Ung och tanklös är en litteraturstudie som handlar om påföljdssystemet för unga lagöverträdare. Den ger en översikt över dagens påföljdssystem samt en historisk tillbakablick inom lagstiftningen och åtgärderna kring unga lagöverträdare i Sverige. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur dagens samhälle hanterar unga lagöverträdare. Varför ser vårt påföljdssystem ut som det gör? Tyngdpunkten i arbetet ligger på utvecklingen av påföljderna samt att det har gått från straff till ett mer behandlingsinriktat samhälle. Uppsatsen tar även upp sluten ungdomsvård och hur straff och behandlig förenas på institutionerna. De resultat som framkommer i uppsatsen är att de behandlingsmetoder som visat sig vara effektiva för gruppen unga lagöverträdare är Kognitiv beteendeterapi baserade program och familjebaserade insatser. De insatser som visats fungera bättre än andra utmärks genom att de inriktar sig på att påverka den unges sätt att tänka, känna och bete sig. Det innebär att det är mer effektivt att ge den unge någon typ av kvalificerad behandling utöver en juridisk påföljd. Uppsatsen visar även en utveckling av olika slags påföljder för unga lagöverträdare eftersom olika straffteorier har tillämpats genom tiden. Samt hur samhällets åtgärder för unga lagöverträdare förändrats.

Unga lagöverträdare har sedan lång tid tillbaka särbehandlats i det svenska påföljdssystemet. Den främsta anledningen till detta är ungas avsaknad av fullständig mognad, erfarenhet och därmed ansvarsförmåga. Särbehandlingen tar sig främst till uttryck i särskilda regler för unga i åldrarna 15–20 år vid påföljdsbestämningen. Den s.k. ungdomsreduktionen i 29:7 BrB, vilken medför ordentliga strafflindringar för unga lagöverträdare, är en av de mest framträdande bestämmelserna i detta avseende.I januari 2022 trädde flertalet lagändringar i kraft vilka syftade till att förstärka den straffrättsliga reaktionen mot unga lagöverträdare i åldersgruppen 18–20 år. Den för uppsatsen relevanta lagändringen innebär att ungdomsreduktionen, som tidigare gällt ovillkorligt för samtliga unga, nu avskaffats för de i åldersgruppen 18–20 år som gjort sig skyldiga till allvarlig brottslighet. I denna uppsats utreder jag den avskaffade ungdomsreduktionen mot bakgrund av de skäl för särbehandling som tidigare legat till grund för särbehandlingen av unga i åldersgruppen 18–20 år i det svenska straffsystemet. Dessutom utreder jag vilka möjligheter det även fortsatt kommer att finnas för unga i åldersgruppen 18– 20 år att åtnjuta strafflindring. Jag kommer till slutsatsen att det går att ifrågasätta om inte den avskaffade ungdomsreduktionen träffar ett alltför stort område och därmed går utöver det eftersträvade syftet. Det går bland annat att argumentera för att straffskärpningen i stället skulle ha begränsats till det specifika problemet organiserad brottslighet.Det finns dock, vilket kommer att framgå, fortsatt vissa möjligheter för unga i åldersgruppen 18–20 år att åtnjuta strafflindring vid påföljdsbestämningen även efter den avskaffade ungdomsreduktionen nu trätt i kraft. / Young offenders have since long been treated differently in the Swedish criminal law system. This special treatment has mainly been expressed through special rules established for young people aged 15–20, which have entailed substantial mitigation when determining their sentences. The main reason for this arrangement is based on young people’s lack of maturity, experience and thus responsibility. The so-called youth reduction, which is stipulated in 29:7 of the Swedish Penal Code, is one of the most prominent provisions regarding the special treatment of young offenders. In January 2022, multiple amendments of the Swedish law entered into force, which aimed to strengthen the criminal law reaction against young offenders aged 18–20. The relevant amendment for this thesis entails that the youth reduction, which previously applied unconditionally to all young people, now has been abolished for young people aged 18–20 who have committed serious crime. In this essay, I investigate the abolished youth reduction in light of the reasons that have previously formed the basis of the difference in treatment of young offenders in the Swedish penal system. In addition, I examine which possibilities that will continue to exist for young people aged 18–20 to enjoy mitigation of their sentence. I reach the conclusion that one could question whether the abolished youth reduction is affecting an area that is too extensive for the aim sought. Instead, there are those who argue that the abolished youth reduction should have been limited to the specific problem of organized crime. However, as will be shown, there will still be some possibilities for young people aged 18–20 to enjoy a mitigation of their sentence even after the abolished youth discount has entered into force.

