<p>Train transportation is a vital part of the transportation system of today anddue to its safe and environmental friendly concept it will be even more impor-tant in the future. The speeds of trains have increased continuously and withhigher speeds the aerodynamic effects become even more important. One aero-dynamic effect that is of vital importance for passengers’ and track workers’safety is slipstream, i.e. the flow that is dragged by the train. Earlier ex-perimental studies have found that for high-speed passenger trains the largestslipstream velocities occur in the wake. Therefore the work in this thesis isdevoted to wake flows. First a test case, a surface-mounted cube, is simulatedto test the analysis methodology that is later applied to a train geometry, theAerodynamic Train Model (ATM). Results on both geometries are comparedwith other studies, which are either numerical or experimental. The comparisonfor the cube between simulated results and other studies is satisfactory, whiledue to a trip wire in the experiment the results for the ATM do not match.The computed flow fields are used to compute the POD and Koopman modes.For the cube this is done in two regions of the flow, one to compare with a priorpublished study Manhart & Wengle (1993) and another covering more of theflow and especially the wake of the cube. For the ATM, a region containing theimportant flow structures is identified in the wake, by looking at instantaneousand fluctuating velocities. To ensure converged POD modes two methods toinvestigate the convergence are proposed, tested and applied. Analysis of themodes enables the identification of the important flow structures. The flowtopologies of the two geometries are very different and the flow structures arealso different, but the same methodology can be applied in both cases. For thesurface-mounted cube, three groups of flow structures are found. First groupis the mean flow and then two kinds of perturbations around the mean flow.The first perturbation is at the edge of the wake, relating to the shear layerbetween the free stream and the disturbed flow. The second perturbation isinside the wake and is the convection of vortices. These groups would then betypical of the separation bubble that exists in the wake of the cube. For theATM the main flow topology consists of two counter rotating vortices. Thiscan be seen in the decomposed modes, which, except for the mean flow, almostonly contain flow structures relating to these vortices.</p> / QC 20100518 / Gröna Tåget

Le travail effectué dans cette thèse a consisté à analyser différents aspects mathématiques et numériques d'une stratégie de résolution des problèmes de propagation d'onde acoustique et électromagnétique en domaine extérieur. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à la méthode de couplage entre éléments finis et représentation intégrale (CEFRI) où nous analysons un algorithme de résolution itérative par analogie avec une méthode de décomposition de domaine ainsi que l'utilisation de la méthode multipôles rapide (FMM). Le système à résoudre fait intervenir des opérateurs intégraux ce qui rend crucial le recours à des méthodes rapides telles que la FMM. L'analogie avec une méthode de décomposition de domaine s'obtient par extension au problème de Maxwell des résultats établis par F. Ben Belgacem et al. pour le problème de Helmholtz posé en domaine non borné. Pour cela, nous avons montré le lien entre la méthode CEFRI et la méthode de Schwarz avec recouvrement total pour la résolution du problème de Maxwell en domaine non borné. Cette relecture de la méthode CEFRI offre également une technique de préconditionnement pour les solveurs de Krylov et nous a permis d'avoir une idée préliminaire sur la convergence de ces méthodes. Ainsi, nous nous intéressons plutôt à des méthodes itératives rapides. Pour cela, nous avons mené une analyse théorique afin de montrer la convergence superlinéaire du GMRES dans une configuration sphérique. La validation de ces aspects a été réalisée par l'enrichissement de nombreux intégrants de la librairie éléments finis Mélina++, en C++. / We are concerned with the study of different aspects of a numerical strategy for the resolution of acoustic and electromagnetic scattering problems. We focus more particu- larly on a coupling of finite element and integral representation (CEFRI) : we study an iterative algorithm by analogy with a domain decomposition method, and consider the use of the Fast Multipole Method (FMM). The system to be solved involves integral operators which requires the use of fast methods such as the FMM. The correspondence with a domain decomposition method is obtained by extending to the exterior Maxwell problem the results derived by F. Ben Belgacem et al. for the Helmholtz problem posed in unbounded domain. To this aim, we show the analogy to the Schwarz method with total overlap. This interpretation of CEFRI suggests a preconditioner for Krylov solvers and enables us to have a preliminary idea of their convergence. We derive in this context an analytical proof of a superlinear convergence of GMRES in a spherical configuration. The validation of these aspects has been achieved by the enrichment of the finite element library Mélina++ in C++.

