Cette thèse porte sur la formation et l’évolution de la monarchie safavide en Iran entre le XVIe et le premier quart du XVIIIe siècle. Elle étudie en particulier les rapports entretenus entre le pouvoir monarchique et les différents groupes qui composent le sommet de la hiérarchie sociale et curiale, comme les clientèles qizilbashs. L’avènement de la monarchie safavide étant contemporain de la montée en puissance des États modernes en Europe, cette recherche s’intéresse également au regard que l’« honnête homme » du XVIIe siècle porte sur ce processus de construction étatique. Cette approche est fondée sur l’analyse du cadre des échanges diplomatiques entre États, mais aussi sur la rencontre individuelle entre les Européens et les représentants de l’élite safavide, à travers une étude des récits de voyageurs (relations d’ambassade et de voyage). Elle invite à réfléchir sur la manière dont s’élabore la réflexion sur l’État moderne et sur les comportements qui s’y rapportent. / This thesis is about the start and the evolution of the Safavid Monarchy in Iran between the 16th century and the first quarter of the 18th century. It studies, in particular, the links between the monarchial power and the different groups at the head of the social and parish hierarchy, such as the qizilbash followers. Given the fact that the advent of the Safavid Monarchy is contemporary with the rise of the Modern States in Europe, this research also studies the point of view of the « good man » of the 17th century about this process of state construction. This approach is based on the context analysis of the diplomatic exchanges between the States, but also of the individual meeting between the European and the Safavid elite representatives, throughout the study of stories of travelers (embassy and travel relations). This study is an invitation to think about the way the Modern State and its behavior reflection are built.

Ao longo do século XIX a Capitania e a Província de São Paulo foram visitadas por alguns viajantes ingleses e norte-americanos. O britânico John Mawe esteve nessas paragens entre o final de 1807 e início de 1808, em busca de minérios e de contratos comerciais. Seu conterrâneo, o comerciante Edmund Pink deixou o Rio de Janeiro durante alguns meses no ano de 1823 para percorrer a região açucareira paulista. O pastor metodista norte-americano Daniel Parish Kidder, como missionário, desembarcou na Província em 1839 para propalar os ensinamentos evangélicos e distribuir exemplares da Bíblia. Alguns anos depois, o missionário James Cooley Fletcher, seu compatriota, esteve em São Paulo, entre junho e julho de 1855, com os mesmos fins, e para aproximar comercial e culturalmente os Estados Unidos e o Brasil. Movido por outros objetivos, J.J. Aubertin, superintendente da Estrada de Ferro de São Paulo, durante 1865 viajou na companhia de um grupo de norte-americanos pelas regiões algodoeiras paulistas a fim de analisar o patamar de desenvolvimento desta lavoura, tendo permanecido na Província entre 1861 e 1868. Diferentes fins impulsionaram a vinda destes viajantes para São Paulo. Apesar das disparidades, através do estudo dos relatos nota-se haver uma ótica econômica e utilitarista em comum, que agrega valores monetários e de uso aos elementos das regiões nas quais estiveram. Eles vieram munidos de um arcabouço cultural fundamentado na valorização do trabalho disciplinado, no uso racional do tempo, na maximização da produção para o aumento do lucro e na exaltação das inovações técnicas. Os viajantes descreveram as diferentes formas de relação com o trabalho e o tempo sob o ponto de vista utilitarista, e consideraram o comportamento geral dos escravos e homens livres pobres diverso do que eles consideravam adequado, como um padrão de ociosidade. Nossa análise está centrada na compreensão deste olhar nos escritos de viagem. / Throughout the nineteenth century, the Captaincy and Province of São Paulo were visited by English and American travelers. English traveler John Mawe visited the area from the end of 1807 to the beginning of 1808, searching for ores and commercial contacts. On the other hand, English merchant Edmund Pink left Rio de Janeiro for some months in 1823 in order to visit the sugar-producing area of São Paulo. American Methodist Episcopal theologian and writer arrived at the Province as a missionary in 1839 in order to preach and distribute copies of the Bible. Another American missionary, James Cooley Fletcher, was in São Paulo from June to July 1855, not only to preach, but also to bring United States and Brazil closer both commercially and culturally. On the other hand, J.J. Aubertin, superintendent of the São Paulo Railway, travelled together with a group of Americans in 1865 to the cotton-producing areas of São Paulo in order to analyze the development of this crop. He remained in the Province from 1861 to 1868. Different purposes motivated the journey of these travelers to São Paulo. In spite of their many differences, the study of their travel narratives reveals a common economic and utilitarian perspective on São Paulo, which includes monetary values and possible uses of the visited areas. Said travelers had a cultural background based on the importance of disciplined work, rational use of time, production maximization in order to increase profits and interest in technical innovations. The aforementioned travelers described the different forms of relationship with labor and time from the utilitarian perspective, thereby considering the general behavior of the slaves and poor free men different from what they deemed adequate. Such behavior was regarded as idleness. This study focuses on the understanding of this perspective in the travelers journals.