Studien syftar till att förstå unga lagöverträdares marginaliseringsprocesser i relation till skolan och arbetsmarknaden. För att förstå dessa processer har vi genom en kvalitativ studie av biografier analyserat resultatet med den symboliska interaktionismen, stämplingsteorin och Ted Goldbergs redogörelse för avvikarkarriären tillsammans med tidigare forskning kring ämnet. Studiens resultat visar att de unga lagöverträdarnas marginaliseringsprocesser börjar i skolan med social marginalisering. De unga lagöverträdarna beskriver svårigheter med att bli socialt accepterade. Studiens resultat visar också att de unga lagöverträdarnas marginaliseringsprocesser som är en följd av upprepad stämpling fortgår även utanför skolan då de ansluter sig till umgängeskretsar med en lagöverträdande livsstil och liknande visioner. Studien pekar på att de unga lagöverträdarna möter svårigheter med att nå en förankrad position på arbetsmarknaden. Dessa svårigheter beror på deras brottsbelastning och att de genom stämpling har upprättat en negativ självbild. / The study aims to understand the young offenders marginalization processes in relation to the school and the labor market. To understand these processes, we have used a qualitative study of the biographies and analyzed the results with the symbolic interactionism, the labeling theory and Ted Goldberg's account of deviation career together with previous research in this topic. Study results show that young offenders processes of marginalization begins in school with social marginalization. Young offenders describes the difficulties to be socially accepted. 2 The study also shows that young offenders processes of marginalization as a result of repetitive labeling continues even outside the school when they join social circles with an offending lifestyle and similar visions. The study suggests that young offenders faced difficulties in reaching an entrenched position in the labor market. These difficulties are due to their crimes burden and by labeling has drawn up a negative self-image.

The purpose of the study was to find out if the influential arrangements that is given to convicted delinquents between 15-17 years old is practised because they have evidence or if it is based on other grounds. The research questions were answered with the help of a questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire was sent to all 290 local authorities whereof 52 answered the questions. The result indicated difficulties to get information regarding which arrangements that is being used, the local authorities have various ways of working and the programs and/or routines they use make it hard to access statistics. The most common influential arrangements were programs made by the local authorities themselves, which brings difficulties with the evidence of treatment effects. Interviews were carried out with three persons from social services who work with delinquents. The results showed that the choices were made on the basis of guidelines if there were any available, otherwise out of a feeling or experience. The conclusion was that there often seems to be a consideration regarding the evidence of treatment effects when arrangements are chosen, but that the choice many times still occur based on other premisses. / Studiens syfte var att utröna om de påverkande insatser som erläggs dömda ungdomsbrottslingar 15-17 år används för att de har evidens eller om valet vilar på andra grunder. Forskningsfrågorna besvarades med hjälp av enkät och intervjuer. Enkäten skickades till samtliga Sveriges 290 kommuner varav 52 svarade på frågorna. Resultatet visade på svårigheter att få tillförlitlig information om vilka insatser som används, kommunerna arbetar olika och de program och/eller rutiner som används gör det svårt att ta fram statistik. De vanligast förekommande påverkansinsaterna var egenkomponerade program, vilket medför svårigheter med kontroll av evidensen. Intervjuer utfördes med tre personer från socialtjänsten som arbetar med unga lagöverträdare. Resultatet visade att valet baseras på riktlinjer där sådana finns, annars tas egna beslut utifrån känsla och erfarenhet. Slutsatsen blev att det många gånger finns en tanke kring evidens när insatser ska väljas, men att valet ändå ofta sker på andra premisser.

<p>The essay investigates juvenile offenders experiences of the sanction ”ungdomstjänst” and how it may change attitudes towards committing criminal acts. The essay introduces qualitative interviews with four juvenile offenders, which have all executed ”ungdomstjänst”. The juveniles experiences of features that can be a part of the attitude change have been analyzed with a model of the motivation process, called ”Fyra F”, and four elements of persuading, which can affect an attitude change. The result shows that the juveniles experience ”ungdomstjänst” as punishing in varying degree, dependent of the different parts of the sanction. Positive experiences of the sanction include that it gives them an opportunity to see things from a different perspective as well as help to get out on the employment market. The analyze shows that ”ungdomstjänst” contain several aspects of the above model and elements which can affect the juveniles attitude to committing crimes. It also appears certain aspects which could be improved by professionals within “ungdomstjänst” in order to increase the number of opportunities to affect the different types of juvenile offenders that they encounter.</p>

