<p>The great cabin of the warship Vasa was adorned as a palace like room rather than aships cabin, containing over seventy wooden sculptures. The herm pilasters andconsole heads possibly held symbolic meaning, as did the exterior sculptures of theship. Why was so much money spent on the cabin? Who was its intended audience?How was the great cabin decorated and why? A study of the archaeological remainswithin their wider maritime and decorative historical context, can give the reasons for the designing and building of this highly decorative and expensive cabin.</p>

The great cabin of the warship Vasa was adorned as a palace like room rather than aships cabin, containing over seventy wooden sculptures. The herm pilasters andconsole heads possibly held symbolic meaning, as did the exterior sculptures of theship. Why was so much money spent on the cabin? Who was its intended audience?How was the great cabin decorated and why? A study of the archaeological remainswithin their wider maritime and decorative historical context, can give the reasons for the designing and building of this highly decorative and expensive cabin.

A study has been undertaken of the biblical prefaces of Mikael Agricola. All the prefaces are based on those of Luther and/or translations of the same in the Swedish Bible of 1541 (GVB). The New Testament prefaces, like GVB, keep closely to the originals. There are however visual differences — in punctuation, capital letter usage and paragraphing. The literal translation makes the material very suitable for a study of Agricola's use of capital letters and punctuation in comparison with the Lutheran Bible and GVB. The material is too limited for any conclusions to be drawn about the principles underlying paragraphing. Agricola, like Luther (from 1539 onwards) and GVB, sometimes uses capital initial letters in the substantive designations of God and Christ the Holy Spirit the Bible and its books the Church and its sections occupations nationalities Adjectives relating to the above groups may also have capital initials. Personal pronouns relating to God or important persons may also be written with capital initials. Unlike the originals, Agricola's texts may also give prominence to other pronouns than the personal, to verbs, adverbs, numerals and intensifies. The punctuation corresponds partly with present usage: complete clauses are usually separated by punctuation marks. One basic difference is that in Agricola, Luther and GVB breathing pauses for reading aloud are indicated with commas or full stops. As Agricola stressed his utterances differently from his models, it follows that his punctuation differs from theirs. Agricola's prefaces to Old Testament writings are also based on Luther's, but only two of them are direct translations. Agricola's exclusions and additions have been studied. The former include many of the brief descriptions of contents in Luther's prefaces. The additions are interesting; sometimes Agricola does not accept Luther's brief biographical summaries about the authors of various biblical books, and uses instead Hieronymus' prefaces in Vulgata. He also refers to the old Jewish work on the human condition, Seder Olam. Agricola's longest preface, to the Psalms, is very much his own. A few pages are devoted to Agricola's summary of commentaries on the Psalms made by two Fathers of the Church — Augustinus Aurelius and Basilius the Great. Here Agricola makes generous use of the popular stylistic device of the time — amplification, an accumulation of more or less synonymous expressions for the same idea. Even in sentences directly translated from Luther and GVB, Agricola often extends the amplifications. Agricola's four rhyming prefaces are not based on any model at all. They were written in the Germanic doggerel metre, and have much in common with late mediaeval rhyming chronicles. Agricola's often drastic way of expressing himself makes delightful reading. / digitalisering@umu

The study examines the massacre of the garrison of the castle of Kalmar in 1525 and its causes. The goal of the investigation has been on the one hand to elucidate the most probable sequence of events, and on the other to identify as many different plausible explanations to the massacre as possible. For this end, four contemporary sources have been examined and compared in their details. To enable a broad basis for interpretation, the author has consulted various works on the themes of warfare, soldiers and violence in the late middle ages and the sixteenth century. Apart from political aspects, the study highlights social and cultural conditions as important factors in explaining how the massacre could be carried out without provoking any single part of society. Among these are found the idea of the perceived natural ferocity of siege warfare, the exposed position of soldiers in general and the low status of lansquenets in particular, as well as the increasing general acceptance of executions and retributional violence.The paper finishes with a discussion on the importance of the event under investigation as part of a greater whole, and asks whether or not it is worthy of the sparsely used label of ”blood bath”. In relation to this, the author inquires for an expanded historical debate on the relationship between cultural and social values and conditions, and the use of violence in society.

