomly distributed networks while reducing the amount of communication load.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om hur undervisningen om likhetstecknets innebörd kan se ut i ett svenskt klassrum. Det som undersöks är hur en lärare skapar möjlighet för eleverna att urskilja kritiska aspekter av likhetstecknets innebörd genom variationsmönster. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom stimulated recall i en åk 2 med en lärare som har tio års arbetslivserfarenhet som lärare vid ett undervisningstillfälle. Analysen av datamaterialet gjordes med inspiration från variationsteorin. Resultatet visade att fyra kritiska aspekter gjordes möjliga för eleverna att urskilja. Detta gjordes genom olika variationsmönster som skapades genom användandet av öppna utsagor och olika representationsformer. / The aim of this study is to research and bring knowledge about how the meaning of the equality sign can be taught in a Swedish classroom. The research focuses on how a teacher creates possibilities for the students to discern critical aspects of the meaning of the equality sign through patterns of variation. The data was collected by using stimulated recall during one lesson in a year 2 classroom with a teacher who has been working as a teacher for ten years. The collected material was analysed with inspiration from the variation theory. The result shows that four critical aspects were made visible to the students. This was done through dif- ferent patterns of variation that was created by the use of different forms of representation.

This degree project aims to find solutions to prevent construction process from delay by detecting and resolving work-space congestions and time-space conflicts based on 4D-modeling. The purpose is to improve the work efficiency on the construction site of a hospital project. Through a software experiment, the proposed solutions will be tested to see if the conflicts on the construction site can be resolved or minimized. This is achieved by following the construction phase of the NKS project from Skanska AB. The largest hospital project in Sweden. The theoretical framework focuses on the concepts of 4D, work-space congestions, time-space conflicts, lean construction, last planner system, project organization as well as reviewing a variety of literature regarding how to resolve the conflicts during the construction process. The useful data and information have been gathered through semi-structured interviews with project managers and workforce. The obser-vations have been done on-site. Followed by 4D software experiment, by associating the tasks to the different areas through LBS with the time constraint data, the effi-ciency of work based on the quantity takeoff can be evaluated and thus it allows pro-ject managers to foresee the potential conflicts easily. Eventually, applying 4D - modeling helps the planners visualize the inefficiencies in the schedule and thus re-schedule the tasks before they lead to delays. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att finna lösningar för att förhindra konstruktions-processen från förseningar genom att upptäcka och lösa arbetsplatsstörningar samt tids- och utrymmeskonflikter baserat på 4D-modelering. Målet är att effektivisera arbetet på byggarbetsplatsen för ett sjukhusprojekt. Genom simuleringar kommer föreslagna lösningar, för att undvika konflikter på arbetsplatsen, att prövas för att få bukt med eller minimera dessa konflikter. Detta uppnås genom att följa byggnadsfasen av NKS-projektet från Skanska AB. Sveriges största sjukhuspro-jekt. Den teoretiska referensramen fokuserar på begreppen: 4D, arbetsutrymmesbelast-ning, tids- och platskonflikt, lean construction, last planner-systemet, projektorgani-sation samt granskning av litteratur som handlar om konfliktlösning under byggpro-cessen. Användbara data och information har samlats in via semistrukturerade inter-vjuer med projektledare och byggnadsarbetare. Observationer har gjorts på plats. Följt av 4D-simulering, genom att sammankoppla uppgifter till de olika områdena ge-nom LBS med tidsrestriktionsdata, kan effektiviteten av arbete som bygger på mängdavtagning utvärderas. Det tillåter projektledare att utan svårighet förutse po-tentiella konflikter. Så småningom kan tillämpningen av 4D-modellering hjälpa plane-rare att visualisera ineffektiviteter i tidsplanen och därmed planera om arbetsuppgif-terna innan de leder till förseningar.

