Syftet med denna uppsats var att sammanställa forskning kring våldsutsatta kvinnors erfarenheter av vilka faktorer som påverkat deras beslut i att stanna eller lämna en våldsam relation, samt vad som har ökat deras förutsättningar att lämna relationen. Detta besvarades med forskningsfrågorna: “Vilka faktorer påverkar att en kvinna stannar kvar i eller lämnar en relation där det förekommer våld?” och “Vad ökar förutsättningarna för att lämna en relation där det förekommer våld?”. De vetenskapliga artiklar som användes till resultatet baserades på kvalitativa studier som intervjuat kvinnor som har erfarenhet av att utsättas för partnervåld och som antingen har valt att stanna i eller lämna relationen. En innehållsanalys användes för att analysera resultatet. De teorier som användes var intersektionalitet och normaliseringsprocessen, för att få en ökad förståelse för hur dessa teorier förklarar processen gällande förutsättningarna för ett uppbrott. Resultatet visade att beslutet att stanna i eller lämna relationen påverkas av bland annat kvinnornas tillgång till stöd, om de har barn och vilka känslor de har inför situationen. De faktorer som resultatet visade ökade förutsättningarna för att lämna är kvinnans ekonomiska förutsättningar att försörja sig själv och landets lagar och normer. Den slutsatsen som drogs var att det är högst individuellt vad som påverkar om en kvinna väljer att stanna i eller lämna relationen, men att ökade förutsättningar att lämna inte garanterar att kvinnan väljer att genomföra uppbrottet, då andra faktorer kan spela in. / The purpose of this essay was to compile research on abused women's experiences of which factors influenced their decision to stay or leave a violent relationship, as well as what they think has increased their chances of leaving the relationship. This was answered with the research questions: "Which factors influence whether a woman stays in or leaves a relationship where there is violence?" and "What increases the conditions for leaving a relationship where there is violence?". The scientific articles used for the results were based on qualitative studies that interviewed women who have experienced partner violence and who have either chosen to stay in or leave the relationship. A literature analysis was used to analyze the results. The theories that have been used are intersectionality and the normalization process, to gain an increased understanding of how these theories affect the process to leave the abusive relationship. The results showed that the decision to stay in or leave the relationship is influenced by, among other things, access to support, their children and what feelings they have about the situation. The results showed that conditions like the woman's financial conditions and the country's laws and norms increased the chance of leaving. The conclusion drawn is that it is highly individual what affects a woman to stay or leave the relationship, but that conditions that increase her opportunity to leave does not necessarily guarantee that the woman chooses to carry out the breakup, since other factors can play a part in her decision.

This study focuses on marital rape in Ethiopia in the context of international human rights law. Marital rape refers to rape committed against women by their lawful husbands. Like rape that is committed by strangers, marital rape has a severe impact on the physical and psychological wellbeing of victims. Consequently, marital rape violates a range of human rights, such as the right to human dignity, right to bodily integrity, right to privacy, as well as the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Marital rape is recognised as one of the forms of violence against women under international human rights instruments ratified by Ethiopia. In addition, the Constitution of Ethiopia recognises the right to equality between women and men during marriage, and prohibits the enactment of laws and policies that discriminate against women. Studies have shown that the prevalence of marital rape is high in Ethiopia. Despite this fact, the Current Criminal Code of Ethiopia does not regard marital rape as a criminal offence and as a result there is no punishment on the part of perpetrators of this offence. Consequently, this gives husbands the license to rape their wives without any consequence. Owing to various socio-cultural factors, victims of marital rape in Ethiopia do not report these incidents to the police. The fact that there are no remedies under the criminal justice system, also discourages victims from reporting such incidents. This study, argues that by virtue of adopting human rights instruments at both the UN and AU level which prohibits violence against women, Ethiopia is under obligation to criminalize marital rape. South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that criminalises marital rape. According to the 1993 Prevention of Family Violence Act, stipulates a man can be found guilty of raping his wife. Later on, the Act was amended by the Family Violence Act of 1998, which gives protection to victims of domestic violence. Despite the criminalisation of marital rape in South Africa, studies indicate that marital rape is still prevalent in the country owing to numerous socio-economic and cultural factors. Hence, from the experience of South Africa it can be understood that criminalizing marital rape alone is not enough to tackle the problem. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LLM