Ämnet för denna uppsats är reformationen och Gustav Vasas maktövertagande i Sverige, under första delen av 1500-talet. Framförallt i Segersta och Hanebo socknar, i södra Hälsingland. Med hjälp av en historiografiskt komparativ metod försöker uppsatsen besvara hur tidigare historiska verk förklarat det faktum att det inte, i södra Hälsingland, uppstod några oroligheter till följd av de religiösa och samhälleliga förändringarna. Efter att ha redovisat den historiografiska bilden av hur historiesynen förändrats görs en studie av fyra historieberättande texter. Först två lokalhistoriska verk av äldre datum, där fokuseringen ligger på just det område, Segersta och Hanebo, som undersökningen begränsar sig till. Därefter följer två nyare verk som, även om de fokuserar sig på landet som helhet, i alla fall presenterar nya teorier och metoder inom forskningen. Det visar sig att de äldre lokalhistoriska verken inte alls är amatörmässiga, men företräder en omodern historiesyn. Efter att ha tagit del av de modernare verken blir det uppenbart att ny tolkning av gamla källor, tillsammans med nya källor, förändrat synen på reformationens verkningar på befolkningen, Gustav Vasas roll för reformationen, samt de befintliga oroligheternas dignitet. Samtidigt klarnar bilden av sockenprästernas betydelse för såväl Gustav Vasas som reformatorernas kommunikation med befolkningen. Resultatet av undersökningen blir att det är hög tid för en ny kvalitativ studie av Segersta och Hanebo socknar och samtidigt väcks några nya frågeställningar som förhoppningsvis kan vara fruktbara för en sådan studie.

This thesis concerns six Swedish history paintings from 1864 until 1897 with motifs depicting the Swedish renaissance. The purpose of the thesis is to examine the influence of 19th century fashion on the depiction of garments from the renaissance, and what this portrayal deflects concerning the artists contemporary vision of fashion and bodily ideals in the 16th century. Using a checklist method to approach the artworks the thesis examines how and to what extent the artists used visual culture from the 16th century in their visualization of the era and wether or not this portrayal is affected by the artists contemporary fashions. Interwined with the method is the theoretical framwork of the thesis, based upon the notion of fashion in art as a fabricated construct and history usage. The thesis presents the idea that the history painting depicting events spanning between a period of 70 years still uses a similar fashion in the works, even considering the time frame of different styles. The idea of gender coded garments and body siluetts during the 19th century heavily affects the fashion in the paintings, as well as the artist’s contemporary attitudes towards representations of sexuality and bodily beauty.

The mitochondrion is a tiny organelle that is the power supplier of the cell and vital to the functioning of the body organs. Additionally it contains a small circular genome of about 16 kb, present in many copies which makes the mitochondrial DNA more viable than nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is also maternally inherited and thus provides a direct link to maternal relatives. These two properties are of particular use for forensic samples, which only contain limited or degraded amounts of DNA, and for historical samples (ancient DNA). This thesis presents work on the mitochondrial DNA in the hypervariable regions (HV) I and II, in both contemporary and historical samples. Forensic genetics makes use of mitochondrial DNA analysis in court as circumstantial evidence, and population databases are used for the calculation of evidence value. Population samples (299) across Sweden have been analysed in order to enrich the EDNAP mtDNA database (EMPOP) (paper I). The application of mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed for analysis of historical skeletal remains: Copernicus, 1473-1543 (paper II), Karin Göring, 1888-1931 (paper III) and Medieval bones, 880-1000 AD, from a mass grave found in Sigtuna, Sweden (paper IV). The thesis also includes analyses of bones and teeth from the shipwrecked crew of the Vasa warship, 1628, samples from the Vasa museum, Stockholm, Sweden (paper V). Overall, the varying age of the samples and the different conservation environments (soil and water) accounted for variations in quality, but still allowed for successful DNA analysis.

