Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline do Prado Valles.pdf: 1037211 bytes, checksum: ac602f75c2edeb6a532203ca2b3344e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-22 / The homicide is one of the most horrific crimes that a man can commit, since that it is the elimination of a being of it s own kind, but particularly in this work, were addressed the driving factors of what is called passionate murder , that which is practiced by the criminal under extreme emotional influence, that can be, love, hate, anger or fear. Feelings that cannot be ignored during the verification process of the crime and the imposition of criminal liability. The forensic psychiatric explains that the emotions felt by the criminal at the moment of the crime can the considered so severe, to the pint of exclusion of the guilt of the agent, not allowing him the perception of the criminal act, It s not the case of the passionate murder provided under the article 121 § 1º last part of the Criminal Code, in this case, the criminal acts with the domain of violent emotion, after unjust provocation by the victim . Such emotional state is so engaging that prevails all the rational feeling of the agent, and under this circumstance so psychologically dominating, that it becomes essentially difficult to impose a predefined time lapse , between the victim attitude and the criminal reaction, at the crime moment / O crime de homicídio é um dos atos criminosos mais horrendos que o homem pode cometer, já que é a eliminação de um ser da sua própria espécie, mas particularmente neste trabalho, foram abordados os fatores impulsionadores do chamado homicídio Passional , aquele que é praticado pelo criminoso sob uma extrema influência emocional, seja, amor, ódio, raiva ou medo; sentimentos que não podem ser ignorados durante o processo de verificação do delito e na imposição da responsabilidade penal. A psiquiatria forense explica que as emoções sentidas pelo criminoso no momento do crime podem ser consideradas tão graves, ao ponto de excluir a culpabilidade do agente, não permitindo a ele a percepção do ato criminoso; não é o caso do homicida Passional previsto no artigo 121 § 1º última parte do Código penal; nesse caso, o criminoso age com o domínio da violenta emoção, após injusta provocação da vítima . Tal estado emocional é tão envolvente que prevalece a todo sentimento racional do agente; e diante desta circunstância tão dominadora psicologicamente, que se torna essencialmente difícil impor um lapso temporal pré definido, entre a atitude da vítima e a reação do criminoso, no momento do crime

O Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense/CEMEL/FMRP/USP analisou 400 amostras de sangue de vítimas fatais, de causa violenta, para a determinação de alcoolemia. Em relação às causa jurídicas de morte, as amostras foram provenientes de vítimas de acidentes, homicídios, suicídios e de outras causas externas. Os acidentes de trânsito foram estudados com maior ênfase devido à importância e impacto sócio-econômico que essas mortes representam em todo o mundo. A existência de legislação no nosso País sobre o consumo de etanol e a condução de veículos automotores, que estabelece o limite máximo permitido de 0,6 g de álcool por litro no sangue para a condução de veículos, torna obrigatório os exames toxicológicos em vítimas nessas condições. O estudo teve como objetivos conhecer a relação entre a concentração de álcool no sangue e as mortes de causa violentas considerando os parâmetros sexo e faixa etária, com a finalidade de prover dados científicos às autoridades legais brasileiras, que contribuam para melhorar o controle e a legislação sobre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas na sociedade, e evidenciar a necessidade do exame de alcoolemia em outros tipos de causas de morte violenta como homicídios e suicídios. Para a investigação da alcoolemia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue em artérias periféricas ou central, durante o exame necroscópico. Estas foram acondicionadas em frascos apropriados, identificadas e imediatamente armazenadas sob refrigeração até o momento das análises. As análises de etanol foram realizadas pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização por chama (GC-FID) utilizado amostrador automático para a introdução da amostras na fase vapor (Headspace). Foram preparadas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 3,0; 5,0 g/L de etanol para a construção da curva analítica para quantificação e determinação dos tempos de retenção, limites de detecção e quantificação da técnica. A identificação positiva de etanol foi feita pela comparação dos tempos de retenção do pico eluído na amostra com o pico do padrão do etanol. A quantificação foi realizada através do método de padronização interna utilizando isobutanol como padrão interno. Quanto aos resultados, as amostras mais analisadas para alcoolemia, entre as mortes violentas foram, respectivamente, os acidentes, principalmente os de trânsito, seguidos dos homicídios, suicídios e outros tipos de morte violenta. A média de idade dos indivíduos envolvidos nessas ocorrências foi de 36,3 anos, havendo predominância das amostras do sexo masculino, sendo que mais que 50% das vítimas apresentaram alcoolemia positiva, com valores acima do permitido por lei. Concluímos que, na amostra de referência, o álcool está altamente correlacionado com as mortes de causas violentas; que é imprescindível a solicitação e realização do exame de alcoolemia em todas as mortes de causa externa, independentemente do motivo, gênero e faixa etária. Ainda podemos concluir que existe a necessidade da investigação de outras drogas lícitas e ilícitas, com especial atenção em vítimas fatais que não