本研究係提出一個能夠讓企業經營的購物網站值得消費者信任之管理模式，以期幫助業者在提昇網站信任方面，有具體的目標和施力點。該模式包括兩個主要的部分：(1)網站值得信任的構成因素和(2)促成網站值得信任的管理措施。有關前者部分，本研究建構網站信任的架構和各因素重要性的排序，並轉成量表和對量表的驗證。後者在探討促成業者建立網站信任的顯著影響因素，以及業者和消費者在此方面表現的認知差距之分析。此外本研究也實際將量表分別應用在網站信任對個人資訊揭露意願的影響，和購物經驗對網站信任之影響的驗證。 在研究的流程上，首先以消費者為導向，探討網站值得信任的架構和重要組成。接著由業者評量自己的網站在此方面的表現，同時也指出影響該表現的各因素之強烈程度。然後，再回到消費者本身，進一步逐一評量該網站的實際情況，以作為本研究探討業者與消費者之間認知落差的情形。 本研究結果指出，網站值得消費者信任的主要因素可分為能力、正直和關係三個維度，十三個總指標，和五十三個細目指標。對業者的實證結果顯示，會顯著地促成網站業者在「網站信任」有較佳表現的因素，並不是感知的利益或感知的外在壓力，而是該網站是否一切準備就緒，尤其是在教育訓練與管理結構的支持、資訊科技資源、以及線上認證的配合等方面。另外，商業經營模式也是促成的重要因素，尤其是業者對網站的重要程度越高，又懂得虛擬社群的經營，那麼將更助於網站信任的展現。 在本研究中並指出線上業者和消費者在認知上落差之所在和其主要原因。為有效管理網站和促使網站值得信任，業者需真正地以消費者為導向，建立和妥善運用所需的資源和能力(如：教育訓練和管理結構的支持、資訊科技資源)，以提升消費者的信任。 此外，本研究確認了網站信任對提供個人資訊意願的正向影響，以及線上購物經驗對網站信任的助益。最後，本研究並對各階段成果說明策略意涵，也結合顧客關係管理觀念，提供業者信任管理的參考模式和網站信任的自我檢核參考表，期望有助於業者對網站信任，有較綜合性的瞭解和經營上的幫助。 / This paper presents an EC-trust management model based on a series of empirical studies, in order to help website managers to develop or enhance their website trustworthiness. This model consists of (1) the website trust/trustworthiness structure and its components, and (2) the managerial measures to support the development or enhancement of the trustworthiness. The latter also includes (1) the organizational readiness and business model for the trustworthiness, (2) the gap analysis that helps finding out the differences in the trustworthiness perceptions between website managers and consumers, and (3) the potential trust accumulation via the continuously better online experiences. The paper conducts a four-phase research. At first, the website trustworthiness structure and its evaluation form are constructed and validated. Then, out of 476 shopping websites, 100 managers use the form to evaluate their website trustworthiness, and also fill in the questionnaire that measures their perceptions of the factors (e.g. organizational readiness and business model) influencing their website trustworthiness performances. In the third phase, 128 consumers are asked to use the same form to perceive and evaluate those websites’ trustworthiness performance, in order to measure the correlations and the gaps between the managers’ and consumers’ perceptions. Besides, the effect of trust on the willingness of personal information disclosure is also tested in this phase. Finally, in the fourth phase, this research adopts a multiple case study strategy to find out the reasons for the significant gaps identified in the third phase, and, practically, works with a case company to find out the effect of the online-shopping experience on trust in the website. The result shows that the website trustworthiness involves three latent factors (i.e., competence, integrity, and relation), which consist of 13 elements, and a total of 53 detailed items. The website trust/trustworthiness performance is significantly affected by their website readiness (i.e., E & T and managerial structure, IT resources, financial resources, and seal-program preparation), the perceived website importance, as well as the perceived community importance. Meanwhile, the results also show that the gaps of perceptions between website managers and consumers do exist. Therefore, to effectively enhance their website trustworthiness, they should be really consumer-oriented and improve their performance according to the gap analysis. Besides, there are another two exciting findings in this paper. The effect of trust on the willingness of personal-information disclosure is validated. The significant effect of shopping experiences on trust suggests that the website managers should promote customers’ online experiences to enhance their trust in the websites.