Wooden objects have been widely used in the history of humanity and play an important role in our cultural heritage. The preservation of such objects is of great importance and can be a challenging task. This thesis investigates the static and time-dependent mechanical behaviour of archaeological oak wood from the Vasa warship. Characterisation of mechanical properties is necessary for the formulation of a numerical model to design an improved support structure. The ship was impregnated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for dimensional stabilisation. All elastic engineering constants of the Vasa oak have been identified and compared with those of recent oak by means of the static and dynamic testing. The experiments were done on samples with cubic geometry, which allowed obtaining all elastic constants from a single sample. The usage of cubic samples with orthotropic mechanical properties during compressive experiments was validated with finite-element simulations. The Young's moduli of the Vasa oak in all orthotropic directions were smaller than those for the recent oak. The shear moduli of Vasa oak was determined and verified with the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The time-dependent mechanical behaviour of the Vasa oak has been studied. Creep studies were performed in uniaxial compression on the cubic samples in all orthotropic directions. The samples loaded in the longitudinal direction were subjected to different stress levels. A stress level below 15% of the yield stress in the longitudinal direction did not result in non-linear creep with increasing creep rates within the time frame of the tests. The results of the studies in radial and tangential directions showed that creep was dominated by the effect of annual fluctuations in relative humidity and temperature. The weight changes based on annual fluctuations of relative humidity were measured for Vasa oak and recent oak. The Vasa oak showed higher variations due to an increased hygroscopicity which is the result of the impregnation with PEG. In conceiving a full-scale finite-element model of Vasa ship, not only the stress-strain relations of the material but also those of the structural joints are needed. Since the in-situ measurement of joints is not an option, a replica of a section of the ship hull was built and tested mechanically. The load-induced displacements were measured using 3D laser scanning which proved to have advantages to conventional point displacement measurements. The mechanical characteristics of the Vasa oak and joint information presented in this work can be used as input for a finite-element model of the Vasa ship for simulation of static and time-dependent behaviour on a larger scale. / Stötta Vasa