apresentaram resultados de alcoolemia positivos. Tais resultados toxicológicos poderão ser úteis para melhor interpretação dos casos e elucidação das mortes, podendo contribuir para o estabelecimento de medidas legais, preventivas e punitivas. / In the Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology/CEMEL/FMRP/USP 400, blood samples from victims of violent deaths were analyzed for alcohol levels. With regard to juridical causes of deaths, the samples were obtained from victims of accidents, homicides, suicides and other external causes. Traffic accidents were studied with more emphasis due to their importance and social-economic impact worldwide. The existence of legislation in our country on ethanol consumption and driving automobiles, which establishes maximum allowed levels of 0.6 g of alcohol per liter of blood for operating a vehicle, makes it mandatory to conduct toxicological tests in victims under these conditions. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between alcohol levels and causes of violent deaths, considering the parameters of gender, age range and alcohol concentration to provide scientific data for Brazilian legal authorities to improve the control and the legislation on consumption of alcohol beverages in the society and indicate the need of the alcoholic level determination in other causes of violent deaths such as homicides and suicides. For alcohol level determination, blood samples were collected from peripheral or central arteries, during necroscopic examination. The samples were placed in appropriate tubes, identified and immediately stored under refrigeration until analysis. Ethanol analyses were performed by using the technique of gas chromatography with detection by flame ionization (GC-FID) using automatic sampler for introducing the samples in the vapor phase (Headspace). Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 g/L were prepared for the construction of an analytical curve to determine the retention times, and limits of detection and quantification of the technique. Positive identification of ethanol was done by comparing retention times of eluted peak from the sample and standard peak of ethanol. Quantification was done by the method of internal standardizing using isobutanol as internal standard. The results revealed that violent deaths that mostly present positive results for ethanol were respectively accidents, mainly traffic ones, followed by homicides, suicides and other causes of violent deaths. The age mean of involved individuals in these occurrences was 36.3 years, the majority were males of which 50% presented positive blood alcohol results with values above legal limit. We concluded that the alcohol, besides being an important factor in the development of diseases, it is also highly linked to violent deaths. It is necessary to request and performed alcohol investigation in deaths of any cause, despite the reason, gender and age range. We can also suggest there is a need of investigation of other licit and illicit drugs with special attention to victims that were not positive for alcohol. These toxicological results may be useful for a better interpretation and elucidation of deaths, contributing for the application of legal preventives and punitive attitudes.

O Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense/CEMEL/FMRP/USP analisou 400 amostras de sangue de vítimas fatais, de causa violenta, para a determinação de alcoolemia. Em relação às causa jurídicas de morte, as amostras foram provenientes de vítimas de acidentes, homicídios, suicídios e de outras causas externas. Os acidentes de trânsito foram estudados com maior ênfase devido à importância e impacto sócio-econômico que essas mortes representam em todo o mundo. A existência de legislação no nosso País sobre o consumo de etanol e a condução de veículos automotores, que estabelece o limite máximo permitido de 0,6 g de álcool por litro no sangue para a condução de veículos, torna obrigatório os exames toxicológicos em vítimas nessas condições. O estudo teve como objetivos conhecer a relação entre a concentração de álcool no sangue e as mortes de causa violentas considerando os parâmetros sexo e faixa etária, com a finalidade de prover dados científicos às autoridades legais brasileiras, que contribuam para melhorar o controle e a legislação sobre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas na sociedade, e evidenciar a necessidade do exame de alcoolemia em outros tipos de causas de morte violenta como homicídios e suicídios. Para a investigação da alcoolemia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue em artérias periféricas ou central, durante o exame necroscópico. Estas foram acondicionadas em frascos apropriados, identificadas e imediatamente armazenadas sob refrigeração até o momento das análises. As análises de etanol foram realizadas pela técnica de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização por chama (GC-FID) utilizado amostrador automático para a introdução da amostras na fase vapor (Headspace). Foram preparadas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 3,0; 5,0 g/L de etanol para a construção da curva analítica para quantificação e determinação dos tempos de retenção, limites de detecção e quantificação da técnica. A identificação positiva de etanol foi feita pela comparação dos tempos de retenção do pico eluído na amostra com o pico do padrão do etanol. A quantificação foi realizada através do método de padronização interna utilizando isobutanol como padrão interno. Quanto aos resultados, as amostras mais analisadas para alcoolemia, entre as mortes violentas foram, respectivamente, os acidentes, principalmente os de trânsito, seguidos dos homicídios, suicídios e outros