In this thesis, I will be looking at the different adaptations of the myth of Electra, throughout time, by studying the following plays: Les Choéphores by Aeschylus, Electre by Euripides, Electre by Giraudoux and Les Mouches by Sartre. The purpose of this thesis is to examine why the character of Electra has sparked so many different versions and adaptations. The thesis discusses the evolution of her character over time and also, the main ideas authors have introduced through their renditions. I have shown that with Aeschylus, his primary goal was to write in honour of the god Dionysis, and his entire play centers around praising the gods and following their destiny for humans blindly, without questioning it and without fearing another god’s wrath. Euripides’s play was written to mock that of his predecessor and to portray Electra as the symbol of blind vengeance. I then look at the Electra of Giraudoux where the author suggests that Electra is the symbol of absolute justice and that political rulers should sacrifice their own well-being for that of the nation of which they are in charge. Finally, I study Les Mouches by Sartre, who used his play as a work of resistance against the Occupation in France in the 1940s. His play conveys his existentialist thought strongly and is meant to show the French that despite their defeat, that their liberty would stay intact. Throughout this study, it is evident that Electra is a timeless character which each author has used and molded to convey his own thoughts and ideas, whether they be religious, political or philosophical. Electra stands as a symbol for many things, but the regard in which she is held is up to the author to portray, according to his intent. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Se présentant fréquemment dans l’oeuvre de Stendhal, la notion de l’honneur se caractérise par une complexité dans sa dimension pluridisciplinaire comme par son implication dans l’Histoire. Précédée par un examen préliminaire de la notion d’honneur dans une perspective historique et théorique, la première partie se consacre à l’analyse de l’honneur en tant que principe politique qui apparaît à Stendhal aussi condamnable que louable, impliquant régime monarchique et enthousiasme révolutionnaire. La partie suivante analyse la figure de plusieurs artistes de différentes époques dans les écrits biographiques de Stendhal. La manière idéale de vivre en artiste témoigne de la caducité de l’harmonie entre l’honneur et les arts qui invalide la formule cicéronienne "honos alit artes". La dernière partie retrace l’enquête stendhalienne sur l’honneur comme exigence d’une vengeance atroce marquant les moeurs de l’Italie du XVIe siècle, avant de mettre en clair, à travers quelques exemples tirés des oeuvres romanesques, la poétique propre à l’honneur dans la représentation de l’amour. Dégageant ces enjeux principaux de l’honneur, politiques, éthiques et esthétiques, l’étude se propose de montrer l’ambiguïté idéologique et axiologique de la notion d’honneur dans l’écriture stendhalienne. Elle vise également à éclairer, à travers cette notion qui se réfère nécessairement au passé, la façon dont Stendhal se situe face à son siècle en pleine mutation, soit à la modernité postrévolutionnaire. / Stendhal’s work frequently presents the idea of honor. It is characterised with complexity in its multidisciplinary dimension as well as through historical implications. Preceded by a preliminary examination of the notion of honor from a historical and theoretical perspective, the first part is devoted to the analysis of honor as a political principle, which in Stendhal's opinion is as contemptible as it is praiseworthy, implicating both the monarchy and revolutionary zeal. The next part analyses several key artists from different eras in Stendhal’s biographical writings. The idealistic manner of living as an artist testifies to a lapse of harmony between honor and the arts which invalidates the Ciceronian formula "honos alit artes". The last part looks back at Stendhal's inquiry into honor as a condition of a horrible form of revenge which was evidenced by Italian customs during the 16th century, before clarifying, using several examples from fiction, the poetics peculiar to honor in the representation of love. Drawing on these main issues of honor, politics, ethics and aesthetics, the study proposes to show the ideological and axiological ambiguity of the notion of honor in Stendhal’s writing. Using this notion, which necessarily refers to the past, it also aims at clarifying the way Stendhal saw his century in the midst of upheaval, namely post-revolutionary modernity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Københavns universitet, 1988. / Summary in Danish. Part 2 consists of Rennellese texts with parallel English translations. Some geneal. tables on folded leaves of plates in pt. 1. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (pt. 1, p. 269-276).