This study focuses on marital rape in Ethiopia in the context of international human rights law. Marital rape refers to rape committed against women by their lawful husbands. Like rape that is committed by strangers, marital rape has a severe impact on the physical and psychological wellbeing of victims. Consequently, marital rape violates a range of human rights, such as the right to human dignity, right to bodily integrity, right to privacy, as well as the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Marital rape is recognised as one of the forms of violence against women under international human rights instruments ratified by Ethiopia. In addition, the Constitution of Ethiopia recognises the right to equality between women and men during marriage, and prohibits the enactment of laws and policies that discriminate against women. Studies have shown that the prevalence of marital rape is high in Ethiopia. Despite this fact, the Current Criminal Code of Ethiopia does not regard marital rape as a criminal offence and as a result there is no punishment on the part of perpetrators of this offence. Consequently, this gives husbands the license to rape their wives without any consequence. Owing to various socio-cultural factors, victims of marital rape in Ethiopia do not report these incidents to the police. The fact that there are no remedies under the criminal justice system, also discourages victims from reporting such incidents. This study, argues that by virtue of adopting human rights instruments at both the UN and AU level which prohibits violence against women, Ethiopia is under obligation to criminalize marital rape. South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa that criminalises marital rape. According to the 1993 Prevention of Family Violence Act, stipulates a man can be found guilty of raping his wife. Later on, the Act was amended by the Family Violence Act of 1998, which gives protection to victims of domestic violence. Despite the criminalisation of marital rape in South Africa, studies indicate that marital rape is still prevalent in the country owing to numerous socio-economic and cultural factors. Hence, from the experience of South Africa it can be understood that criminalizing marital rape alone is not enough to tackle the problem. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LL. M.

The murders and suspicious disappearances of women across Canada over the past forty years have received considerable national attention in the past decade. The disappearances and murders of scores of women in British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba have highlighted the vulnerability of women to extreme violence. Girls and women of Aboriginal ethnicity have been disproportionally affected in all of these cases and have high rates of violent victimization. The current socio-economic situation faced by Aboriginal women contributes to this. To provide publicly available data of missing and murdered women in Canada, a database was created containing details of 3,329 women, including 824 who are Aboriginal. There are key risk factors that increase the probability of experiencing lethal violence: street prostitution, addiction and insecure housing. The vast majority of sex workers who experience lethal violence are street prostitutes. The dissertation examines the legal status and forms of prostitution in Canada and internationally, as well as the individual and societal impacts of prostitution. A review of current research on violence and prostitution is presented. The thesis provides summaries from 150 serial homicide cases targeting prostitutes in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K. The trends and questions posed by these cases are identified. The cases of the missing women of Vancouver and Robert Pickton are detailed. The key findings from the provincial inquiry into the missing women cases and an analysis of the most egregious failings of the investigations (Projects Amelia and Evenhanded) are discussed. Frequently encountered challenges and common errors, as well as investigative opportunities and best practices of police, and other initiatives and recommendations aimed at non-police agencies are evaluated. The three other RCMP-led projects, KARE, DEVOTE and E-PANA, which are large, dedicated units focused on vulnerable women, are assessed. All Canadian women deserve to live free of violence. For women with vulnerable life histories, violence is a daily threat and a common occurrence. More must be done to prevent violence and to hold offenders responsible when violence has been done. This dissertation is a plea for resources and attention; to turn apathy into pragmatic, concrete action founded on solid evidence-based research.