El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Background & aims: Several studies have examined the effect of vegetarian diets (VD) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components, but findings have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies to assess the association between VD and MetS or its components (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], fasting glucose triglycerides, waist circumference [WC], HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)) in adults. Methods: The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. RCTs, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies evaluating the effects of VD on MetS or its components in adults, with omnivore diet as control group, were included. Random effects meta-analyses stratified by study design were employed to calculate pooled estimates. Results: A total of 71 studies (n = 103 008) met the inclusion criteria (6 RCTs, 2 cohorts, 63 cross-sectional). VD were not associated with MetS in comparison to omnivorous diet (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.50–1.85, p = 0.9) according to meta-analysis of five cross-sectional studies. Likewise, meta-analysis of RCTs and cohort studies indicated that consumption of VD were not associated with MetS components. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies demonstrated that VD were significantly associated with lower levels of SBP (mean difference [MD] −4.18 mmHg, 95%CI −5.57 to −2.80, p < 0.00001), DBP (MD −3.03 mmHg, 95% CI −4.93 to −1.13, p = 0.002), fasting glucose (MD −0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.35to −0.17, p < 0.00001), WC (MD −1.63 cm, 95% CI −3.13 to −0.13, p = 0.03), and HDL-C (MD −0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.03, p < 0.0001) in comparison to omnivorous diet. Heterogeneity of effects among cross-sectional studies was high. About, one-half of the included studies had high risk of bias. Conclusions: VD in comparison with omnivorous diet is not associated with a lower risk of MetS based on results of meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. The association between VD and lower levels of SBP, DBP, HDL-C, and fasting glucose is uncertain due to high heterogeneity across the cross-sectional studies. Larger and controlled studies are needed to evaluate the association between VD and MetS and its components. / Revisión por pares

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Objetivo: avaliar, comparativamente, o estado nutricional de indivíduos vegetarianos e onívoros, com relação ao estado nutricional de proteínas, vitamina B12, ácido fólico, homocisteína e metabólico pela avaliação da glicemia, insulinemia, perfil inflamatório e de lípides séricos. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, transversal com 59 indivíduos do sexo feminino fora de período de gestação ou amamentação, eutróficas, entre 20 e 50 anos de idade, com tempo de dieta superior a um ano, sem uso de suplementos nem consumo de cigarro ou bebidas alcoólicas e com prática equivalente de atividade física e função tireoideana e hepática normais. Os indivíduos foram divididos conforme o consumo de carne ou não, sendo o grupo vegetariano chamado de grupo “sem carne” (SC) e o onívoro de grupo “com carne” (CC). Foram avaliadas as medidas corporais pelo IMC e bioimpedância. Os seguintes parâmetros laboratoriais foram avaliados: hemograma, ferritina, transferrina, PCR-US, vitamina B12, ácido fólico, homocisteína, glicemia, insulinemia, perfil lipídico, uréia e creatinina, proteína total e frações. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 25 mulheres do grupo CC e 34 SC. O grupo foi homogêneo com relação à idade (p=0,731), IMC (p=0,80) e valor percentual de massa gorda e magra (p=0,693 e p= 0,83; respectivamente). O grupo SC apresentou menores níveis de HOMA-IR (p=0,0048) e HOMA-Beta (p=0,040), além de redução no nível de colesterol total de cerca de 10,4% (p=0,039), mas sem diferenças nos índices de Castelli 1 e 2 (p = 0,619 e p = 0,587; respectivamente). Não houve diferenças nos níveis de hemoglobina (p= 0,13), creatinina (p = 0,113), PCR-US (p =0,754), triglicérides (p = 0,592), ferritina (p=0,221), transferrina (p=0,342), albumina (p=0,137), linfócitos totais (p=0,127), vitamina B12 (p=0,971), ácido fólico (p=1) e homocisteína (p=0,062). Os níveis de uréia dosados foram normais, porém mais elevados no grupo CC (p=0,002). Ambos os grupos apresentaram, sem diferenças estatísticas, valores normal baixo de VCM, HCM, CHCH e ferritina, com RDW normal alto. Conclusões: indivíduos que não utilizam carne têm maior sensibilidade à insulina, níveis mais baixos de colesterol e não têm maior risco de deficiência protéica do que o grupo que a utiliza. Os níveis de uréia mais elevados demonstram maior ingestão protéica do grupo CC, mas sem repercussões clínicas aparentes. Não houve diferença na prevalência de deficiência de ferro, vitamina B12 e ácido fólico, mas os dados sugerem que ambos os grupos têm níveis de ferro e vitamina B12 em limites mínimos da normalidade, sendo indicada a correção medicamentosa. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / OBJETIVO: Avaliar, comparativamente, o estado nutricional de ferro de indivíduos vegetarianos e não vegetarianos, por meio de exames laboratoriais. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e nove indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 50 anos reuniram critérios de inclusão, consentiram em participar do estudo, sendo todas do sexo feminino. Série vermelha, ferritina sérica, transferrina e quantificação do consumo alimentar de ferro e vitamina C, foram análises realizadas para determinar o estado nutricional de ferro dos participantes. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se valor energético total (VET) ingerido semelhante nos dois grupos, o mesmo ocorrendo para o consumo de ferro, e valores da ferritina e transferrina sérica, além da série vermelha dos participantes. Em relação ao consumo de vitamina C, apresentaram-se níveis maiores para o grupo dos sem carne (SC). CONCLUSÕES: Dietas vegetarianas balanceadas não oferecem risco ao estado nutricional de ferro do indivíduo e, podem ser atendidas tanto qualitativa, como quantitativamente, desde que planejadas e acompanhadas por profissional especializado, já que este assunto é, ainda para muitos, desconhecido quanto a conduta com o paciente. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative research paper was to explore how consumers with an environmental identity evaluate new, environmentally friendly substitutes for meat, with edible insects given as an example. Problem: An increasing number of Swedish consumers show an overall negative attitude towards consuming meat, mainly due to environmental concerns, and express this by identifying themselves as vegetarians or flexitarian. Edible insects possess the potential to become an environmentally friendly, nutritious and innovative meat substitute in Sweden. Although the demand for new environmentally friendly meat substitutes is high, the intentions of consuming edible insects are low in Western societies. This causes researchers to ask why this conflict is.                                                                                                                               Methodology: In order to fulfill the purpose and to answer the research question, a qualitative research approach was adopted. Eight semi-structured interviews were used in the empirical data collection process. The chosen target group was vegetarians and flexitarians of Generation Y, and the sample was chosen through judgmental sampling.                                                                                                                                 Findings: This empirical study examines an extensive confusion and conflicted standpoints among consumers when evaluating edible insects. However, the authors examine a high willingness and positive attitude towards consuming edible insects. Five key factors that influence the evaluation of edible as a meat substitute have been identified: the animalistic qualities of insects, if insects are perceived as meat or vegetarian, if edible insects are ‘green’, proof and facts, and what product category edible insects belong to.