[pt] O folhetim se constituiu a partir de outros elementos além do melodrama e possui suas próprias características. Levando em conta tal especificidade, o objetivo da tese é investigar a retomada do folhetim pelo cinema contemporâneo com ênfase no tema da vingança. Isso porque, entre tantas páginas folhetinescas, a página da vingança extrapolou o universo literário e passou a fazer parte de uma memória ficcional mais ampla, na qual O Conde de Monte Cristo, de Alexandre Dumas, ocupa uma posição central. Desde que foi lançada no século XIX, a saga vingativa de Edmond Dantès vem sendo retomada seja por meio da ironia, da crítica, da paródia, da pilhagem narrativa, da reverência ou da adesão em diversos produtos da cultura de massa e em diferentes suportes. Dada essa importância do romance de Dumas, o presente trabalho faz do Monte Cristo um lugar teórico para analisar a vingança como uma máquina de narrar por meio da qual os cineastas discutem questões da contemporaneidade. Como corpus para análise foram selecionados os filmes Kill Bill – Volumes 1 e 2 (2003/2004), de Quentin Tarantino, Old Boy (2003), de Chan Wook Park, e A pele que habito (2011), de Pedro Almodóvar, produções nas quais o tema da vingança traz à tona questões sobre gênero narrativo, serialidade e tecnologia. / [en] The feuilleton has other elements besides the melodrama and has its own characteristics. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the resumption of the feuilleton by contemporary cinema with an emphasis on the theme of revenge. Among so many pages in the feuilleton, the revenge page went beyond the literary universe and became part of a fictional memory. Since it was released in the 19th century, The Count of Monte Cristo has been taken up again through irony, criticism or parody in diverse products of mass culture and in different media. Due to the importance of Dumas novel, the present work makes Monte Cristo a theoretical place to analyze revenge as a narrative machine through which filmmakers discuss contemporary issues. As corpus for analysis, the selected films were Kill Bill – Volume 1 and Volume 2 (2003/2004), by Quentin Tarantino, Old Boy (2003), by Chan Wook Park, and The skin I live in (2011), by Pedro Almodóvar. In these films, the theme of revenge brings up issues of narrative genre, seriality and technology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Plinio Antonio B Gentil.pdf: 785627 bytes, checksum: 4e481fc475181fe29aead2eafcd9fd9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-20 / This search tries to analyse the criminal procedure where something ruled, to where usually are brought categories that, like vengeance, have significant subjective, cultural and religious meaning and, therefore, find great dificullty to be apprehended. The procedure is maken of ruled acts, that include in their interest just that obteined according to their own rules, resulting the stablishment of some kind of procedural truth. These rules, besides the search for a secure decision, makes a reduction on its area of interest, by this way stating conditions to what may be accepted inside the limits of the procedure, very often too strict to apprehend totally, including their contradictions, complexed categories like vengeance, witch illustration is done by the report of a real crime, that, from the beginning to the end, follows the way of the search / Esta pesquisa faz uma análise do processo penal enquanto instância normatizada, para onde convergem categorias que, como a vingança, têm expressivo conteúdo subjetivo, cultural e religioso e que, portanto, encontram séria dificuldade de serem apreendidas. O processo constitui-se de atos regrados, que incluem na sua área de interesse apenas aquilo que é obtido segundo suas normas internas, disso resultando o estabelecimento de uma determinada verdade processual. Essa normatização, assim como a necessidade de obtenção de uma decisão segura, promovem uma redução no âmbito de seu interesse, configurando um condicionamento do aceitável aos limites do processo, muitas vezes estreitos demais para apreender, na sua totalidade e nas suas contradições, categorias complexas como a vingança, cuja ilustração é feita pela narrativa de um crime real, que, do começo ao fim, acompanha o desenvolvimento do trabalho

La Vengeance Nostre Seigneur est une chanson de geste écrite vers 1200 qui raconte la destruction de Jérusalem en 70 de notre ère par Vespasien et Titus comme une vengeance pour la Crucifixion. Elle nous est parvenue dans dix manuscrits, tous des recueils, étant donné sa relative brièveté (1200 à 3400 vers, selon les rédactions). Or, ce texte adopte un comportement particulier dans certains des manuscrits qui le conservent : le récit de la vengeance du Christ bourgeonne dans d’autres textes où l’on n’attendrait pas sa manifestation. L’objectif de cette étude est double : comprendre comment est pensé, conçu et construit le recueil médiéval d’une part, à partir du recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 ; d’autre part, il s’agira d’évaluer le rôle que la Vengeance Nostre Seigneur peut jouer dans la composition des