Delta Terminal AB hyr idag ett lager. Då utgifterna för lagret är högre än inkomsterna vill Delta Terminal AB flytta sitt nuvarande lager till en egenägd lokal på området. Då det nuvarande lagret är på cirka 7900 m2 och den tilltänkta lokalen är 6400 m2 är det viktigt att lagerytorna fylls så mycket som möjligt utan att skada produkterna. För att minska körsträckorna i lagret placeras produkterna utefter en klassificering där uttagsfrekvensen är den viktigaste faktorn. Klassificeringen har gjorts genom en dubbel ABC-analys. För att kontrollera om produkterna får plats i lagret gjordes beräkningar på fyllnadsgraden samt lokalisering och placering av produkterna. Informationen är hämtad genom en litteraturöversikt, tidigare studier, vetenskapliga artiklar, diskussioner med personal hos Delta Terminal AB samt data från respektive kund som har produkter i lagret. Studien visar att produkterna Delta Terminal AB har i lager inte kommer att få plats i den tilltänkta lagerlokalen och att Delta Terminal AB behöver minst 48 m2 för att kunna lagra överblivna produkter. / Today Delta Terminal AB rents a warehouse, the expenses of the warehouse are much higher than the income and therefore Delta Terminal Ab wants to relocate the warehouse to a different building that they own. The current warehouse is approximately 7900 𝑚2and the intended local is 6400𝑚2. Because of the differ-ence in size between the two warehouses, it is important that the products are placed so that the bearing surface is filled as much as possible without damag-ing the products. To reduce the driving distance in the warehouse the products are placed after a categorization technique called double ABC-analysis, where the delivery frequency is the main factor. To verify that the products fit in the warehouse calculations were made on the fill rate, a localization and product placement were also made based on the categorization. The information is taken from a literature review, scientific articles, previous studies, discussions with the staff at Delta Terminal AB and from each client who has a product in the warehouse. The study shows that the products Delta Terminal AB has in stock will not fit in the intended warehouse and that Delta Terminal AB needs at least 48 m2 to store leftover products.

Enligt en rapport från trafikverket förekommer kollisioner vid väghållningsarbeten mellan väghållningsfordon och objekt täckta av väglag. Dessa trafikolyckor kan leda till personskador, skador på infrastruktur och skador på de inblandade väghållnings-fordonen. Som lösning på detta problem har möjligheten att visuellt markera de dolda objekten med förstärkt verklighet undersökts. Olika implementationer och metoder för användning av förstärkt verklighet studerades först för att få en bra upp-fattning om ämnet. En applikation utvecklades därefter till mobiltelefon med opera-tivsystemet Android i utvecklingsmiljön Unity. För förstärkt verklighet i applikat-ionen användes en natural feature tracking implementation av ARCore. Positioner-ingstester utfördes med Mobiltelefonens inbyggda GPS vilket visade en stor felmar-ginal. Applikationen utgår därför från en fast startpunkt inmätt med geodetisk mät-utrustning för ökad positioneringsnoggrannhet. För markering av de dolda objekten användes en lösning med cirkelbaserat skapande av tredimensionella objektmarkörer där cirklarnas radie utgick från startpositionen. Användning av applikationen gav va-rierande resultat beroende på den trafiksituation den används i och avståndet från startpositionen. Objektens position markeras tydligast i situationer där mobiltelefo-nen närmar sig det objekt som ska markeras på en väg i en riktning parallellt med cirkelns radie. Sämre tydlighet uppnåddes i situationer där mobiltelefonen närmar sig på en väg med en riktning parallell med cirkelns tangent eller på öppna ytor likt parkeringsplatser. Positioner för olika testobjekt mättes också med geodetisk mätut-rustning för hög precision för att få tillgång till en testmiljö där pålitligt data kunde hämtas upprepade gånger. Resultaten visar att den implementation av ARCore som finns i applikationen är känslig för avbrott i spårning av omgivningen och kan leda till fel i positionering. Ett fel i avståndsberäkningen finns också i programmet. Där-för är vidareutveckling och mer tester ett krav innan applikationen kan fungera i skarpt läge. / According to a report from Trafikverket collisions occur in road maintenance work with road maintenance vehicles and objects hidden by road conditions. These traffic accidents can lead to personal injury, damage to infrastructure and damage to the road maintenance vehicles involved. As a solution to this problem the possibility of visually marking the hidden objects with the use of augmented reality has been ex-amined. Different