The French have seen Louisiana in many different lights: as pictured in the accounts -- sometimes dry and matter-of-fact, sometimes brazenly mendacious -- of the early explorers; as an Eldorado which drew Parisian speculators to the bank-windows of the shrewd Scot, John Law; as a worthless stretch of marshy lands handed over to Spain, and then sold to the United States by Napoleon; as the gorgeous country of Meschacebé, peopled by Chateaubriand’s Indians, birds, bears, and fragrant trees; as the home of French colonial memories, and the refuge of a serene and picturesque culture sought by a few modern travelers in the United States who refuse to be content with visiting New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Hollywood. Louisiana of these French records is the subject of this dissertation. There is little to be added to the detailed, thorough, and well-documented histories of Louisiana which have already been written in French and English. Therefore, our chief purpose here was not geographical or historical but psychological and literary. It has been to discover how the French people knew or thought of the distant Empire given them in the New World by a few hardy explorers. What was their reaction to this fabulous new province across the Atlantic? Now and then some even of the first of the missionaries or travelers in this strange land who recorded their experiences were found to be sensitive to the “picturesque” of the magnificient landscapes, the rivers, mountains, and boundless prairies -- although this sense of the “picturesque” as is well known, was not greatly developed in the seventeenth century, and the word itself had not yet been borrowed by the French from the Italians. These accounts of the first explorers show that they were inclined to consider the practical aspects of life. The things which interested them were the fruit and grain that the country produced, the animals (the delicacy of their flesh and the warmth of their furs), the gold and precious stones -- or even baser minerals -- that they hoped to find in Louisiana, their Eldorado.

O trabalho analisa a expedição astronômica realizada pela Marinha norteamericana ao Chile, durante os anos de 1849 a 1852, comandada pelo oficial e também astrônomo James Melville Gilliss. O objetivo foi compreender os interesses científicos, políticos, geopolíticos e comerciais que motivaram a viagem, bem como as imagens e representações sobre a América do Sul, especialmente do Panamá, Peru, Chile e Argentina, construídas e divulgadas através do relatório oficial da expedição, com o título \"The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years (1849- 1852). Esta pesquisa também procura examinar os diferentes dispositivos discursivos utilizados pelos oficiais que escreveram o relatório, James Gilliss e Archibald MacRae, discutindo dissensões e diferentes visões sobre o modo de veicular dados científicos, e também modos distintos de relatar a América do Sul. / This work analyzes the astronomical expedition to Chile realized by U.S. Navy, during the years of 1849 to 1852, led by Lieutenant and also astronomer James Melville Gilliss. The purpose of this thesis is to comprehend scientific interests and political, geopolitical and commercial reasons that prompted the expedition, as well as to examine representations and images about South America especially about Panamá, Peru, Chile and Argentina , that were constructed and spread through the official travel account, named \"The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years (1849-1852). This research also aims to examine the different rhetorical devices used by officials who wrote the final report, James Gilliss and Archibald MacRae, discussing disagreements and different opinions on how to convey scientific data, and also distinct ways of portraying South America.