Déterminer si quelqu’un est digne de confiance constitue, tout au long de notre vie, une décision à la base de nos interactions sociales quotidiennes. Des études récentes chez les jeunes adultes ont proposé que le jugement de confiance basé sur un visage constituerait une extension des processus de reconnaissance des expressions faciales, particulièrement de la colère et de la joie (Todorov, 2008). Bien que le jugement de confiance soit d’une grande importance tout au long de notre vie, à notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a tenté d’explorer l’évolution de ce processus au cours du vieillissement. Pourtant, sachant que les personnes âgées saines sont moins efficaces que les jeunes adultes pour reconnaître les expressions faciales émotionnelles (Ruffman et al., 2008; Calder et al., 2003), des différences pourraient exister dans les capacités de ces deux groupes d’âge à poser un jugement de confiance. Le présent travail a permis d’explorer, pour une première fois, les processus perceptifs sous-jacents au jugement de confiance chez une population âgée saine ainsi que chez une population présentant une démence fronto-temporale. Les résultats démontrent que les représentations de colère, de joie et de confiance sont similaires chez les jeunes et les âgés sains et suggèrent qu’il existe bel et bien un lien entre le jugement de confiance et les jugements de joie et de colère. De plus, ils révèlent que ce lien persiste au cours vieillissement, mais que les adultes âgés sains se fient davantage à leur représentation de la colère que les jeunes adultes pour déterminer si un visage est digne de confiance ou non. Enfin, les patients présentant une démence fronto-temporale possèdent des représentations différentes des âgés sains en ce qui concerne la colère, la joie et la confiance, et ils semblent se fier davantage à leur représentation de la joie que les âgés sains pour déterminer le niveau de confiance d’un visage. / To determine whether someone looks trustworthy or not is, throughout our lives, a basic decision in our social interactions. Recent studies have suggested that this type of judgment may be an extension of facial expression judgments, more specifically of anger and happiness judgments (Todorov, 2008). Even though trustworthiness judgments play a great role in our social interactions throughout our lives, little is known about the evolution of this process through aging. However, knowing that older adults are less efficient than younger adults in identifying facial expressions (Ruffman et al., 2008; Calder et al., 2003), one could expect to find differences between young and older adults in the way they judge trustworthiness. This work aimed to explore, for the first time, perceptual processes underlying trustworthiness judgments in a healthy older adult population as well as in a population of fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) patients. Results show that anger, happiness and trustworthiness representations are similar between young and older adults, and they suggest that a relationship does exist between emotional judgments and trustworthiness judgments. Moreover, results show that this relationship persists throughout aging, but that older adults rely more on their representation of anger than younger in adults while judging trustworthiness. Finally, patients with fronto-temporal dementia show different representations of anger, happiness and trustworthiness than that of the controls. Also, for trustworthiness judgments, they rely more on their representation of happiness than controls.

The term crisis of journalism is widely discussed nowadays. This paper examines whether journalism is in crisis, or whether it is a development caused by changes in the digital world. It also examines possible causes of this crisis and transformation in the digital world. One of the main causes of this is a perceived loss of credibility of the information given to the public. Therefore, there is a deeper interpretation of what trust and trustworthiness is and what can dis/trust cause in the society. In the context of the changes which journalism faces today, it describes the transformation of the role of the audience to active self-editor and outlines how the audience must orientate in the news itself. Otherwise, the media focused on earnings will continue to thrive on sensationalism and moral panics that will negatively effect social reality. In the empirical part this paper deals with the case of Břeclav in 2012, which is an exemplary example of moral panic with consequences.