implementations and methods for use of augmented reality were first studied to get a good understanding of the subject. An application for mobile telephone was developed with the development platform Unity. The targeted oper-ating system for the mobile telephone was Android. A natural feature tracking imple-mentation of ARCore was used to bring features of augmented reality to the applica-tion. Tests were done to measure the precision of the mobile telephone’s GPS which showed a large margin for error. The application therefore uses a fixed start-ing location which has been measured with geodetic-measuring equipment for in-creased positioning accuracy. To visualize the position of the hidden objects a solu-tion with circle based creation of three-dimensional object markers was used where the radius of the circles originated from the starting position. Use of the application led to varied results which depended on the traffic situation and distance from the start position. The positions of the objects are marked more clearly in situations where the mobile phone is approaching the objects on a road and in a direction par-allel to the circle’s radius. Lower accuracy was generally achieved in situations where the mobile phone was approaching the objects on a road in a direction paral-lel to the circle’s tangent or in open areas like a parking lot. Positions for different test objects were also measured to achieve a test-environment where reliable data could be extracted repeatedly. The results of this study showed that the implemen-tation of ARCore used in this application is sensitive to disruption in the real-world registration of the mobile telephone’s position, which can lead to errors in position-ing. An error in calculating the distance to the objects also exists in the application. Therefore, before the application can be used in a real-life situations further devel-opment and tests are required.

Die kortikale spreading depression (SD), wie sie von Leão 1944 zuerst beschrieben wurde, ist ein elektrophysiologisches Phänomen, das in der Pathophysiologie der Aurasymptomatik einer Mi-gräneattacke und Ischämie-induzierter Zellschäden diskutiert wird. Während der akuten fokalen zerebralen Ischämie treten eine Reihe von Ereignissen wie eine massive Entzündungsreaktion und die allmähliche Einbeziehung einer zunächst viablen ischämischen Randzone - der Penum-bra - in das infarzierte Hirngewebe auf. Da an diesen Ereignissen SD-ähnliche Depolarisationen kausal beteiligt sind, ist die pharmakologische Verringerung von SD-Episoden bzw. eine Ver-kleinerung ihrer Amplitude und Dauer unter in vitro als auch tierexperimentellen in vivo Bedin-gungen eine mögliche neuroprotektive Strategie. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein in vitro Modell beschrieben, das am Hirnschnittpräparat des Neokortex der adulten Ratte eine reproduzierbare Auslösung von SD-Wellen unter normoxi-schen Bedingungen gestattet. Anhand von charakteristischen elektrophysiologischen Parametern einer SD wie Amplitude, Dauer und Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit wurden die gute Überein-stimmungen dieses in vitro Modells mit in vivo Modellen gezeigt. Obwohl SD Wellen am nicht-ischämischen Kortex keine morphologischen Schäden verursachen, zeigte sich in den hier vorge-stellten Experimenten eine funktionelle Unterdrückung der GABAergen hemmenden Mechanis-men des Neokortex nach repetitiven SDs auch bei ausreichender Energie- und Sauerstoffversor-gung. Die hier diskutierten Ergebnisse demonstrierten, daß unter in vitro Bedingungen der AMPA-Glutamatrezeptor für die Auslösung und Ausbreitung einer SD eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Demgegenüber erwies sich die NMDA-Rezeptoraktivierung als herausragend für eine SD, da die Blockade dieses Rezeptors mit dem nicht-kompetitiven Antagonisten Ketamin die SD-Amplitude und SD-Dauer signifikant verringerte. Die Anwendung der selektiven 5-HT1A-Agonisten 8-OH-DPAT und BAY x 3702 erwies sich als eine neue Möglichkeit, die Zeitdauer einer SD zu verringern. Die aufgezeigte SD-induzierte neuronale Hyperexzitabilität kann unter normoxischen Bedingun-gen zelluläre Dysfunktionen verursachen und auch an einer Generierung der Aura eines Migrä-neanfalls beteiligt sein. Unter hypoxisch-ischämischen Bedingungen könnte eine SD-induzierte Dysfunktion GABAerger Kontrollmechanismen die Ausweitung ischämischer Zellschäden be-wirken. Die Hoffnungen auf eine effektive Schlaganfalltherapie haben sich mit den bisherigen NMDA-Antagonisten trotz ihrer hier bestätigten guten in vitro Wirksamkeit aufgrund der Interferenz mit physiologischen Glutamatfunktionen im Kortex nicht erfüllt. Die hier gezeigte konzentrationsab-hängige Verkürzung der SD-Dauer durch die Aktivierung des 5-HT1A-Serotoninrezeptors unter in vitro Bedingungen kann bei der bekannten hohen 5-HT1A-Rezeptor-mRNA-dichte an beson-ders ischämievulnerablen Neuronen einen neuen neuroprotektiven Ansatz auch beim Menschen darstellen. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen zeigen, ob die hier beschriebene enge Verflechtung des serotonergen Systems mit der glutamatergen Neurotransmission eventuell auch zu uner-wünschte Wirkungen unter in vivo Bedingungen führt. / Repetitive cortical spreading depression (SD) and SD-like events, associated with a massive de-polarization of neuronal and glial cells, is thought to play a key role in the induction of neuronal damage in the peri-infarct zone following experimental focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, ex-perimental and clinical data suggest that SD is the underlying mechanism of neurological distur-bances during migraine auras as well. However, detailed analyses on the consequences of repeti-tive SDs on cortical function and involved receptors are lacking. Using an in vitro rat model of SD I investigated in this thesis the electrophysiological properties of repetitive potassium chloride (KCl)-induced SDs, their influence on synaptic neurotransmis-sion and the effects of ionotropic glutamate antagonists and 5-HT1A agonists in neocortical slices obtained from adult rats. Whereas repetitive SDs revealed only non-significant variations in du-ration, amplitude and integral when elicited at intervals of 30 min, paired-pulse inhibition of ex-tracellularly recorded field potential responses was significantly affected by repetitive SD even under normoxic conditions. Compared to the control recordings, each SD episode caused a sig-nificant decrease in the efficacy of intracortical GABAergic inhibition by approximately 10%. Since excitatory synaptic transmission was unaffected, these data indicate that repetitive SDs cause a selective suppression of GABAergic function even in the non-ischemic brain. None of the compounds tested prevented the SD-induced cortical disinhibition. However, the SD-associated negative shift in the extracellular DC potential was reduced by ketamine, a selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA-) receptor antagonist. Ketamine significantly (p < 0.01) re-duced the amplitude of the first SD peak and blocked the second SD peak. Ketamine also de-creased the SD duration at half maximal amplitude (p < 0.05). NBQX, a selective a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist did not affect the SD-accompanied cortical depolarization, whereas selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A receptor agonists 8-OH-DPAT and BAY x 3702 shortened concentration-dependently the duration of the SD up to 50 %. Nevertheless, both 5-HT1A receptor agonists caused a strong disinhibition of neu-ronal function with a tendency towards paired-pulse facilitation as well. Thus, repetitive SD and SD-like events may induce neuronal hyperexcitability due to a selective suppression of intrinsic inhibitory GABAergic function. Under normoxic conditions, SD-induced disinhibition may be involved in the generation and maintenance of migraine or associated neurological disturbances. Under hypoxic-ischemic conditions, neuronal hyperexcitability may contribute to the gradual expansion of the ischemic core and the metabolic deterioration of the penumbral tissue after SD episodes. This underlines the deleterious effect of SD to the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia. Although the precise mecha-nisms of SD generation and propagation remains far from established, the present pharmacologi-cal profile of KCl-induced SD in vitro links the induction and propagation of SD in rat neocorti-cal slices mainly to a local increase of [K + ] e and a subsequent activation of NMDA- receptors. This corroborates the neuroprotective effect of a NMDA- receptor blockade observed in various in vitro and in vivo models. However, as it has been demonstrated in clinical trials, NMDA- re-ceptor antagonists in use today cause psychomimetic and cardiovascular side effects in humans and are therefore currently of low clinical benefit. The activation of 5-HT1A receptors by selective agonists represents a new pharmacological strategy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, since shortened SD waves may represent a less energy-consuming process under conditions of limited energy supply and are probably associated with an efflux of excitatory neurotransmitters to a lesser extent. The potential clinical benefit of 5-HT 1A receptor agonists remains to be investi-gated in clinical trials, since systemic administration of these compounds after the onset of acute focal cerebral ischemia might interfere with normal functions of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the intact, non-ischemic brain.