Esta pesquisa, inserida na linha de pesquisa Historia, Filosofia e Ensino de Evolucao e Ecologia, trata sobre a Estetica, procurando verificar as possiveis contribuicoes desse referencial teorico para o estudo do meio em Biologia, nomeadamente para aulas de campo voltadas para o Ensino Superior em cursos de Ciencias Biologicas. A Estetica descrita por Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), nao limita-se somente ao entendimento da Estetica como uma ciencia do belo. A Estetica peirceana possui um carater mais abrangente, que reside na essencia de qualquer objeto apreendido pela experiencia; o admiravel que desperta a atencao, seja o objeto considerado belo ou nao pelas convencoes. Nas ideias de Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), que tratam de uma Estetica voltada para a conservacao dos seres vivos, verifica-se um dialogo com a Teoria de Peirce por meio das cinco categorias da Estetica da Conservacao: os trofeus, o isolamento na natureza, ar livre e mudanca de panorama, percepcao e sentido da administracao cuidadosa. Considerando essas categorias, foi proposta uma sequencia didatica tendo a trilha realizada pelo naturalista Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853) na Serra da Canastra (MG) como eixo norteador. A proposta com abordagem interdisciplinar favorece o desenvolvimento das aulas de campo a partir de elementos filosoficos e historicos, permitindo que os alunos revisitem os ambientes descritos por Saint-Hilaire de maneira mais motivadora e contextualizada / This proposal is inserted in the research line \"History, Theory and Teaching of Comparative Biology\" and will work with Aesthetics seeking to verify the possible contributions of this theoretical reference for the study of the environment in Biology, particularly in field classes focused on Higher Education in Biology Graduation. The Aesthetics, described by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), is not limited to a science of the beautiful. Aesthetics has a more comprehensive character and resides in the essence of any object apprehended in our experience that arouses our attention, be it considered beautiful or not by the conventions. It it something that we consider \"admirable\". We found in the ideas of Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), that deals with an Aesthetics focused on the conservation of living beings, a dialogue with Peirce\'s Theory. Leopold (1949) proposes five categories of Conservation Aesthetics: trophy, isolation, change of scene, perception and husbandry. Based on these categories it was proposed a Didactic Sequence having the trail made by the naturalist Auguste de Saint- Hilaire (1779-1853) in Serra da Canastra as a background. We chose to adopt an interdisciplinary approach, and while the students revisit the points visited by Saint- Hilaire, field classes are developed with the aim of investigating the environment as the naturalist himself did

This study examines five counter-narratives written by British women between 1832 and 1885 who wrote in a non-conformist or negative manner about their travel experiences in foreign countries. In considering a small number of women travellers who took an alternative approach to narrating their experiences, a key objective of this study is to consider the reasons for the way in which the women writing counter-narratives positioned their writing. After considering how the quasi-scientific concept of domestic womanhood attempted to restrict Victorian women in general, and in particular influenced how women travellers were viewed, an exploration of counter-narratives questions whether the sustained interest in more positive travel accounts reflects a simplified contemporary, if not feminist, reading of Victorian women. An examination follows of the influence of discourse criticism, alternative interpretations of geographical space, and the presence of intertextuality in travel writing. The chapters are then arranged chronologically, with each counter-narrative being analysed as emanating from the range of discourses that were in conflict during the period. The writers form a varied group, travelling and living in five different countries, with a range of contradictory voices. Susannah Moodie and Emily Innes are outspoken in their criticism of British government policy for Canada and the Malay States respectively; Isabella Fane in India and Emmeline Lott in Egypt are disdainful of foreign practices which were otherwise considered fascinating on account of their exoticism; Frances Elliot differentiates her writing by opposing the ubiquitous influence of guidebooks for European travel. Thus each account records an aspect of political or cultural opposition to established discourses circulating at the time, as the women challenge the 'grand narratives' of foreign travel in different ways. Because such accounts may be challenged by literature of the period, the study positions the women in the context of their contemporaries, and thus each chapter examines the counter-narrative alongside another account by a female writer who travelled or lived in a similar area during the same era. Moreover, before examining the range of discursive complexities and tensions that emerge in each case study, the writers are positioned in their geographical locations and historical moments so that the texts are read against the cultural background to which the women were originally responding. The marginalisation of such counter-narratives has led to gaps in our understanding of travel writing from the period: where accounts once coexisted they are separated, and positive accounts are privileged over negative ones. It is this discontinuity of knowledge that the study will address in order to create a truer picture of the diversity of travel writing at the time.