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 batigalia_tese_parte1.pdf: 948858 bytes, checksum: b48f5591911812d8f298686183d84a2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-14 / Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo / Introduction: About half of the cases of atherosclerotic coronary disease (a mean of 15% of women deaths and 25% of men) cannot be explained by most of the known risk factors. Coronary vasa vasorum are associated with coronary artery disease; however, their anatomy and physiopathology are not well clear. Objective: The aim of this study was to carry out a post mortem stereological study of adventitial vasa vasorum in different histopathological degrees of coronary atherosclerosis intending to correlate vasa vasorum, myocardial infarction physiopathology and histopathological degrees of atherosclerosis. Method: Ten consecutive autopsies of adults (5 men, 5 women, from 35 to 83 years-old, frozen at 4o C) were performed. Six proximal, medium and distal biopsies of the anterior and posterior interventricular coronary branches (at intervals of 1.5 cm) were performed per autopsy (a total of 60 coronary biopsy fragments). Fragments were processed by histological routine technique and cut in 4 fragments of 4 mm thickness. The first two consecutive histological fragments were stained by hematoxylin-eosin, and the two remaining by Masson´s trichrome. The fragments were histopathologically analysed according to Stary´s coronary atherosclerosis classification and examined by Zeiss Jenaâ, a light microscope with a bright chamber attached a Zeissâ micrometer scale, to outline adventitial vasa vasorum as well as to measure the coronary intraluminal diameter and the medial thickness. Intersection points of vasa vasorum with Merzâ´s grille were manually counted. For all types of vasa vasorum, points on Merzâ´s grille were counted to obtain the following stereological parameters of vasa vasorum: diameter, wall thickness, volumetric and superficial density, and adventitial connective tissue density. Parametric data were analysed by Pearson s linear correlation and principal component analysis. Agreement in determining coronary atherosclerosis degree in laminas stained by hematoxylin-eosin or Masson´s trichrome was assessed by kappa statistics. Differences among variables at each atherosclerosis degree was assessed by analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Coronary intraluminal diameter correlated negatively with coronary medial thickness and number of adventitial vasa vasorum (r>0.50; P-value<0.05). These correlations may be explained by sex, age and coronary atherosclerosis degree (r>0.50; P-value<0.05). All stereological parameters of vasa vasorum correlated negatively with coronary intraluminal diameter and positively with medial thickness, both explained by sex and atherosclerosis degree (r>0.50; P-value<0.05). The size of all types of vasa vasorum augmented proportionally to atherosclerosis histopathological degree aggravation. Kappa statistics for hematoxylin-eosin and Masson´s trichrome presented agreements varying from substantial or good to almost perfect or fine . All variables presented significant differences since the degree II of atherosclerosis. Conclusions: Coronary medial thickness and number of vasa vasorum correlated negatively with coronary intraluminal diameter. These correlations may be explained by sex and coronary atherosclerosis degree. Stereological parameters of vasa vasorum (except coronary adventitial connective tissue density) correlated positively with number of adventitial vasa vasorum as well as medial thickness, and negatively with coronary intraluminal diameter. Both correlations were determined by degree of atherosclerosis. Venular rupture in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques may be associated with myocardial infarction arising since the degree II of atherosclerosis. / Introdução: Cerca de 50% dos casos de doença arterial coronária aterosclerótica (15% das mortes masculinas e 25% femininas) não são explicados pelos clássicos fatores de risco. Vasa vasorum coronários podem associar-se à aterosclerose coronariana; contudo, sua anatomia e fisiopatologia não estão completamente elucidadas. Objetivos: Realizar estudo estereológico dos vasa vasorum da túnica externa de artérias coronárias autopsiadas buscando correlação entre vasa vasorum, fisiopatologia do infarto do miocárdio e graus histopatológicos de aterosclerose. Material e Método: Em dez autópsias consecutivas de adultos (5 homens, 5 mulheres, 35 a 83 anos, congelados a 4º C) efetuaram-se biópsias proximal, média e distal dos ramos interventriculares anterior e posterior em cada autópsia, a cada 1,5 cm, totalizando 6 biópsias por autópsia. Cada fragmento foi processado histologicamente com cortes sucessivos de 4 cm de espessura, totalizando 4 fragmentos (24 fragmentos por autópsia). Os dois primeiros fragmentos foram corados em hematoxilina-eosina e os dois últimos em tricrômico de Masson. Lâminas histológicas foram diagnosticadas histopatologicamente quanto ao grau de aterosclerose coronariana pela classificação de Stary e examinadas em microscópio de luz Zeiss Jena com câmara clara e escala micrométrica Zeissâ para delineamento dos vasa vasorum da túnica externa coronária e mensuração do diâmetro do lúmen coronário e da espessura da túnica média coronária. Pontos dos delineamentos dos vasa vasorum sobre a grade estereológica foram manualmente contados obtendo-se diâmetro do lúmen, espessura da parede e densidades volumétrica e superficial dos vasa vasorum, e densidade do tecido conectivo da túnica externa. Dados paramétricos foram analisados por correlação linear de Pearson e análise de componentes principais, concordância no diagnóstico do grau aterosclerótico pela estatística kappa, e diferenças entre valores das variáveis a cada grau aterosclerótico por análise de variância ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis Resultados: Diâmetro do lúmen coronário correlacionou-se negativamente com espessura da túnica média e número de vasa vasorum da túnica externa (r>0,50; valor-p<0,05), com correlações explicadas pelo sexo e grau de aterosclerose (r>0,50; valor-p<0,05). Parâmetros estereológicos dos vasa vasorum correlacionaram-se negativamente com diâmetro do lúmen coronário e positivamente com espessura da túnica média, com correlações explicadas pelo grau de aterosclerose (r>0,50; valor-p<0,05). Tamanho de todos os tipos de vasa vasorum aumentou proporcionalmente ao agravamento das lesões ateroscleróticas. Estatística kappa para lâminas histológicas coradas em hematoxilina-eosina ou em tricrômico de Masson apresentou concordâncias variando de substancial ou boa a quase perfeita ou ótima . Todas as variáveis envolvidas apresentaram diferenças significativas a partir do grau II de aterosclerose coronariana. Conclusões: Espessura da túnica média e número de vasa vasorum da túnica externa correlacionaram-se negativamente com diâmetro do lúmen coronário, com correlações explicadas pelo sexo e grau de aterosclerose. Parâmetros estereológicos (exceto densidade do tecido conectivo da túnica externa) variaram proporcionalmente com espessura da túnica média e com número de vasa vasorum, e inversamente com diâmetro do lúmen coronário, com correlações explicadas pelo grau histopatológico de aterosclerose. Tamanho de cada tipo de vasa vasorum aumentou proporcionalmente à progressão dos graus ateroscleróticos. Ruptura venular precoce em placas ateroscleróticas vulneráveis poderia propiciar infarto do miocárdio desde o grau II ou III de aterosclerose.