Software maintenance and the understanding of where in the source code features are implemented are two strongly coupled tasks that make up a large portion of the effort spent on developing applications. The concept of feature location investigated in this thesis can serve as a supporting factor in those tasks as it facilitates the automation of otherwise manual searches for source code artifacts. Challenges in this subject area include the aggregation and composition of a training corpus from historical codebase data for models as well as the integration and optimization of qualified topic modeling techniques. Building up on previous research, this thesis provides a comparison of two different techniques and introduces a toolkit that can be used to reproduce and extend on the results discussed. Specifically, in this thesis a changeset-based approach to feature location is pursued and applied to a large open-source Java project. The project is used to optimize and evaluate the performance of Latent Dirichlet Allocation models and Pachinko Allocation models, as well as to compare the accuracy of the two models with each other. As discussed at the end of the thesis, the results do not indicate a clear favorite between the models. Instead, the outcome of the comparison depends on the metric and viewpoint from which it is assessed.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och bidra med kunskap om hur undervisningen om likhetstecknets innebörd kan se ut i ett svenskt klassrum. Det som undersöks är hur en lärare skapar möjlighet för eleverna att urskilja kritiska aspekter av likhetstecknets innebörd genom variationsmönster. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom stimulated recall i en åk 2 med en lärare som har tio års arbetslivserfarenhet som lärare vid ett undervisningstillfälle. Analysen av datamaterialet gjordes med inspiration från variationsteorin. Resultatet visade att fyra kritiska aspekter gjordes möjliga för eleverna att urskilja. Detta gjordes genom olika variationsmönster som skapades genom användandet av öppna utsagor och olika representationsformer. / The equality sign means that it should be the same, end of discus-sion. -A study about how students are given possibilities to discern critical aspects of the meaning of theequality sign The aim of this study is to research and bring knowledge about how the meaning of the equality sign can be taught in a Swedish classroom. The research focuses on how a teacher creates possibilities for the students to discern critical aspects of the meaning of the equality sign through patterns of variation. The data was collected by using stimulated recall during one lesson in a year 2 classroom with a teacher who has been working as a teacher for ten years. The collected material was analysed with inspiration from the variation theory. The result shows that four critical aspects were made visible to the students. This was done through dif-ferent patterns of variation that was created by the use of different forms of representation.

When analyzing situations involving intelligent agents with objectives, it can be helpful to use discrete games as models. Within such game models the synthesis of winning strategies is of interest, and many algorithmic methods have been developed for this purpose. This project focused on a less tractable game type, involving a coalition of players without the ability to communicate. For this type of game we propose two methods for exploring knowledge-based strategies. One is an extension of the previously developed Multiplayer Knowledge- Based Subset Construction with the additional assumption of action observability within the coalition. The other is a novel method called Epistemic Expansion, which assumes that the coalition coordinates before playing the game. We demonstrate how these methods can be used to help find winning strategies in example games with relevant properties. / Diskreta spel kan utgöra lämpliga modeller för många situationer där intelligenta spelare är inblandade. I dessa modellspel är det av intresse att hitta vinnande strategier och många algoritmer har utvecklats i detta syfte. I detta projekt undersöker vi spel i vilka en koalition av spelare med ett gemensamt mål ska samarbeta utan kommunikation. För att underlätta syntesen av vinnande strategier är det lämpligt att följa hur spelarnas kunskapsläge utvecklas under spelets gång. Vi föreslår två kunskapsbaserade konstruktioner för att modellera två skilda antaganden. Det första är att spelarna kan observera varandras handlingar, och det andra är att koalitionen har möjlighet att skapa en koordinerad strategi innan spelet börjar. Vi visar hur dessa konstruktioner kan användas för att syntetisera vinnande strategier i utvalda exempelspel. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