abstract: Dietary protein is known to increase postprandial thermogenesis more so than carbohydrates or fats, probably related to the fact that amino acids have no immediate form of storage in the body and can become toxic if not readily incorporated into body tissues or excreted. It is also well documented that subjects report greater satiety on high- versus low-protein diets and that subject compliance tends to be greater on high-protein diets, thus contributing to their popularity. What is not as well known is how a high-protein diet affects resting metabolic rate over time, and what is even less well known is if resting metabolic rate changes significantly when a person consuming an omnivorous diet suddenly adopts a vegetarian one. This pilot study sought to determine whether subjects adopting a vegetarian diet would report decreased satiety or demonstrate a decreased metabolic rate due to a change in protein intake and possible increase in carbohydrates. Further, this study sought to validate a new device called the SenseWear Armband (SWA) to determine if it might be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes in metabolic rate related to diet. Subjects were tested twice on all variables, at baseline and post-test. Independent and related samples tests revealed no significant differences between or within groups for any variable at any time point in the study. The SWA had a strong positive correlation to the Oxycon Mobile metabolic cart but due to a lack of change in metabolic rate, its sensitivity was undetermined. These data do not support the theory that adopting a vegetarian diet results in a long-term change in metabolic rate. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2012

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Greif_Sergio_M.pdf: 673441 bytes, checksum: 7cee01c992e6347ebdd16707e1e077f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Dietas vegetarianas oferecem baixo conteúdo calórico, baixos níveis de gordura saturada, colesterol, proteína animal e mais altos de gordura polinsaturada, carboidratos, fibras, magnésio, boro, folato e antioxidantes. Todos esses nutrientes influenciam nos fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares como hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, obesidade e dislipidemias. Níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), de lipoproteína de densidade muito baixa (VLDL) e triglicérides em indivíduos vegetarianos são menores, em vários estudos, quando comparados a indivíduos onívoros. O metabolismo de quilomícrons (Qm) e dos seus produtos de degradação pela lipase lipoprotéica, os remanescentes, lipoproteínas que transportam os lípides da dieta na circulação sanguínea, não foi avaliado até o momento e está relacionado à aterosclerose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinética plasmática de quilomícrons artificiais marcados com triglicérides (TG-3H) e éster de colesterol (EC-14C) e aspectos qualitativos da HDL, em 18 indivíduos ovolacto-vegetarianos (excluem da alimentação carne, frango e peixe), 21 indivíduos veganos (não consomem nenhum alimento de origem animal), há pelo menos 5 anos e 29 indivíduos onívoros (consomem alimentos de origem animal), todos normolipidêmicos, não diabéticos e sem uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes. Após a injeção endovenosa dos Qm artificias, foram colhidas amostras de sangue em tempos pré-estabelecidos durante 60 minutos. A radioatividade em cada uma das amostras foi medida para o cálculo da taxa fracional de remoção (TFR) dos lípides radioativos, através de análise compartimental. Foram realizadas as determinações bioquímicas nesses indivíduos e calculada a atividade da lipase lipoprotéica pós-heparina, em ensaio in vitro. Verificou-se também a transferência de lípides de uma nanoemulsão lipídica para a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e o diâmetro dessa lipoproteína. A remoção plasmática dos remanescentes de quilomícrons avaliada pela taxa fracional de remoção do éster de colesterol da emulsão, foi maior nos veganos (p<0,05) e ovolacto-vegetarianos (p<0,05) comparando-se aos onívoros, enquanto que o processo de lipólise dos quilomícrons, avaliado pela taxa fracional de remoção dos triglicérides da emulsão e pela medida da atividade da lipase lipoprotéica in vitro foi similar nos três grupos avaliados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações plasmáticas de HDLC, VLDL e triglicérides entre os grupos estudados .No grupo vegano, as concentrações plasmáticas de LDL-C e glicose foram menores quando comparadas apenas ao grupo dos onívoros (p<0,05, p<0,01; respectivamente). Já em relação ao colesterol total, os indivíduos veganos apresentaram menores níveis quando comparados tanto aos ovolacto-vegetarianos (p<0,05) como aos onívoros (p<0,01). Não observou-se diferença na transferência de lípides da nanoemulsão para a HDL e no tamanho da HDL entre os três grupos. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a dieta vegana e ovolacto-vegetariana aceleram a remoção dos remanescentes de quilomícrons, lipoproteínas aterogênicas, o que pode estar relacionado, aos efeitos benéficos dessa dieta em relação a doenças em relação ao processo aterosclerótico / Vegetarian diets provide less caloric content, low levels of saturated fats, cholesterol and animal protein while providing at the same time providing high levels of polyunsaturated fats, carbohydrates, fibers, magnesium, borium, folate and antioxidants. All these nutrients have an influence upon the cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemias. Studies have shown that total cholesterol plasmatic levels, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides in vegetarian individuals are lower when compared to omnivores individuals. Chylomicron metabolism (Qm) and its lipoprotein lipase degradation products, the remnants, lipoproteins that transport dietary lipids in the blood has not yet been evaluated, although it is related to atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the plasmatic kinetics of artificial chylomicrons marked with triglycerides (3HTG) and cholesterol esters (14C-CE), as well as the qualitative aspects of HDL in 13 ovolacto-vegetarians (no ingestion of meat, chicken or fish), 10 vegan individuals (no ingestion of any food of animal origin) for more than 5 years and 14 omnivores individuals (ingestion of animal origin foods). All participants were normolipidemic, non diabetic and using no hypolipemiants medication. After an intravenous injection containing artificial Qms, blood samples were collected during 60 minutes at predetermined times. The radioactivity of each sample was measured and the fractional clearance rate (FCR) calculated for the radioactive lipids using compartmental analysis. Biochemical determinations were undertaken in order to calculate the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in vitro. Also evaluated were the lipid transfer of the lipid nanoemulsion to the HDL and the diameter of the HDL particles. The plasma removal of the chylomicron remnants evaluated by the fractional clearance rate of the cholesteryl ester of the emulsion was greater in the vegan (p<0,05) and ovolacto-vegetarian (p<0,05) groups when compared to the omnivore group. The lipolysis of the chylomicron evaluated by the fractional clearance rate of the emulsion triglycerides and by the in vitro lipoprotein lipase activity assay was similar in the three studied groups. There were no differences in the plasma concentrations of HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides between the three groups. The plasma concentrations of LDL-C and glucose of the vegan group were lower than omnivore group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). In regards to total cholesterol, vegans present lower levels when compared to both ovolactovegetarians (p<0.05) and omnivores (p<0.01). No difference was found in the transfer of nanoemulsion lipids to HDL or in the size of the HDL of all three groups. These results suggest that the vegetarian diet can improve the metabolism of chylomicron remnants, atherogenic lipoproteins, which can be related to the beneficial effects of this diet upon the atherosclerosis process.

Hittills har forskning visat att köttkonsumtionen växer och den har beräknats att fortsätta öka i världen trots att man börjat bli medveten om de negativa konsekvenser köttproduktionen och konsumtionen medför. Nu har för första gången på 30 år köttkonsumtionen i Sverige minskat. Denna studie är teoribaserad och syftar till att finna anledningen till varför denna minskning har skett. Semistrukturerade intervjuer i form av telefonintervjuer samt face-to-face intervjuer genomfördes med sammanlagt 13 personer. Sex teman togs fram i analysen av intervjuerna; medvetenhet, hälsa, etik, köttets substitut, identitet & kultur och miljöpåverkan. Resultatet visade att medvetenhet kring djuretiska frågor samt hälsoaspekter kring köttkonsumtion var motivet bakom trenden. Medvetenheten har ökat bland annat tack vare spridning av information på sociala medier. Kultur och normer har även en påverkan på en individs konsumtionsval. / So far, research has shown that the meat consumption is growing and it is estimated to continue to increase in the world, despite being aware of the negative consequences the meat production and consumption entails. For the first time in 30 years, the meat consumption in Sweden has decreased. This study is theory based and aims to find the reason to why this reduction has taken place. Semi-structured interviews in the form of telephone interviews and face-to-face interviews were conducted with a total of 13 people. Six themes were presented in the analysis of the interviews; awareness, health, ethics, meat substitute, identity & culture and environmental impact. The result showed that the awareness of animal issues and health aspects of meat consumption were the motivation behind the trend. Awareness has increased, among other things, due to the dissemination of information on social media. Culture and norms also have an impact on an individual's consumption choices.

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the impact of plant-based diets during pregnancy on physical development of a child, beginning in utero, compared to a standard omnivore diet. Peer reviewed articles were retrieved from PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature On-line (Medline), American Psychological Association Psychological Information Database (APA PsychINFO), Health Source, and Alternative Healthwatch. Articles that were reviewed were restricted to the last 15 years. Literature reviewed included randomized control trials, observational cohorts, and case series of human subjects within the United States and the United Kingdom. The literature reviewed demonstrated that maternal nutrition has a significant role in long term fetal health and programming. Diet quality and sufficient intake of nutrients has effects on birth outcomes. The literature also made it clear that adequate nutrient intake is dependent on effective nutritional and pregnancy education. In conclusion, the literature themes of fetal programming, nutritional education, and diet quality indicate that well planned plant-based diets could be effective in pregnancy. Further observational and experimental studies need to be done on this topic so that more conclusive data can be collected.

No description available.