The main research objective of this thesis is to determine if, or how, the verbal communication of a youth football coach differs from the coaches at the club level of the regional competitions and republic competitions. The theoretical section of the thesis deals with coaching and communication. The first chapter describes the work of a football coach as an educator. The second chapter, focused on communication, further describes concepts such as verbal, pedagogical and effective communication. The empirical section presents the results of a quantitative survey. It has been shown that coaches' communica- tion with players varies significantly, for example, in the content of commands, remorse, vulgarism, or in frequency of shouting towards a player after his mistake. The frequency of occurrence of the above-mentioned communication features is higher for coaches at regional club level.

Aims: The main aim of this thesis was to study a perspective of women`s expressed wishes for mode of delivery and how they actually give birth. Additional aims were to examine the notion of risk applied to childbirth, to examine what characterizes women who want to give birth as naturally as possible without painkillers or intervention and the characteristics of women who would, if possible, choose to have a cesarean section. Material and methods: The notion of risk was examined in an essay. Self-rating instruments were completed by 55,858 MoBa participants during week 30 of their pregnancy and available from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) by April, 2007. Individually reported information on socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, feelings related to childbirth, factors concerning psychosocial health, physical, psychological and sexual harassment and information on satisfaction with antenatal care health services were collected from a MoBa questionnaire. Data on the mother’s age, parity, physical health before and during the pregnancy, previous cesarean sections and actual mode of delivery were collected through a linkage to the The Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Findings: General perspectives on risk differ depending on both the person and the profession. More and more childbearing women are in danger of being considered deficient and in the danger zone. Figures on risk are not objective values, and the association between risk and security is socially and culturally determined. Personal symbols can be basic assumptions about the life one leads, and the childbearing woman has preferences of her own. Interest in natural childbirth was expressed by 72 percent and a wish for caesarean section was expressed by ten percent of the women. Positive experience from previous childbirths, first birth or third or later birth, no dread of giving birth, and reporting positive intra-psychic phenomena are significantly associated with the wish for natural birth. Negative experiences from previous childbirths and fear of giving birth are two of the strongest factors associated with a wish for a caesarean section.Overall, 47 percent of the women who wanted ”as natural a birth as possible” had their preference fulfilled. The figures differed largely for primiparas and multiparas; the risk of acute caesarean sections was high among primiparas and the effects of the predictors of natural birth were stronger for primiparas than for multiparas. Conclusions:The factors that influence the chance of having a natural birth are different for primiparas and multiparas. The high rate of non-natural births among first time mothers who actually want to have a vaginal birth without interventions should call attention to the increasing incidence of cesarean section in Norway. The chance of actually having a natural birth for women with a preference for a natural birth is much larger for multiparas. Negative experiences from previous childbirths and cesarean section are, however, important factors associated with non-natural birth and should be taken into consideration in public health / Mål: Det overordna målet for denne avhandlingen var å studere perspektiv omkring hvordan kvinner uttrykker at de ønsker å føde og hvordan de faktisk føder. I tillegg var målet å undersøke risikobegrepet anvendt innen fødselsomsorg, undersøke hva som karakteriserer kvinner som ønsker å føde så naturlig som mulig uten smertestillende eller intervensjon og undersøke hva som karakteriserer kvinner som ville valgt å ta keisersnitt dersom det var mulig. Materiell og metode: Avhandlingen inkludere fire artikler. Risikobegrepet drøftes i første artikkel som er et essay. De 3 andre inkluderer data fra Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Data fra 55,858 MoBa informanter var ferdigregistrert april 2007 og omfatter individuell informasjon om sosioøkonomiske faktorer, livsstilsfaktorer, følelser/opplevelser relatert til fødsel, faktorer som omhandler psykososial helse, fysiske, psykiske og seksuelle overgrep og informasjon om tilfredshet med offentlig svangerskapsomsorg. Tidligere keisersnitt og hvordan kvinnene faktisk fødte i dette svangerskapet ble hentet fra en link til Medisinsk Fødselsregister. Funn: Generelt perspektiv på risiko er forskjellig, avhengig av både person og profesjon. Stadig flere gravid/fødekvinner står i fare for å bli betraktet som utsatte/mangelfulle og i faresonen. Kalkulasjoner av risiko er ikke objektive verdier og assosiasjonen mellom risiko og sikkerhet er sosialt og kulturelt bestemt. Subjektive symbol kan være grunnleggende antagelser/forståelser i forhold til det livet en lever og blivende mødre har sine egne preferanser. Syttito prosent av kvinnene uttrykte ønske