Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

The recovery of bushes and forests in small country properties, such as it comes being applied in Brazil, does not bring no incentive and orientation to the agricultural producer, leaving the relation between man, right, property and nature in charge of people who, many times, are not prepared to reduce the decurrent environment impacts of the production and maintenance of the property. In virtue of this, this dissertation aims at to stimulate, to demonstrate and to acquire knowledge that the plantation of native and ornamental trees in verge and confrontations significantly reduces onus with the maintenance of surrounds traditional, preventing the falling of trees for confection of stakes bordering landmarks, as well as the acquisition of barbed wires, cramps and manpower. Moreover, this alert work that severity of the necessary environmental legislation to be adapted to the reality of the small agriculturists, propitiating and stimulating the production of cutting of indispensable trees to the exercise of agricultural producer, for personal account or in regimen of familiar economy, so that it can produce devices for the tools (handles), improvements, necessary and firewood for the stove. / A recuperação de matas e florestas em pequenas propriedades rurais, tal como vem sendo aplicada no Brasil, não traz nenhum incentivo e orientação ao produtor rural, deixando a relação entre homem, direito, propriedade e natureza a cargo de pessoas que, muitas vezes, não estão preparadas para reduzir os impactos ambientais decorrentes da produção e manutenção do imóvel. Em virtude disso, esta dissertação visa incentivar, demonstrar e conscientizar que o plantio de arvores nativas e ornamentais em divisas e confrontações reduz sensivelmente o ônus com a manutenção de cercas tradicionais, evitando não só a derrubada de árvores para confecção de mourões e marcos limítrofes, mas também a aquisição de arames farpados, grampos e mão-de-obra. Além disso, este trabalho alerta que rigor da legislação ambiental precisa ser adaptado à realidade dos pequenos agricultores, propiciando e incentivando a produção de mudas de arvores indispensáveis ao exercício da profissão de produtor rural, por conta própria ou em regime de economia familiar, a fim de extrair madeiras para confecção de artefatos para as ferramentas, benfeitorias úteis e necessárias, para utilização de fogão à lenha.

The Swedish Transport Administration works continuously with biological diversity. The project, “Species-rich road verges”, begun in 1995. A species-rich road verge is a road verge area that houses objects worthy of protection. It is common for a species-rich road verge to contain meadow species but on the other hand, road verges also function as new habitat for invasive species. Invasive species often tend to show faster growth and higher reproductive potential than non-invasive species and are considered to homogenize ecosystems because many native species often have difficulty competing with them. The invasive Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) can be particularly problematic at species-rich road verges, where it competes with the native flora. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the presence of L. polyphyllus in species-rich road verges decreases plant diversity and species richness, if it changes the species composition and if it affects the vegetation height. The study also wanted to investigate if the presence of L. polyphyllus in species-rich road verges presence affects the thickness of the litter, the pH-value in the soil and the ecological indicator values. This study was conducted at 12 species rich road verges in Värmland and Örebro counties in Sweden, where vascular plants in a box of 1 m2 were inventoried along the road verges in pairs, each pair containing a plot where L. polyphyllus was present (“lupine plot”) and a plot where L. polyphyllus was absent (“control plot”). At each species-rich road verge as many pairs as the length of the road verge allowed was inventoried. Vegetation height, litter thickness and pH- value were also measured and ecological indicator values was calculated for each plot. The results suggest that the presence of L. polyphyllus decreases species richness and diversity and changes the species composition in species-rich road verges so that it becomes homogenized. Vegetation height was affected when L. polyphyllus was present, even when the species itself was not taken into the calculation. The results of this study indicate that it is important to come up with effective strategies to control and stop the spread of the invasive L. polyphyllus in species-rich road verges. / Trafikverket arbetar kontinuerligt med biologisk mångfald. Projektet Artrika vägkanter började 1995. En artrik vägkant är ett vägkantsområde som hyser skyddsvärda arter. Det är vanligt att en artrik vägkant innehåller ängsarter. Vägkanter fungerar också som en ny livsmiljö för invasiva arter. Invasiva arter tenderar ofta att visa snabbare tillväxt och högre reproduktionspotential än icke-invasiva arter och anses homogenisera ekosystem då de konkurrerar ut många inhemska arter. Den invasiva blomsterlupinen (Lupinus polyphyllus) kan vara särskilt problematisk vid artrika vägkanter där den konkurrerar med den inhemska floran. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om förekomsten av L. polyphyllus i artrika vägkanter minskar växternas artrikedom och diversitet, om artsamman- sättningen förändras, om vegetationshöjden påverkas samt om abiotiska faktorer påverkas. Studien genomfördes vid 12 artrika vägkanter i Värmland och Örebro län i Sverige, där kärlväxter i en ruta på 1 m2 inventerades längs de artrika vägkanterna i par, med en lupinruta kontra en kontrollruta. Vid varje artrik vägkant inventerades så många par som vägkantens längd tillät. Vegetationshöjd, förnans tjocklek och pH-värde mättes också vid varje ruta och ekologiska indikator värden beräknades för varje ruta. Resultaten tyder på att blomsterlupinen minskar artrikedom och mångfald och att artsammansättningen i lupin rutor förändras jämfört med kontroll rutor och blir mer homogen. Vegetationshöjden påverkades av L. polyphyllus och var signifikant högre i lupinrutor jämfört med kontrollrutor även då arten L. polyphyllus inte räknades med i analysen. Resultaten av denna studie indikerar att det är viktigt att arbeta fram effektiva strategier för att kontrollera och stoppa spridningen av den invasiva L. polyphyllus i artrika vägkanter.