The dissertation deals with the evolution and current state of literary reportage in the Czech Republic, Poland and France. It puts literary reportage in media context with emphasis on history of the genre and its main representatives, it maps the current state of literary reportage in selected countries, authors, and themes of their texts. It analyzes the factors that affect the work of literary reporters.This thesis in its theoretical part relies on academic publications about the genre of reportage in each state in relation to Polish School of Reportage and its attributes. It also examines the usage of fictional components that affects trustworthiness of literary reportage. The practical part of the thesis is then dedicated to analysis of the reportage Spánek do oběda a zábava do rána by polish reporter Lidia Ostałowska in order to show what kind of impact literary techniques can have on form and content of reportage. To do so, it uses the method of narratological analysis and the concept of narrative gaps. In the end, the findings from the field of the genre are applied in my own authorial reportage called Nantes. Voda, plyn a oheň.

Cette thèse comporte trois chapitres qui se rattachent aux relations entre les migrants et leur communauté d'origine sur le cas de la Chine et le Vietnam. Le premier chapitre étudie la relation entre les transferts de fonds envoyés par les migrants, et le niveau de confiance et de fiabilité des villageois vietnamiens qui en sont bénéficiaires. Voici les résultats principaux obtenus en combinant les données d’un terrain d’expérimentation de 2010 avec les données de VHLSS 2002 (2002 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey). En ce qui concerne le niveau de confiance, cette étude montre que les transferts de fonds internationaux sont liés de manière positive au comportement de confiance de ceux qui les reçoivent. En ce qui concerne le niveau de fiabilité, l’étude trouve que les transferts de fonds internationaux ont un lien négatif avec le niveau de fiabilité de celui qui les reçoit tandis que les transferts de fonds internes ont un lien positif avec le niveau de fiabilité de celui qui les reçoit. Cette étude montre en outre que le niveau de fiabilité est plus élevé dans le sud que dans le nord de Vietnam. Le deuxième chapitre s'interroge sur l'impact des enfants lassés dans la communauté d’origine par les migrants sur leur décision de retour en Chine en utilisant une enquête ménage en milieu rural du district de Wuwei (dans la province de l’Anhui) en 2008. Un modèle de durée paramétrique à hasards proportionnels en temps discret et un modèle probit sont employés pour estimer séparément le rôle des enfants laissés au village par âge et par sexe sur la longueur des épisodes migratoires pour les migrants actuels et les migrants du retour, ainsi que pour les intentions de retour de migrants actuels. Cette étude souligne le rôle des enfants lassés derrières comme raison significative pour le retour des parents migrants. Le dernier chapitre étudie l’impact de l’expérience migratoire sur le choix d’être entrepreneur pour un migrant du retour après son retour dans sa communauté d’origine. En utilisant la même base de donnés chinoise, cette étude montre que les migrants du retour ont une tendance plus affirmée à devenir entrepreneurs que les non-migrants, et que l'épargne rapatriée par les migrants, comme la fréquence des changements d'emploi pendant l'épisode migratoire, exercent une influence positive sur la probabilité des migrants de devenir entrepreneurs après leur retour. / This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on the interaction between migrants and their source regions applied to China and Vietnam. The first chapter examines whether remittances are related to receivers’ trust and trustworthiness in Vietnam. Using a combination of a field experiment conducted in 2010 and the “2002 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey”, the chapter finds that while internal remittances have no significant relationship to trusting behavior, international remittances demonstrate a significantly positive connection. On the other hand, international remittances are negatively related to trustworthiness, while internal remittances are positively associated. Besides, this study finds that the level of trustworthiness is higher in the south than in the north. The second chapter explores the role of children by age and by gender as a motive for return migration in China by using a rural household survey conducted in Wuwei County (Anhui province) in 2008. Resorting to a discrete time proportional hazard model and a binary Probit model to estimate respectively the determinants of migration duration for both on-going migrants and return migrants, and the return intentions of on-going migrants, the chapter finds consistent results regarding the role of left-behind children as a significant motive for return. The last chapter examines the impact of the migration experience on individuals’ choice of being self-employed upon their return to their home villages. By using the same data of Wuwei survey, the chapter finds that return migrants are more likely to be self-employed than non-migrants, and that both return savings and the frequency of job changes during migration increase the likelihood for return migrants to become self-employed.