Le renouvellement annuel de la population de cellules germinales chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas est une étape clé de son cycle de reproduction. La compréhension de ces mécanismes est essentielle à la maîtrise de la reproduction contrôlée de C. gigas, indispensable pour répondre à une demande croissante des ostréiculteurs, de naissain produit en écloserie. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer l'origine et les mécanismes de renouvellement annuel des cellules germinales de C. gigas et de comprendre l'infuence des facteurs environnementaux sur ces processus. Le gène Oyster vasa-like gene (Oyvlg), premier marqueur spécifique des cellules germinales découvert chez les bivalves a été caractérisé. Ce gène, exprimé spécifiquement dans les cellules de la lignée germinale, nous a permis de déterminer que les cellules germinales de C. gigas, d'origine mésodermique, étaient différenciées dès le stade embryonnaire sous la forme de cellules germinales primordiales (PGCs). Ces PGCs seraient spécifiées par la localisation de déterminants cytoplasmiques transmis maternellement à l'embryon, dans une structure équivalente à un cytoplasme germinal. Les ARNm Oyvlg seraient l'un de ces déterminants germinaux. Au stade adulte, la population de cellules germinales apparaît renouvelée annuellement par la prolifération, au début du cycle de reproduction, de cellules germinales souches (GSCs), dispersées en petits groupes dans le tissu conjonctif pendant la période de repos sexuel. La différenciation des GSCs en gonies et la multiplication de ces gonies marque le début de la gamétogenèse. Afin de tester l'effet de la température et de la photopériode sur la gamétogenèse, des huîtres adultes ont été conditionnées expérimentalement pendant un an en écloserie, dans trois conditions de température et de photopériode différentes : (1) conditions dites "naturelles" reproduisant les cycles de température et de photopériode moyens enregistrés à Marennes-Oléron, (2) conditions "accélérées", deux fois plus rapides que les cycles naturels, (3) conditions "hivernales" constantes à 8°C et 8 heures de jour. Ces expérimentations ont mis en évidence une grande plasticité physiologique de la reproduction de C. gigas, dont le rythme se synchronise parfaitement sur celui des facteurs température / photopériode. Des photopériodes décroissantes pourraient stimuler la prolifération des cellules germinales souches alors que la température apparaît comme le facteur prédominant dans la régulation des mitoses goniales et de la maturation. Les températures basses (8°C – 11°C) semblent déclencher les mitoses goniales et les températures élevées accélèrent le processus de maturation des cellules germinales. L'utilisation de cycles de température et de photopériode modifiés (accélérés ou hivernaux) permettraient d'obtenir des pontes toute l'année en écloserie, y compris en période automnale généralement considérée comme réfractaire pour le conditionnement.