Den invasiva blomsterlupinens (Lupinus polyphyllus) spridning i Sverige är ett hot mot många inhemska växtarters överlevnad. Det är oklart hur den pågående globala uppvärmningen kan komma påverka artens invasionsframgångar. I det här kandidatarbetet har jag därför studerat hur blomsterlupinens tillväxt och fenologi varierar längs latitud i Europa i syfte med att avgöra om arten visar fitnesskillnader beroende på temperatur. Tjugo populationer från Trier (Tyskland) i söder till Umeå (Sverige) i norr följdes under en växtsäsong och data på blomsterlupinplantornas höjd samt blomställningarnas längd samlades in. Regressionsanalysen visade att det inte fanns något signifikant skillnad mellan latitud och ovanjordisk biomassa eller blomställningens längd. Däremot utvecklades den reproduktiva biomassan tidigare i växtsäsongen i de lägre breddgraderna i Europa jämfört med de högre. Studien ger en indikation om att ett varmare klimat kan ha en viss positiv påverkan på blomsterlupinens reproduktion och spridning. De lokala mikroklimatiska effekterna verkar dock ha en stor påverkan på dess relativa fitness, vilket betyder att vissa populationer kan gynnas mer än andra. Utbredningsområdet kan komma utökas mer norrut när stigande temperaturer och färre frostdagar gör nya områden tillgängliga för arten. / The spread of the invasive garden lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) in Sweden threatens the survival of many native plant species. It is unclear how ongoing global warming may affect the species' invasion success. In this Bachelors essay I have therefore studied how the growth and phenology of the garden lupin varies with latitude in Europe to determine if the species shows any fitness differences depending on the temperature. Twenty garden lupin populations from Trier (Germany) in the south to Umeå (Sweden) in the north were followed during a single growing season and data on the plant’s height and the length of the inflorescences were collected. Regression analysis showed that there was no relationship between latitude and aboveground biomass or length of inflorescence. Reproductive biomass, on the other hand, developed earlier in the growing season at lower latitudes than at higher ones. The study indicates that a warmer climate may have a positive effect on the reproduction and spread of the garden lupin. Local microclimatic effects appear to have a major impact on its relative fitness though, which means that some populations may benefit more than others. The species’ range may expand further north as rising temperatures and fewer frost days make new areas available for the species.