om å føde så naturlig som mulig og ti prosent av kvinnene ønsket å ta keisersnitt. Positive erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler, det å være førstegangsfødende eller ha født mer en ett barn tidligere, ikke være redd for å føde, samt å rapportere positivt i forhold til intrapsykiske fenomen, er signifikant assosiert med ønske om å føde så naturlig som mulig. Negative erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler og redsel for å føde er de to faktorene som er sterkest assosiert med ønske om keisersnitt. Samlet sett fikk 47 prosent av de kvinnene som ønsket så naturlig fødsel som mulig, oppfylt ønskene sine. Resultatet var svært ulikt mellom førstegangsfødende og fleregangsfødende; risikoen for akutt keisersnitt var høg blant førstegangsfødende og effekten av prediktorene for naturlig fødsel var sterkere i forhold til førstegangsfødende enn for fleregangsfødende. Konklusjon: Faktorene som influerer sjansen til å føde så naturlig som mulig er ulike for førstegangsfødende og for fleregangsfødende. Den høge tallet på fødsler med intervensjon hos førstegangsfødende som egentlig ønsker å føde vaginalt uten intervensjon burde fått større oppmerksomhet. Dette bør også sees i sammenheng med en stadig økende innsidens for keisersnitt i Norge. Muligheten for å få en så naturlig fødsel som mulig er mye større for fleregangsfødende. Negative erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler og tidligere keisersnitt er, likevel, viktige faktorer assosiert med ikke-naturlig fødsel og bør reflekteres over/tas i betraktning i et folkehelseperspektiv.

Information uncertainty is inherent in many real-world problems and adds a layer of complexity to modeling and visualization tasks. This often causes users to ignore uncertainty, especially when it comes to visualization, thereby discarding valuable knowledge. A coherent framework for the modeling and visualization of information uncertainty is needed to address this issue In this work, we have identified four major barriers to the uptake of uncertainty modeling and visualization. Firstly, there are numerous uncertainty modeling tech- niques and users are required to anticipate their uncertainty needs before building their data model. Secondly, parameters of uncertainty tend to be treated at the same level as variables making it easy to introduce avoidable errors. This causes the uncertainty technique to dictate the structure of the data model. Thirdly, propagation of uncertainty information must be manually managed. This requires user expertise, is error prone, and can be tedious. Finally, uncertainty visualization techniques tend to be developed for particular uncertainty types, making them largely incompatible with other forms of uncertainty information. This narrows the choice of visualization techniques and results in a tendency for ad hoc uncertainty visualization. The aim of this thesis is to present an integrated information uncertainty modeling and visualization environment that has the following main features: information and its uncertainty are encapsulated into atomic variables, the propagation of uncertainty is automated, and visual mappings are abstracted from the uncertainty information data type. Spreadsheets have previously been shown to be well suited as an approach to visu- alization. In this thesis, we devise a new paradigm extending the traditional spreadsheet to intrinsically support information uncertainty.Our approach is to design a framework that integrates uncertainty modeling tech- niques into a hierarchical order based on levels of detail. The uncertainty information is encapsulated and treated as a unit allowing users to think of their data model in terms of the variables instead of the uncertainty details. The system is intrinsically aware of the encapsulated uncertainty and is therefore able to automatically select appropriate uncertainty propagation methods. A user-objectives based approach to uncertainty visualization is developed to guide the visual mapping of abstracted uncertainty information. Two main abstractions of uncertainty information are explored for the purpose of visual mapping: the Unified Uncertainty Model and the Dual Uncertainty Model. The Unified Uncertainty Model provides a single view of uncertainty for visual mapping, whereas the Dual Uncertainty Model distinguishes between possibilistic and probabilistic views. Such abstractions provide a buffer between the visual mappings and the uncertainty type of the underly- ing data, enabling the user to change the uncertainty detail without causing the visual- ization to fail. Two main case studies are presented. The first case study covers exploratory and forecasting tasks in a business planning context. The second case study inves- tigates sensitivity analysis for financial decision support. Two minor case studies are also included: one to investigate the relevancy visualization objective applied to busi- ness process specifications, and the second to explore the extensibility of the system through General Purpose Graphics Processor Unit (GPGPU) use. A quantitative anal- ysis compares our approach to traditional analytical and numerical spreadsheet-based approaches. Two surveys were conducted to gain feedback on the from potential users. The significance of this work is that we reduce barriers to uncertainty modeling and visualization in three ways. Users do not need a mathematical understanding of the uncertainty modeling technique to use it; uncertainty information is easily added, changed, or removed at any stage of the process; and uncertainty visualizations can be built independently of the uncertainty modeling technique.