manuscrits qui l’hébergent. Après l’analyse du recueil du Moyen Âge central en général et du recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 en particulier, l’étude se concentrera sur la Vengeance Nostre Seigneur afin de la situer dans le paysage littéraire médiéval (étude des sources, analyse générique, contexte de circulation). Il s’agira de comprendre la place qu’elle occupe dans le manuscrit de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 et de saisir le phénomène de rayonnement qui surgit dans ce recueil. Le rôle de la Vengeance dans deux autres manuscrits qui, bien que fort différents, occupent une place importante dans la tradition, le recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1374 et le recueil de Turin, BNU, L.II.14, sera ensuite étudié, notamment en ce qui a trait au rayonnement de la légende. Enfin, les trois copies du texte seront comparées afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces trois rédactions représentent précisément le même récit. / The Vengeance Nostre Seigneur is an epic poem written around 1200 which depicts Jerusalem’s destruction in 70 AD by Vespasian and Titus as a vengeance for the Crucifixion. It is now known in ten manuscripts, all of them miscellanies, given its relative brevity (1200 to 3400 verses, depending on the redaction). This text has a peculiar behavior in some of the manuscripts where it is kept: the story of Christ’s vengeance appears in other texts in which we would not expect its manifestation. The purpose of this study is twofold: on one hand, to understand how the medieval collection is thought, built and conceived, from the manuscript of Paris, BnF, fr. 1553; and on the other hand, to evaluate the role the Vengeance Nostre Seigneur played in the composition of the manuscripts that hosts it. After analysing the medieval miscellany in general, and more specifically the Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 collection, the study will focus on the Vengeance Nostre Seigneur to position it on the medieval literary scene (study of the sources, generic analysis, circulation context). The goal will be to demonstrate the role it played in the Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 manuscript and to understand the phenomenon of unexpected presence of the legend in other texts of this collection. There will then be a study of the same phenomenon in two very different manuscripts that both occupy an important place in the tradition; the manuscripts of Paris, BnF, fr. 1374 and Turin, BNU, L.II.14. Finally, the three copies of the text will be compared to determine if these three redactions represent precisely the same story.

La vengeance par définition est l’acte d’une victime qui, suite à un outrage, décide de se faire justice par ses propres moyens. Ce grand topos narratif ne manque pas de représentation dans la littérature. Au contraire, il est le moteur narratif de nombreuses fictions de l’Antiquité, où les dieux vengent l’hybris de l’homme, en passant par le roman noir, où l’archétype du détective tente d’apporter sa propre justice dans un monde sombre, et ce jusqu’à nos récits contemporains. Beaucoup de penseurs, philosophes et théoriciens de tous les temps ont tenté de dresser les piliers qui fondent cette vengeance, afin d’appréhender sa possibilité ou son impossibilité d’être « Juste ». Ce débat se porte jusqu’en littérature où les récits vindicatifs vont dans les deux sens. D’un côté, certains récits idéalisent la vengeance en présentant le parcours d’un protagoniste qui réussit, par sa quête vindicative, à atteindre une Justice transcendante, et cathartique pour le lecteur. D’un autre côté, des récits vindicatifs présentent les limites de la justice personnelle, par un protagoniste inapte à apporter une quelconque rédemption justicière, et qui confronte le lecteur à un récit insoluble et problématique. Dans cette étude littéraire, ces deux familles de récits vindicatifs seront analysées, afin de définir leurs modalités narratives et de comprendre le sens éthique et affectif que chaque récit porte en rapport à la vengeance. Pour ce faire, ce projet de recherche travaillera autour de deux œuvres vindicatives canoniques (Le Compte de Monte-Cristo et J’irai cracher sur vos tombes), autant que certains films contemporains (Death Proof, Inglourious Basterds, Django Unchained, Memento, etc.) qui précisent la contemporanéité de cette réflexion. À travers divers penseurs (y compris Aristote, René Girard, Umberto Eco et Michel Erman), je situerai le débat éthique et je circonscrirai les aspects de la catharsis autour de la vengeance. Enfin, ce projet de recherche porte sur deux aspects enchevêtrés : les questions éthiques qui émergent de l’acte de vengeance et le rôle de la représentation littéraire (ou médiatique) dans la mise en scène de la pensée de la vengeance. Cette réflexion double constitue l’originalité de ce projet. / Vengeance, by definition, is the act undertaken by a victim who, following an offense, decides to get justice by his own means. This narrative topos is not without representation in literature. Quite the opposite, it lays at the heart of numerous