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claires Salete Ziglioli.pdf: 2940196 bytes, checksum: 13a8350913e2ffc09c286e378e49f608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Master's Dissertation study aimed to analyze the domestic sexual violence against children and adolescents: a study of the city of Foz do Iguaçu-Pr, city of the Triple Frontier of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. The procedure began with the approach of the phenomenon of violence in its forms of structural violence and domestic violence. Subsequently, reference was made to the Integral Protection System, highlighting the Law Guarantee System, represented by Service Network in combating sexual violence, as well as the Combat Plans Sexual Violence against Children and National Teenagers, State and Municipal. The research took place in the SINAN, and in the organs (Guardianship Councils I and II, CREAS, NUCRIA, MP, Shelter and IML) identified as full protection in Foz do Iguaçu. It tried, thus, understand the coping flow to sexual violence against children and adolescents, as well as compliance with the actions of the Municipal Plan to Combat Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents in the city. The methodology privileged the qualitative-quantitative approach, enriched with information obtained through the questionnaire and survey data online and on-site, next to the sectors in the year 2014. The data analysis was performed with a qualitative reading in the light of the theoretical framework, key to highlight some categories such as online data type of sexual violence; consequences of violence; author data aggression; referrals to the sectors that make up the organizational and functional structure of children and adolescents rights guarantee system; research on the spot, next to the Guardianship Councils I and II, the CREAS, the NUCRIA, the prosecutor, the Shelter and the IML, to map the number of cases received, accompanied and directed by them to other sectors; yet the actions undertaken by sectors, in relation to compliance with the structural axes of the Municipal Plan to Combat Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents. According to the survey results, it was concluded that the flow of service and the Municipal Plan does not advocate in the city of Foz do Iguaçu in fighting domestic sexual violence against children and adolescents. Still, regarding the relationship between the Municipal Plan to Combat Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents and the flow of care to sexual violence, it was found that children and adolescents remain being raped not only within the family, but by the institucions that should ensure their full protection. / Este estudo de Dissertação de Mestrado teve por objetivo analisar a violência sexual doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes: um estudo sobre o município de Foz do Iguaçu-Pr, cidade da Tríplice Fronteira do Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. O procedimento iniciou-se com a abordagem sobre o fenômeno da violência, nas suas formas de violência estrutural e de violência doméstica. Posteriormente, fez-se referência ao Sistema de Proteção Integral, destacando-se o Sistema de Garantia de Direito, representado pela Rede de Atendimento no enfrentamento da violência sexual, como também os Planos de Enfrentamento à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes Nacional, Estadual e Municipal. A pesquisa realizou-se no SINAN e junto aos órgãos (Conselhos Tutelares I e II, CREAS, NUCRIA, MP, Casa Abrigo e IML), identificados como de proteção integral em Foz do Iguaçu. Procurou-se, assim, compreender o fluxo de enfrentamento à violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, bem como o cumprimento das ações do Plano Municipal de Enfrentamento à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes no município. A metodologia utilizada privilegiou a abordagem qualiquantitativa, enriquecida com informações obtidas por meio de questionário e de levantamento de dados online e in loco, junto aos setores no ano de 2014. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da leitura qualitativa à luz do referencial teórico, fundamental para evidenciar algumas categorias como: os dados online do tipo da violência sexual; as consequências da violência; os dados do autor da agressão; os encaminhamentos para os setores que compõem a estrutura organizativa e funcional do sistema de garantia de direitos de crianças e adolescentes; a pesquisa in loco, junto aos Conselhos Tutelares I e II, ao CREAS, ao NUCRIA, ao Ministério Público, a Casa Abrigo e ao IML, para mapear o número de casos recebidos, acompanhados e encaminhados por eles para outros setores; e, ainda, as ações realizadas pelos setores em relação ao cumprimento dos eixos estruturantes do Plano Municipal de Enfrentamento à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, conclui-se que o fluxo de atendimento e o Plano Municipal não se preconizam no município de Foz do Iguaçu no enfrentamento da violência sexual doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes. Ainda no que concerne à articulação entre o Plano Municipal de Enfrentamento à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes e o fluxo de atendimento à violência sexual, verificou-se que as crianças e adolescentes permanecem sendo violentadas não somente dentro do ambiente familiar, mas também pelos órgãos que deveriam assegurar a proteção integral.