Syftet med studien är att få en fördjupad insikt i vad lärandet av sångtekniken neutral utan luftinnebär. För att undersöka detta har jag under en fem veckors period övat neutral utan lufti 20-30 minuter, tre dagar i veckan. Under och efter övningspassen har loggbok använts för att dokumentera nya upplevelser av lärandeprocessen och utöver detta har även 5 videodokumentationer av övningspass gjorts. I denna studie utgörs den teoretiska utgångspunkten av ett designteoretiskt perspektiv med fokus på vilka semiotiska resurser som används i lärandet. Studiens frågeställningar är: Vilka teckenskapande resurser används vid inlärningen av den nya funktionen så kalladneutral utan luft? Hur används dessa resurser? Resultatet visar att de viktigaste resurserna är kroppen och de sångtekniska elementen. Dessa resurser används för att åstadkomma ett stadigt och önskvärt resultat på ett oskadligt vis. I diskussionskapitlet diskuterar jag de resurser som krävts i inlärningen av sångtekniken neutral utan luft. / The purpose of the study is to gain a deepened insight in what the learning of the singing technique neutral without aircan mean. To study this I have practiced neutral without air20-30 minutes per day, three times a week over a five weeks’ period. During and after every practice session I have written a log to document new personal experiences of the learning process. In addition to this I have documented five practice sessions with a video camera. The theoretical perspective of this study is design theory with focus on the semiotic resources used during the learning process. The study’s research questions are: Which semiotic resources are used during learning the song technique known as neutral without air? How are these resources used? The results show that the most central resources that were used were the body and the vocal elements of the technique. These resources are used to achieve a steady and desirable result in an innocuously manner. In the discussion, I describe the necessary resources for the learning process of the song techniqueneutral without air.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-30T15:38:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcilio Rocha Ramos.pdf: 11240263 bytes, checksum: 1a0cfce6b98f1c4c164c088c4b41ac15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-12T17:00:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcilio Rocha Ramos.pdf: 11240263 bytes, checksum: 1a0cfce6b98f1c4c164c088c4b41ac15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-12T17:00:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcilio Rocha Ramos.pdf: 11240263 bytes, checksum: 1a0cfce6b98f1c4c164c088c4b41ac15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Este trabalho teve como objeto a análise qualitativa dos processos de aprendizagem com a realização de canais interativos dentro da escola – jornal, rádio e blog –, para radicalizar o acesso às Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs) e a construção do conhecimento, tomando-se como ponto de partida o aprender-fazendo com uma epistemologia dialética e o método da Pesquisa-ação. Foram planejados e realizados informativos, programas de rádio e um processo de interação com blog através do qual todos agiam nestes canais como emissor e receptor, numa horizontalidade na qual o pesquisador assumia as funções de orientador das atividades - e também aprendiz com os próprios alunos, dada a quantidade de informações e técnicas. Através da exploração do potencial da produção das mídias impressas e eletrônicas, a Dissertação buscou três objetivos: constatar a riqueza da sua produção na escola para uma prática de ensino e aprendizagem; a interdisciplinaridade provenientes destas práticas e a formação de seres protagonistas para a realização de uma mídia radical a partir das práxis com estas tecnologias. Todos os canais que foram planejados foram realizados, através de ações coletivas e individuais, sempre com pesquisa, compartilhamento e utilização da Internet como fonte de apoio à autoria. As dificuldades que se apresentaram foram vencidas pela própria mobilização dos agentes implicados, mesmo sob os dramas das exclusões sociais e tecnológicas a que eles (e também suas escolas) estão sujeitos. Os saberes se socializaram, as técnicas se familiarizaram, houve o desenvolvimento de um modo de fazer, um habitus que tornaram seus agentes referências dentro da própria escola para os colegas e professores. Diante do potencial oferecido pelas Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação para a aprendizagem, conscientização e mobilização social, recomenda-se que a escola realize canais interativos e produtos multimídias como métodos pedagógicos, conduzindo as relações entre professores e alunos para uma horizontalidade, e, estrategicamente, passe a atuar com a comunidade através da produção de informação e comunicação criando uma rede de ação para o conhecimento e a emancipação - o que chamamos de uma pedagogia revolucionária com as mídias. / Salvador