<p>The purpose with this essay has been to describe and understand why youth community service became a penalty in Sweden. The political discourse in which youth community service was established has been analyzed with Laclau & Mouffe´s discourse theory. A social constructivist onset and a discourse analysis were the methodological tools of the essay. The result is two folded. Youth community service was created to strengthen the constitutional state, combined with high beliefs of the social services competence. Furthermore the images of the youth offenders had an impact on the argumentation, as well as an ambition to keep the youths outside of the correctional treatment system. The evaluation ten years later showed good results from the new penalty, and wanted to increase the legal security for the youth offenders by making youth community service prescribed by law. The content as well as the intended group the penalty was designed for, has been changed a lot since 1997 when the idea was born.</p>

<p>The papers purpose is to examine how the Botkyrka and Huddinge municipalities implement their juvenile law offenders' programs. The paper briefly and concisely outlines the history of juvenile offenders and the social services programs dealing with them. We focus on how two municipalities’, Huddinge and Botkyrka, implement these programs. The municipalities belong to the same judicial district,”Södertörns tingsrätt”. The paper has a qualitative approach with interviews with those responsible for the programs. Recent year’s criticism has been directed towards the lack of control and structure of the application of the program within the municipalities. This paper's conclusion is that implementations of the program vary a great deal between Huddinge and Botkyrka. However, it also shows that Huddinge and Botkyrka are making an effort to remove these differences between their respective programs. On the basis of the analysis of the material, this paper concludes that the programs can be seen as a creation of a mesosystem that include the young and partly its microsystem. Participation in the program will hopefully have a positive influence on the other systems that the young offenders are a part of. The control of that the young is managing its punishment is done by supervision. Trough this supervision the behavioural pattern of the young is influenced. The power and force to change the young offenders, and give them possibilities to change, to deploy and evolve lie within in the use of words and conversation.</p>

The essay investigates juvenile offenders experiences of the sanction ”ungdomstjänst” and how it may change attitudes towards committing criminal acts. The essay introduces qualitative interviews with four juvenile offenders, which have all executed ”ungdomstjänst”. The juveniles experiences of features that can be a part of the attitude change have been analyzed with a model of the motivation process, called ”Fyra F”, and four elements of persuading, which can affect an attitude change. The result shows that the juveniles experience ”ungdomstjänst” as punishing in varying degree, dependent of the different parts of the sanction. Positive experiences of the sanction include that it gives them an opportunity to see things from a different perspective as well as help to get out on the employment market. The analyze shows that ”ungdomstjänst” contain several aspects of the above model and elements which can affect the juveniles attitude to committing crimes. It also appears certain aspects which could be improved by professionals within “ungdomstjänst” in order to increase the number of opportunities to affect the different types of juvenile offenders that they encounter.

The purpose with this essay has been to describe and understand why youth community service became a penalty in Sweden. The political discourse in which youth community service was established has been analyzed with Laclau &amp; Mouffe´s discourse theory. A social constructivist onset and a discourse analysis were the methodological tools of the essay. The result is two folded. Youth community service was created to strengthen the constitutional state, combined with high beliefs of the social services competence. Furthermore the images of the youth offenders had an impact on the argumentation, as well as an ambition to keep the youths outside of the correctional treatment system. The evaluation ten years later showed good results from the new penalty, and wanted to increase the legal security for the youth offenders by making youth community service prescribed by law. The content as well as the intended group the penalty was designed for, has been changed a lot since 1997 when the idea was born.

The papers purpose is to examine how the Botkyrka and Huddinge municipalities implement their juvenile law offenders' programs. The paper briefly and concisely outlines the history of juvenile offenders and the social services programs dealing with them. We focus on how two municipalities’, Huddinge and Botkyrka, implement these programs. The municipalities belong to the same judicial district,”Södertörns tingsrätt”. The paper has a qualitative approach with interviews with those responsible for the programs. Recent year’s criticism has been directed towards the lack of control and structure of the application of the program within the municipalities. This paper's conclusion is that implementations of the program vary a great deal between Huddinge and Botkyrka. However, it also shows that Huddinge and Botkyrka are making an effort to remove these differences between their respective programs. On the basis of the analysis of the material, this paper concludes that the programs can be seen as a creation of a mesosystem that include the young and partly its microsystem. Participation in the program will hopefully have a positive influence on the other systems that the young offenders are a part of. The control of that the young is managing its punishment is done by supervision. Trough this supervision the behavioural pattern of the young is influenced. The power and force to change the young offenders, and give them possibilities to change, to deploy and evolve lie within in the use of words and conversation.