The murders and suspicious disappearances of women across Canada over the past forty years have received considerable national attention in the past decade. The disappearances and murders of scores of women in British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba have highlighted the vulnerability of women to extreme violence. Girls and women of Aboriginal ethnicity have been disproportionally affected in all of these cases and have high rates of violent victimization. The current socio-economic situation faced by Aboriginal women contributes to this. To provide publicly available data of missing and murdered women in Canada, a database was created containing details of 3,329 women, including 824 who are Aboriginal. There are key risk factors that increase the probability of experiencing lethal violence: street prostitution, addiction and insecure housing. The vast majority of sex workers who experience lethal violence are street prostitutes. The dissertation examines the legal status and forms of prostitution in Canada and internationally, as well as the individual and societal impacts of prostitution. A review of current research on violence and prostitution is presented. The thesis provides summaries from 150 serial homicide cases targeting prostitutes in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K. The trends and questions posed by these cases are identified. The cases of the missing women of Vancouver and Robert Pickton are detailed. The key findings from the provincial inquiry into the missing women cases and an analysis of the most egregious failings of the investigations (Projects Amelia and Evenhanded) are discussed. Frequently encountered challenges and common errors, as well as investigative opportunities and best practices of police, and other initiatives and recommendations aimed at non-police agencies are evaluated. The three other RCMP-led projects, KARE, DEVOTE and E-PANA, which are large, dedicated units focused on vulnerable women, are assessed. All Canadian women deserve to live free of violence. For women with vulnerable life histories, violence is a daily threat and a common occurrence. More must be done to prevent violence and to hold offenders responsible when violence has been done. This dissertation is a plea for resources and attention; to turn apathy into pragmatic, concrete action founded on solid evidence-based research.

No description available.

South Africa has not escaped the rising prevalence and severe impact of HIV/AIDS in relation women. From an economic and social vantage point, the HIV/AIDS epidemic hits women the hardest, with underprivileged black women the most susceptible to the virus. The theoretical framework of this research focuses on the intersection between HIV/AIDS, gender inequality and gender violence, and more specifically, on certain cultural practices and customs that contribute towards and exacerbate women’s subordination and inequality, which in turn, increase women’s exposure to become infected with HIV. Relevant to this focus is inevitably an investigation of perceived threats to specific fundamental human rights as a result of some entrenched practices that continue to reinforce women’s subordinate position in society, aggravated by the high incidence of gender violence. / Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law / LL.M.

Workplace violence directed at student nurses in training in psychiatric institutions is a significant concern as it negatively affects the quality of learning and causes the students to have a negative perception of nursing as a profession. The absence of scientific data describing the perceptions of student nurses about workplace violence and their clinical learning outcome motivated the researcher to conduct the study. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted to explore the influence that workplace violence will have on clinical learning outcomes of student nurses who are studying psychiatric nursing at psychiatric institutions in KwaZulu-Natal, in South Africa. Data was gathered using a 71 question questionnaire, which was adapted from the one used by Hewett (2010). With the necessary permission from the health authorities, the campus principals and the nursing students, a group of 4th year student nurses (n=163) from 6 campuses of the KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing (KZNCN) who have worked in psychiatric units for at least 3 months and longer participated in the study. The study highlighted the types of workplace violence encountered by student nurses, the effects of workplace violence on students’ academic performance and the barriers to the reporting of workplace violence encountered by the student nurses. The study revealed that there is a large amount of non-physical, some physical and a few incidents of sexual violence directed towards the student nurses at the psychiatric institutions, and that it has a negative impact on student learning. The recommendations emanating from the study support the idea of a shared responsibility between healthcare and education institutions and the focus is on preparing and equipping the student psychiatric nurses to confront, withstand and break the cycle of workplace violence. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa gender-based violence (hereafter “GBV”) has reached extreme levels. This violent manifestation of gender inequality is compounded by the fact that women are disproportionately affected by poverty, the HIV/AIDS epidemic and inadequate health care services. This is in spite of South Africa’s progressive constitutional and legislative framework which appears highly conducive to combating gender inequality and GBV. For example, the Constitution protects the right to equality (section 9), human dignity (section 10), life (section 11), freedom and security of the person (section 12) and the right to have access to health care services, including reproductive health (section 27(1)(a)). Extensive legislation has also been enacted for the protection of women. For example, the preamble to the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 (hereafter “DVA”) recognises domestic violence as a serious social evil. While the DVA is notably silent as to the role of the health care sector, the DVA is progressive in that it contains a broad definition of domestic violence, and recognises a wide range of relationships. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 also seeks to afford complainants of sexual offences “the maximum and least traumatising protection that the law can provide”. In addition to this, South Africa has international law obligations to address GBV and gender inequality. For example, under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), States are obliged to address private acts of violence and to remove discrimination against women in all fields, including health. However, despite this progressive framework of rights, some interpretations of these integral rights have been unduly formalistic, in addition to being disengaged from the lived reality of many women. There is also a substantial gap between policy and practice, with the implementation of existing legislation a continuing problem. It is therefore imperative that we analyse the right to have access to health care services through a gender lens so as to transcend a purely legalistic perspective and to interrogate gendered social processes and power relations. This thesis analyses how existing law and policy can be transformed so as to be more responsive to these lived realities and needs of survivors of GBV. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslagsgebaseerde geweld (hierna ‘GGG’) in Suid-Afrika het uiterste vlakke bereik. Hierdie gewelddadige manifestasie van geslagsongelykheid word vererger deur die feit dat vroue buite verhouding erg deur armoede, die MIV/vigs-epidemie en ontoereikende gesondheidsorgdienste geraak word. Dit is ondanks Suid-Afrika se vooruitstrewende grondwetlike en wetsraamwerk wat op die oog af hoogs bevorderlik vir die bestryding van geslagsongelykheid en GGG voorkom. Die Grondwet verskans, byvoorbeeld, die reg op gelykheid (artikel 9), menswaardigheid (artikel 10), lewe (artikel 11), vryheid en sekerheid van die persoon (artikel 12) en toegang tot gesondheidsorgdienste, met inbegrip van reproduktiewe gesondheidsorg (artikel 27(1)(a)). Omvattende wetgewing oor vrouebeskerming is ook reeds uitgevaardig. Die aanhef tot die Wet op Gesinsgeweld 116 van 1998 (hierna die ‘WGG’) identifiseer, byvoorbeeld, huishoudelike geweld as ’n ernstige maatskaplike euwel. Hoewel die WGG swyg oor die rol van die gesondheidsorgsektor, is dit nietemin vooruitstrewend aangesien dit ’n uitgebreide omskrywing van huishoudelike geweld bevat en ’n wye verskeidenheid verhoudings erken. Die Wysigingswet op die Strafreg (Seksuele Misdrywe en Verwante Aangeleenthede) 32 van 2007 is ook daarop afgestem om klaagsters van seksuele oortredings “die omvattendste en mins traumatiese beskerming te gee wat die wet kan bied”. Daarbenewens verkeer Suid-Afrika onder internasionale regsverpligtinge om GGG en geslagsongelykheid aan te spreek. Ingevolge die Konvensie vir die Uitwissing van Alle Vorme van Diskriminasie teen Vroue (1979), byvoorbeeld, is state verplig om privaat geweldsdade teen te staan en diskriminasie teen vroue op alle gebiede te verwyder, insluitend gesondheid. Nietemin, benewens hierdie vooruitstrewende menseregteraamwerk is sommige interpretasies van hierdie onafskeidbare regte nie net oormatig formalisties nie, maar ook verwyderd van die daaglikse realiteit van baie vroue. Daar is ook ʼn wesenlike gaping tussen beleidsmaatreëls en die praktyk, terwyl die uitvoering van bestaande wetgewing ʼn voortgesette probleem verteenwoordig. Dit is dus gebiedend om die reg op toegang tot gesondheidsorgdienste deur ʼn geslagslens te analiseer om sodoende ʼn bloot regsgedrewe perspektief te bo te gaan en om maatskaplike prosesse en magsverhoudinge in oënskou te neem. Hierdie tesis analiseer hoe bestaande wetsraamwerke en beleidsmaatreëls getransformeer kan word om beter te reageer op die realiteite en behoeftes van oorlewendes van GGG. / Stellenbosch University Hope Project / Bradlow Foundation