<p>Purpose  <br />The purpose of this paper is from a consumer perspective analysis whether or not blogs are affecting a customer’s purchase behaviour to a larger extent compared to traditional marketing methods through TV commercials. Additionally, within the scope of this try to identify the type of consumers that are more influenced to a purchase decision by blog contents compared to others.<br /><br />Methods <br />Through a quantitative approach this study will examine the effectiveness of advertising in blogs. A survey was used in order to collect data where the respondents corresponded to the population in Sweden in the ages 15-79. Initially the size of the blog audience was estimated and thereafter it was examined how many of these that were affected towards a purchase decision by blogs. Finally a profile of these highly interesting individuals was presented based on demographic variables. In parallel the traditional marketing channel – TV commercials – was analysed in the same manner. Subsequently, to be able to map out the effectiveness of blogs a distinct comparison to TV commercials were made.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />More than half of the population is reading blogs to some extent and a tenth of these are reading blogs regularly. The success of blogs can largely be attributed to the fact that the usage of the Internet is growing in today’s society and to interact with new media is enticing. The majority, 82 % are avoiding TV commercials by either switching channels or leaving the TV set. 30 % are affected in their purchase behaviour by recommendations received via blogs while a mere 8 % admit that they are influenced by TV commercials. Based on these conclusions it is determined that blogs are a fairly effective marketing channel. The ideal target group for blog marketing is women between the ages 15-29 that are single, living in a large city in the middle of Sweden, with an unknown occupation and prefer fashion and music blogs.</p> / <p>Syfte<br />Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån konsumentperspektivet utforska huruvida och i så fall varför bloggar påverkar konsumentens köpbeteende i större utsträckning än den traditionella marknadsföringsmetoden via TV-reklam, samt att inom ramen för detta söka identifiera de konsumenter som påverkas mest till köpbeslut av bloggars innehåll.</p><p>Metod<br />Genom ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt belyser studien effektiviteten av reklam via bloggar. En enkätundersökning har använts som datainsamlingsmetod där populationen motsvarar Sveriges befolkning i åldern 15-79 år. Till att börja med uppskattades storleken på bloggpubliken och därefter utforskades hur många av dessa som påverkas till köpbeslut av bloggar. Sist presenterades en profil av dessa högintressanta individer utifrån demografiska variabler. Parallellt har den traditionella marknadsföringskanalen TV-reklam bearbetats på samma tillvägagångssätt. För att kunna klarlägga bloggars effektivitet har därmed en distinkt jämförelse med TV-reklam gjorts.<br /><br />Slutsatser<br />Mer än hälften av populationen läser bloggar i någon grad varav en tiondel läser bloggar regelbundet. Bloggars framgång kan till stor del bero på att Internetanvändningen ökar i dagens samhälle och att interagera med nya medium attraherar. Majoriteten, 82 % undviker TV-reklam genom att antingen byta kanal eller gå ifrån TV-apparaten. 30 % påverkas i sina köpbeteenden av rekommendationer förmedlade via bloggar medan knappt 8 % medger att TV-reklam påverkar dem. Utifrån dessa konklusioner kan konstateras att bloggar är en tämligen effektiv marknadsföringskanal. Den ultimata målgruppen för bloggmarknadsföring är kvinna, mellan 15-29 år, singel, bor i en storstad i Svealand, med en icke bekant sysselsättning som helst läser mode- och musikbloggar.</p>

Purpose  <br />The purpose of this paper is from a consumer perspective analysis whether or not blogs are affecting a customer’s purchase behaviour to a larger extent compared to traditional marketing methods through TV commercials. Additionally, within the scope of this try to identify the type of consumers that are more influenced to a purchase decision by blog contents compared to others.<br /><br />Methods <br />Through a quantitative approach this study will examine the effectiveness of advertising in blogs. A survey was used in order to collect data where the respondents corresponded to the population in Sweden in the ages 15-79. Initially the size of the blog audience was estimated and thereafter it was examined how many of these that were affected towards a purchase decision by blogs. Finally a profile of these highly interesting individuals was presented based on demographic variables. In parallel the traditional marketing channel – TV commercials – was analysed in the same manner. Subsequently, to be able to map out the effectiveness of blogs a distinct comparison to TV commercials were made.