Buildings play a central role for livability and carbon footprint of urban areas. Ambitious energy saving and emission reduction targets created a need for a new generation of decisionsupport methods and tools that allow for detailed analysis of urban energy on a large scale. Urban building energy modeling (UBEM) that has emerged recently is an efficient approach to assess energy performance of multiple buildings and system effects from urban energy interventions. However, the further upscale of UBEMs is significantly limited due to the lack of automation for building energy performance (BEP) simulations required for such models in large amounts. This thesis aimed to explore challenges for automation of BEP simulations, and to develop a prototype tool that would serve as a middleware between UBEM and BEP simulation engine, focusing on the IDA ICE simulation software. The result of this thesis is icepy — a tool for automation of BEP simulations in IDA ICE. It uses IDA ICE API and Lisp scripting to provide interaction between UBEM process and IDA ICE in order to generate initial simulation model (IDM), execute simulation and manage results in an automated way. Being implemented as a Python package, it allows to modify multiple IDMs or export simulation results with a few lines of code. The developed tool has been tested and validated for the case building in Minneberg, Stockholm. The automation capabilities provided by icepy has allowed to perform sensitivity analysis for building design parameters as was demonstrated for the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and three various algorithms for window distribution. The resulting tool has limited functionality as it addressed building envelopes which is only one component of building simulation. However, it has proved to be an efficient approach to automate simulation process and has shown a good potential for further development of such tools. / Byggnader spelar en central roll för urbana områdens levbarhet och koldioxidavtryck. Ambitiösa mål för energibesparing och utsläppsminskning har skapat ett behov av en ny generation beslutsstödmetoder och verktyg som möjliggör detaljerad analys av städers energianvändning i stor skala. Urban byggnadsenergimodellering (UBEM) har nyligen utvecklats och är ett effektivt tillvägagångssätt för att bedöma energiprestanda för flera byggnader och systemeffekter för olika energiåtgärder inom den urban miljön. Den ytterligare uppskalningen av UBEM är dock begränsad på grund av bristen på automation av simulering som är inriktade på byggnadsenergiprestanda (BEP), vilket krävs för att hantera stora byggnadsbestånd. Det här examensarbetet syftar till att utforska utmaningar med automatisering av BEP-simuleringar och att utveckla en prototyp som ska fungera som en mellanprogramvara mellan UBEM och BEP-simuleringsmotorer, med fokus på IDA ICE(som är en simuleringsprogramvara). Resultatet av examensarbetet är icepy, som är ett verktyg för att automatisera BEP-simuleringar i IDA-ICE. Icepy använder IDA ICE API och Lispskript för att tillhandahålla interaktion mellan UBEM-processen och IDA ICE för att generera en initial simuleringsmodell (IDM), utför själva simuleringen och slutligen hanterar resultatet på ett automatiserat sätt. Genom att icepy implementeras som ett Pythonpaket kan den modifiera flera IDM:er och även exportera simuleringsresultat med några få kodrader. Området Minneberg i Stockholm har använts i en fallstudie för att validera och testa verktyget. Automatiseringsfunktionerna i icepy har möjliggjort känslighetsanalyser för olika byggnadsdesignparametrar, exempelvis studerades påverkan av olika värden på förhållandet mellan fönster och väggar genom användning av tre olika algoritmer för fönsterdistributioner. Det utvecklade verktyget har begränsningar i funktionalitet framförallt på grund av att enbart byggnadens ytterskal studerades i byggnadsenergisimuleringarna. Verktyget har dock visat sig vara ett effektivt tillvägagångssätt för att automatisera simuleringsprocesser, vilket visar på en god potential att också vidareutveckla dessa verktyg.

This study explores how five teachers from five different special schools work with their students´ speech disorders in a way that stimulates the students to develop their speech. The study is based on interviews as a qualitative method of investigation. An analysis was performed from a sociocultural perspective, where artefacts, the proximal zone of development, as well as the students' opportunities for interaction, were examined. The result of the study shows that teachers use many different types of artefacts. The most common artefacts used by these teachers are pictures and signs as means of support. When the teachers lack knowledge as to how the students would be stimulated to develop their speech, they engage speech therapists who are trained in speech development. There is an awareness with the teachers concerning how the students could take yet another step in their speech development. The teachers also think that the students need to experience contexts where they learn how to interact with each other. Special school students with additional functional disabilities who have extensive speech disorders are those with Down's syndrome or states within the autistic spectrum. Motivation is a key concept for these teachers. To find the motivation within the students, means that they work based on the various areas of interest that the children have. Finding the key to motivation is crucial, in order for the students to develop their speech. / Sammanfattning Denna studie undersöker hur fem pedagoger från fem olika grundsärskolor arbetar med grundsärskoleelevers talsvårigheter på ett sätt som stimulerar eleverna till talutveckling. Studien är baserad på intervjuer som är en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod. En analys gjordes utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där artefakter, den proximala utvecklingszonen samt elevernas möjligheter till samspel synades. Resultatet av studien visar att pedagoger använder sig av många olika slags artefakter. De vanligaste artefakter som pedagogerna använder sig av är bilder och tecken som stöd. Om pedagogerna känner att de brister i kunskap om hur eleverna ska få stimulans till att utvecklas i sitt tal så anlitar de talpedagoger eller logopeder som har utbildning i tal. En medvetenhet finns hos pedagogerna om hur eleverna ska ta ett steg till i sin talutveckling. Pedagogerna anser även att eleverna ska få uppleva miljöer där de ska lära sig att samspela med varandra. Grundsärskoleelever med flerfunktionsnedsättningar som har stora svårigheter med sitt tal är de med Downs syndrom och autismspektrumtillstånd. Motivation är ett ledord hos pedagogerna. Att hitta motivationen hos eleverna är detsamma som att pedagoger arbetar utifrån elevernas olika intresseområden. Nyckeln till motivationen är viktig att hitta om eleverna ska utvecklas i sitt tal.