商務旅館營運企劃書：以資訊系統建立顧客體驗與營運效率 / This business plan is about a privately run business hotel in Bangkok city, which is near the BITEC exhibition center area. It includes hotel summary, market analysis, strategy and implementation summary, and financial plan analysis. It is explicit that there has been a continual growth in the number of travelers coming to Thailand, and the trend is also happening to the number of businessmen, especially in Bangkok. Together with the beginning of free-trade economic community, Asean Economic Community (ACE), there will be a great potential for the demand of accommodations to grow. To start a business hotel in this industry at early stage is a great decision. With the special features of hotel guest rooms and amenities and hotel booking management system at a reasonable charge, we will target customers with lower level budget and break the existing luxury style business hotels in the Bangkok areas. Our value propositions are the outstanding IT management system to facilitate the business operation, and the strategic location which will create great experience and form long-term relationship with customers.

Travel writing is by definition an open and hybrid form that encompasses a variety of genres, styles, and modes of presentation. This study focuses on four little-known travel texts about Italy written between 1840 and 1880 by two English and two German women writers and shows how, by exploiting the openness of the form of travel writing, they broadened its scope beyond mere description to provide insight into national ideologies and identities while expanding the boundaries of the female sphere of influence. This study considers the following texts: Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (1844), Adele Schopenhauer’s Florenz: Ein Reiseführer mit Anekdoten und Erzählungen (1847/48) (2007), Frances Power Cobbe’s Italics: Brief Notes on Politics, People, and Places in Italy, in 1864 (1864), and Fanny Lewald’s Reisebriefe aus Deutschland, Italien und Frankreich 1877, 1878 (1880). In the first chapter, the four texts under consideration are presented against the backdrop of nineteenth-century sexual ideology of the ‘separate spheres’ and the conventions of women’s travel writing. A survey of the long tradition of English and German travellers to Italy and their writings is provided to establish the context in which the texts were produced. Also considered is the role they play in the narrative of Italian nation-building. In the second chapter, the discussion of Rambles in Germany and Italy examines how, by presenting herself as a mother and an educator, Shelley foregrounds the pedagogical purpose of the book, which aims at garnering the sympathy of her British audience for the oppressive political situation of the Italian people and their growing nationalism. The third chapter explores Schopenhauer’s attempt in Florenz to create her own gendered version of the guidebook for travellers in the style of Murray and Baedeker and to revive the memory of the democratic institutions of thirteenth-century Florence at a time when Italians were fighting for democratic reforms and independence. The fourth chapter shows how, in Italics, the representation of Italy in the wake of its partial unification in 1861 is closely intertwined with Cobbe’s own thinking on politics, religion, and women’s emancipation. The fifth chapter examines how, in Reisebriefe, the discussion of the social and political changes that had affected both Italy and Germany in the previous forty years allows Lewald to engage in a reflection on her own femininity and on the role of women in the newly formed German nation. Shelley, Schopenhauer, Cobbe and Lewald each used travel writing to explore their own identities as women and as writers. Pushing the form beyond exposition into the realm of social commentary, they used it to shape public opinion and to explore new roles for women in society.

Zugl.: Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 2005

Univ., Diss.--Warwick. / Quellen- und Literaturverz. S. [203] - 222.