<br /><br />Conclusions<br />More than half of the population is reading blogs to some extent and a tenth of these are reading blogs regularly. The success of blogs can largely be attributed to the fact that the usage of the Internet is growing in today’s society and to interact with new media is enticing. The majority, 82 % are avoiding TV commercials by either switching channels or leaving the TV set. 30 % are affected in their purchase behaviour by recommendations received via blogs while a mere 8 % admit that they are influenced by TV commercials. Based on these conclusions it is determined that blogs are a fairly effective marketing channel. The ideal target group for blog marketing is women between the ages 15-29 that are single, living in a large city in the middle of Sweden, with an unknown occupation and prefer fashion and music blogs. / Syfte<br />Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån konsumentperspektivet utforska huruvida och i så fall varför bloggar påverkar konsumentens köpbeteende i större utsträckning än den traditionella marknadsföringsmetoden via TV-reklam, samt att inom ramen för detta söka identifiera de konsumenter som påverkas mest till köpbeslut av bloggars innehåll. Metod<br />Genom ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt belyser studien effektiviteten av reklam via bloggar. En enkätundersökning har använts som datainsamlingsmetod där populationen motsvarar Sveriges befolkning i åldern 15-79 år. Till att börja med uppskattades storleken på bloggpubliken och därefter utforskades hur många av dessa som påverkas till köpbeslut av bloggar. Sist presenterades en profil av dessa högintressanta individer utifrån demografiska variabler. Parallellt har den traditionella marknadsföringskanalen TV-reklam bearbetats på samma tillvägagångssätt. För att kunna klarlägga bloggars effektivitet har därmed en distinkt jämförelse med TV-reklam gjorts.<br /><br />Slutsatser<br />Mer än hälften av populationen läser bloggar i någon grad varav en tiondel läser bloggar regelbundet. Bloggars framgång kan till stor del bero på att Internetanvändningen ökar i dagens samhälle och att interagera med nya medium attraherar. Majoriteten, 82 % undviker TV-reklam genom att antingen byta kanal eller gå ifrån TV-apparaten. 30 % påverkas i sina köpbeteenden av rekommendationer förmedlade via bloggar medan knappt 8 % medger att TV-reklam påverkar dem. Utifrån dessa konklusioner kan konstateras att bloggar är en tämligen effektiv marknadsföringskanal. Den ultimata målgruppen för bloggmarknadsföring är kvinna, mellan 15-29 år, singel, bor i en storstad i Svealand, med en icke bekant sysselsättning som helst läser mode- och musikbloggar.

This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on the interaction between migrants and their source regions applied to China and Vietnam. The first chapter examines whether remittances are related to receivers' trust and trustworthiness in Vietnam. Using a combination of a field experiment conducted in 2010 and the "2002 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey", the chapter finds that while internal remittances have no significant relationship to trusting behavior, international remittances demonstrate a significantly positive connection. On the other hand, international remittances are negatively related to trustworthiness, while internal remittances are positively associated. Besides, this study finds that the level of trustworthiness is higher in the south than in the north. The second chapter explores the role of children by age and by gender as a motive for return migration in China by using a rural household survey conducted in Wuwei County (Anhui province) in 2008. Resorting to a discrete time proportional hazard model and a binary Probit model to estimate respectively the determinants of migration duration for both on-going migrants and return migrants, and the return intentions of on-going migrants, the chapter finds consistent results regarding the role of left-behind children as a significant motive for return. The last chapter examines the impact of the migration experience on individuals' choice of being self-employed upon their return to their home villages. By using the same data of Wuwei survey, the chapter finds that return migrants are more likely to be self-employed than non-migrants, and that both return savings and the frequency of job changes during migration increase the likelihood for return migrants to become self-employed.