Les bords de route constituent un des principaux habitats herbacés et linéaires des paysages agricoles, ils jouent le rôle de refuge pour différentes espèces et constituent aussi un habitat favorable pour des espèces adventices jugées problématiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mesurer les effets de la structure du paysage et des pratiques de gestion sur la flore de l’interface route – champ cultivé. Nos résultats suggèrent que les communautés végétales de l’interface ont une réponse temporellement décalée vis-à-vis des changements paysagers. L’étude de la végétation exprimée et de la dispersion des graines montre que la fauche tardive n’est pas le levier de gestion optimal pour favoriser la diversité végétale du bord de route, et que les pratiques de fauche influencent aussi la flore de la bordure intérieure du champ. Afin de limiter les influences croisées des pratiques de gestion, nous suggérons des stratégies réfléchies à l’échelle de l’interface route – champ. / Road verges constitute the main herbaceous and linear habitats of arable landscapes. They represent a refuge for different species, but also constitute a habitat for weeds considered problematic. The aim of this thesis was to measure the effects of landscape structure and management practices on the flora of the road-field boundary. Our results suggest that plant communities of road-field boundary have a time lagged response to landscape changes. The study of the vegetation and of seed dispersal showed that late mowing was not the optimal method to promote plant diversity on road verges and that mowing practices also influenced the flora of the inner field margin. To limit the cross-influence of management practices, we recommend well thought out strategies at the scale of the road-field boundary.

Les infrastructures vertes urbaines (IVU) fournissent de nombreux bénéfices aux citoyens. L’évaluation des Services Écosystémiques (SE) permet de rendre compte de leur valeur. Le cadre conceptuel des SE valorise la nature de manière instrumentale ou intrinsèque, ce qui est inadapté pour évaluer tous les SE culturels (SEC). La notion de valeur relationnelle permet de combler les lacunes de cette vision dichotomique. Des difficultés demeurent pour opérationnaliser le concept, notamment pour les distinguer des autres valeurs environnementales dû au peu d’études empiriques sur le sujet. S’appuyant sur un cadre théorique de co-construction des SEC, les théories de l’embodiment, puis sur la construction des valeurs relationnelles, cette étude a exploré de manière qualitative les valeurs relationnelles des usagers envers les jardins de rue à Montréal. Puisqu’il s’agit d’une IVU publique en bordure de rue et partagée entre voisins, le rapport à l’espace des usagers est intéressant à étudier. Quatre jardins de rues au profil similaire ont été sélectionnés à cet effet. L’analyse des entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées avec les usagers a démontré leurs valeurs relationnelles envers les jardins de rue. Ceux-ci nourrissent l’identité des usagers, leur fait vivre des expériences valorisées, augmentent leurs capacités et leurs connaissances, accroissent leur sens des responsabilités envers la nature et envers les autres, puis alimentent leur bien-être. Leur rôle social est significatif. L’étude donne des perspectives pour opérationnaliser le concept de valeurs relationnelles en identifiant des indicateurs discursifs de ces valeurs. Les facteurs influençant les valeurs relationnelles des usagers envers les jardins de rue ont été explorés. / Urban green infrastructure (UGI) provides numerous benefits to citizens. Valuation of Ecosystem Services (ES) is a way of accounting for their value. The conceptual framework of ES values nature instrumentally or intrinsically, which is unsuitable for valuing all cultural ES (CES). The notion of relational value can fill the gaps in this dichotomous vision. Difficulties remain in operationalizing the concept, particularly in distinguishing it from other environmental values, due to the paucity of empirical studies on the subject. Drawing on a theoretical framework for the co-construction of CES, embodiment theories, and then on the construction of relational values, this study qualitatively explored users' relational values towards street gardens in Montreal. Since this is a public UGI located on street verge and shared between neighbours, users' relationship to space is interesting to study. Four street gardens with similar profiles were selected for this purpose. Analysis of the semi-structured interviews conducted with users demonstrated their relational values towards street gardens. These gardens nourish users' identity, provide them with valued experiences, increase their skills and knowledge, heighten their sense of responsibility towards nature and others, and fuel their well-being. Their social role is significant. The study provides perspectives for operationalizing the concept of relational value by identifying discursive indicators of these values. Factors influencing users' relational values towards street gardens were explored.

The pocket watch, an ingenious invention that over its 500 year-long development, made it possible for time keeping to become portable and reliable. A symbol of culture, station and importance, that changed the way our society interacts with and uses time. Nordiska museet’s collections contain over a thousand pocket watches and pocket watch movements, all available through the aggregator Swedish Open Cultural Heritage API. With a critical eye towards the outdrawn digitisation process of Swedish museums, this paper intends through statistical analysis to find trends, patterns, and problems relating to the representation of this grand collection. The results reveal negligence surrounding technical descriptors by reason of suboptimal knowledge regarding watchmaking, a confusing naming convention, and a great need for deeper research into the collection.