fictions from the antiquity, in which the gods avenge man’s hybris, through roman noir, where the archetype of the detective attempts to bring his own justice in a somber world, up to our contemporary fictions. Thinkers, philosophers and theoreticians from all eras have attempted to identify the pillars which support vengeance in order to apprehend its (im)possibility to be “Just”. Such debate similarly reaches the literary world, where narratives go both ways. On the one hand, certain narratives idealize vengeance by representing the journey of a protagonist who succeeds, continuing through the vindictive quest, in achieving a transcendental Justice which proves cathartic for the reader. On the other hand, some narratives highlight the limits of personal justice by staging a protagonist unable to bring about vigilante redemption, thereby confronting the reader with an insoluble and problematic story. This literary study will examine these two categories of the vindictive story to define their respective narrative modalities and to discern the ethical and affective meaning each category attributes to vengeance. In doing so, this research project will consider canonical works (Le Compte de Monte-Cristo et J’irai cracher sur vos tombes) as well as films (Death Proof, Inglourious Basterds, Django Unchained, Memento, etc.), which provide contemporaneity to this reflection. Building on works by Aristotle, René Girard, Umberto Eco and Michel Erman, I will situate the ethical debate and circumscribe the relations between catharsis and vengeance. Ultimately, this research project addresses two intermeshed concerns: the ethical questions which emerge from revenge and the role of literary (or mediatic) representation in displaying vengeance thought. This dual reflection constitutes the originality of this project.

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer comment la pensée et l’imaginaire de la colère se façonnent en France au XVIIe siècle à partir d’un corpus large de littérature morale, comprenant des traités de médecine, de théologie, de philosophie, de morale et de civilité. La colère compte alors parmi les passions et se définit, conformément à la proposition aristotélicienne, comme un désir de vengeance qui fait suite à une marque de mépris et qui se manifeste dans le corps par un bouillonnement de sang autour du cœur. Elle est également une des quatre humeurs du système médical hippocratico-galénique : la bile jaune (cholè) menace les colériques de fièvres et autres inflammations. Associée à une folie et à un vice chez Sénèque, l’Ire figure enfin dans le septenaire des péchés capitaux, aux côtés de l’Orgueil et de l’Envie. Mais l’anthropologie chrétienne lui reconnaît également de bons usages, et tout l’effort des moralistes, médecins et théologiens de l’époque moderne est de déterminer comment concilier la dimension naturelle et physiologique de la passion avec l’aspiration à la vertu dans l’usage du monde. Ces auteurs encouragent au gouvernement des passions, à la fois dans une démarche charitable, et afin de favoriser leur usage rhétorique dans la mise en scène de soi sur la scène mondaine. Notre étude contribue à l’histoire des émotions de l’époque moderne par l’analyse des discours qui ont forgé les représentations et l’imaginaire de la colère. En déployant le modèle topique de la colère à partir de la littérature morale, considérée comme une formation discursive composée des différents champs du savoir, elle participe à l’anthropologie historique de l’affectivité. / This study aims to determine how the representations of anger were built in France in the 17th century from a broad collection of moral literature, including treatises on medicine, theology, philosophy, morals and civility. Anger was counted among the passions and defined, according to the Aristotelian proposal, as a desire for revenge caused by a perception of contempt, which manifests itself in the body with blood boiling around the heart. Anger (colère) was then correlated with choler, which is one of the four humors of the Hippocratic and galenic medicine (cholè): yellow bile causes fever and other kinds of inflammation. Considered as a form of madness and a vice by Seneca, the Ire finally appeared in the septenary scheme of the deadly sins, alongside Pride and Envy. But Christian anthropology also acknowledged its good uses, and the whole effort of the moralists, doctors and theologians of the early modern period was to determine how to reconcile the natural and physiological dimension of passion with the aspiration to virtue for the use of world. These authors encouraged the government of passions, both in a charitable perspective, and to promote their rhetorical use for self-staging in society.Our study contributes to the history of emotions in early modern France by analyzing the discourses that built the representations and the imagination of anger. By deploying the topical model of anger from a collection of moral literature considered as a discursive formation composed of different fields of knowledge, it participates in developing the historical anthropology of affectivity.