This work considers the theoretical, epistemological and methodological criteria for a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to the study of spiritual experience founded within a qualitative paradigm. Spirituality is noted to be of increasing significance in society and as a developing discipline within the academy and spiritual experience is offered as an opening to greater understanding and appreciation of an individual's understandings of their spirituality. The methodology provides an interpretative approach towards an opportunity for resonance, identification and empathy between individual and reader through richly descriptive narratives offering insights into such experiences and developing themes and threads of particular interest prior to seeking universal and semi universal traits between or amongst narratives. Practical methods for applying the methodology are considered, including ethical and researcher reflexive issues. The assessment of the methodology includes its application to a case study, located within contemporary Christianity in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh, Scotland, which due to limitations of space focuses particularly on the notion of the Gift and assists in the determination of the efficacy and validity of hermeneutic phenomenology in the study of spiritual experience.

The strategic importance of a well-established banking sector in an economy and the pivotal role trust plays in this sector is well-documented in banking literature. Given this accepted importance of trust, it is surprising that some banks are still exhibiting more signals of distrust than of trust as expected, shattering consumer trust and confidence in the process. In response, governments, through their central banks, occasionally resort to implementing policies that focus heavily on regulation and control. These interventions are usually designed to restore consumer confidence in the banks’ future behaviours as well as providing assurance that exchanges taking place within a banking sector are safe and secure. Surprisingly, consumer trust and confidence are still elusive in some banking sectors, despite all these measures. This mixed-methods, sequential explanatory study explores the concept of trustworthiness by investigating trustworthiness dimensions of banks that drive consumer trust in the Zimbabwean banking sector that is experiencing low trust and confidence levels. To fulfil the objectives of this study, a quantitative research approach (survey) was first employed to explore bank customers’ trustworthiness perceptions on a sample of 400 customers. A qualitative research approach (semi-structured interviews), was then employed to gain a better understanding and clarification of the survey findings. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to determine the statistical model that sought to explain the relationship among the variables. Hypotheses were then tested between model constructs to determine their influence on one another. Study findings revealed that shared values, structural assurance and integrity (consistency) are the trustworthiness determinants with the highest positive influence on bank trustworthiness. A negative relationship was found between communication and bank trustworthiness. Competence was found to have an insignificant correlation with trustworthiness. Additionally, both behavioural intentions and affective commitment (relational outcomes) were found to positively influence bank trustworthiness. This study has brought to light how trustworthiness of banks is perceived in a banking sector that is not only experiencing a confidence crisis but also in a country that is experiencing an uncertain economic and political environment within an African banking context. The final model presented in this study can be applied in trustworthiness studies in the financial services sectors, particularly in sectors that are operating in similar uncertain environments. In order to reignite consumer confidence in the banking sector, the RBZ is advised to set tighter corporate governance measures that can put a stop to activities such as insider lending that end up defrauding depositors within the banks. It is also imperative that departments such as Treasury, Risk and Credit within the RBZ and in banks are managed by competent personnel who adhere to the prudential standards of banking. Bank custodians are advised to continuously exhibit trustworthiness behaviours because customers’ trust and confidence can only be restored if there is evidence of sincere behaviours that are regarded as reflecting a trustworthy image. Planning for peak periods in terms of cash and personnel, to avoid prolonged queues and cash shortages that have become an everyday occurrence in the Zimbabwean banking sector is one way banks can improve trust and confidence. Banks should also consider providing services such as financial hardship advisory services and extended loan repayment options that can go a long way in not only assisting their customers to manage their debts, but also to show that banks are taking into consideration their customers’ current challenges and needs. Key stakeholders in the banking sector are also encouraged to share information on key developments integral to the smooth functioning of the banking sector. This information should then be disseminated to the banking public in a unified voice to avoid distortion of information that leads to financial anxiety and further erosion of trust. In the absence of formal timeous communication, bank customers may resort to relying on the grapevine and engage in speculative behaviours which can be very destructive and difficult to correct. / Business Management / D.B.L.