Les romans libertins à figures se développent de façon remarquable au XVIIIe siècle. Selon les frères Goncourt, c’est « le siècle de la vignette ». L’avènement de cette mode de livres illustrés a modifié aussi bien les sensibilités esthétiques et les conditions matérielles de la lecture d’un récit de rouerie, que notre conception de la littérature libertine comme système de représentation, non plus exclusivement textuel, ou discursif, mais engageant un dialogue avec l’image. Il s’agit d’étudier ce dédoublement de la représentation, à travers les dispositifs qu’il met en œuvre, et en mobilisant ceux-ci comme une nouvelle méthode d’analyse du texte et de l’image dans les récits de rouerie libertine.On pourrait croire que les récits de rouerie libertine sont les plus éloignés de l’image, étant donné que la machination et la ruse nécessitent d’agir sous-main. Or notre analyse de la logique de l’image qui gouverne les dispositifs de la représentation dans le roman libertin des Lumières infirme cette hypothèse. Dans cette perspective, nous tenterons de compléter les études existantes sur la scène érotique ou intime, le regard et la théâtralité de la fiction classique, avec l’idée que, dans les récits de rouerie, la représentation de la machination libertine oscille entre deux stratégies : celle qui donne à voir et celle qui dérobe. / The libertine novels ornated with figures grew dramatically in the eighteenth century. According to Goncourt brothers it is “the century of the vignette”. The development of this genre of illustrated books changed, both aesthetic sensibility of the reader and the material conditions of reading a trick story, for our conception of libertine literature as a system of representation is no more exclusively textual nor discursive but triggers a dialogue with the image. The study of this duplication of representation is at stake, using the text-and-image devices it operates, as a new method to analyse their interconnection in the libertine trick stories. One could imagine such narratives are the most distant from the image, since the machination and trickery need to act covertly, whereas the logic of the image appears to be at the very heart of the operative devices of representation which govern the eighteenth century libertine novel. Following that scientific approach, we’ll try to complete the existing studies on poetics of the erotic or intimate scene, and how gazing and theatricality interact within classical fiction, with the hypothesis that, in the trick stories, the representation of the libertine plot faces two strategies: the one that lures with showing something and the other with concealing.

“Holy Body, Wholly Other: Sanctity and Society in the Lives of Irish Saints” focuses on the ways in which Ireland’s hagiographers portrayed holy otherness in the Lives of their subjects, using the Latin vitae, the vernacular bethada and the Lives containing both languages that survive from the 600s through the end of the fourteenth century. This study considers three broad themes, namely the transition of a sanctified essence into a holy body and the resulting alteration of an otherwise mortal form into a wholly other, the saintly prosecution of vengeance against those who wrong the body Christian and the enactment of hagiographical healing to bring the community of the faithful back to full integrity. These themes are analyzed within the social and cultural context of medieval Ireland, and are particularly compared with the biblical, apocryphal, heroic and legal writings of the Irish Middle Ages. Depictions of male and female saints are also compared and contrasted, as are the shifts in such depictions that occur between Latin and Irish narratives. Throughout the Lives the language of the laws of church and society inform the saint’s portrait, firmly situating these holy men and women within the sphere of medieval Ireland. Elements of Irish sanctity are drawn from vernacular heroic saga, but the predominant influence upon the Lives of Ireland’s sanctified is a powerful combination of apocryphal and canonical scriptures, demonstrating that Irish holiness can only have emanated from heaven. This combination, moreover, differs between male and female saints and between Latin and Irish Lives; holy men are modeled very strongly upon both Old and New Testament figures, while lady saints are painted more in the hues of imitatio Christi. Further, Latin vitae follow patterns capable of speaking to both Irish and non-Irish audiences alike, while vernacular Lives observe models that needed to appeal only to the Irish themselves.