tipos de morte violenta. A média de idade dos indivíduos envolvidos nessas ocorrências foi de 36,3 anos, havendo predominância das amostras do sexo masculino, sendo que mais que 50% das vítimas apresentaram alcoolemia positiva, com valores acima do permitido por lei. Concluímos que, na amostra de referência, o álcool está altamente correlacionado com as mortes de causas violentas; que é imprescindível a solicitação e realização do exame de alcoolemia em todas as mortes de causa externa, independentemente do motivo, gênero e faixa etária. Ainda podemos concluir que existe a necessidade da investigação de outras drogas lícitas e ilícitas, com especial atenção em vítimas fatais que não apresentaram resultados de alcoolemia positivos. Tais resultados toxicológicos poderão ser úteis para melhor interpretação dos casos e elucidação das mortes, podendo contribuir para o estabelecimento de medidas legais, preventivas e punitivas. / In the Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology/CEMEL/FMRP/USP 400, blood samples from victims of violent deaths were analyzed for alcohol levels. With regard to juridical causes of deaths, the samples were obtained from victims of accidents, homicides, suicides and other external causes. Traffic accidents were studied with more emphasis due to their importance and social-economic impact worldwide. The existence of legislation in our country on ethanol consumption and driving automobiles, which establishes maximum allowed levels of 0.6 g of alcohol per liter of blood for operating a vehicle, makes it mandatory to conduct toxicological tests in victims under these conditions. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between alcohol levels and causes of violent deaths, considering the parameters of gender, age range and alcohol concentration to provide scientific data for Brazilian legal authorities to improve the control and the legislation on consumption of alcohol beverages in the society and indicate the need of the alcoholic level determination in other causes of violent deaths such as homicides and suicides. For alcohol level determination, blood samples were collected from peripheral or central arteries, during necroscopic examination. The samples were placed in appropriate tubes, identified and immediately stored under refrigeration until analysis. Ethanol analyses were performed by using the technique of gas chromatography with detection by flame ionization (GC-FID) using automatic sampler for introducing the samples in the vapor phase (Headspace). Concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 g/L were prepared for the construction of an analytical curve to determine the retention times, and limits of detection and quantification of the technique. Positive identification of ethanol was done by comparing retention times of eluted peak from the sample and standard peak of ethanol. Quantification was done by the method of internal standardizing using isobutanol as internal standard. The results revealed that violent deaths that mostly present positive results for ethanol were respectively accidents, mainly traffic ones, followed by homicides, suicides and other causes of violent deaths. The age mean of involved individuals in these occurrences was 36.3 years, the majority were males of which 50% presented positive blood alcohol results with values above legal limit. We concluded that the alcohol, besides being an important factor in the development of diseases, it is also highly linked to violent deaths. It is necessary to request and performed alcohol investigation in deaths of any cause, despite the reason, gender and age range. We can also suggest there is a need of investigation of other licit and illicit drugs with special attention to victims that were not positive for alcohol. These toxicological results may be useful for a better interpretation and elucidation of deaths, contributing for the application of legal preventives and punitive attitudes.

This paper sought to examine conspiracy theory (CT) use across three types of groups: radical violent extremists (RVE), non-violent extremists, and moderates. Using the theory of significance quest, or the desire for one’s life to have meaning (Kruglanski, Chen, Dechesne, Fishman, & Orehek, 2009), I sought to determine whether RVE groups were more likely to use CTs, invoke need for cognitive closure (NFCC) via the use of time pressure, elicit anomie, and promote significance quest through violence than the other groups. Using text analysis software, I pulled passages from six groups – two from each level of extremism - that had conspiratorial language and then coded for the variables described above. RVE groups were significantly more likely than the other groups to use CTs and invoke NFCC through time pressure but were less likely than non-violent groups to elicit anomie. In addition, RVE groups were more likely to promote significance gain through action, but not significance restoration or prevention of significance loss. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Recidivism within the sexually violent predator (SVP) population has gained worldwide attention because of the lack of protection offered to the victims that may lead to loss of life. Behavioral theory suggests that accuracy of predictive behaviors based on empirical judgement is more reliable than that based on clinical judgement. The purpose of this research was to see whether three actuarial assessment tools, Static-99, PCL-R, and MnSOST-R, could predict recidivism and whether the combination of the three-increased predictive value in the Texas SVP population. As yet, the literature provides no evidence. The Texas Open Record System provided assessment scores and violations of 90 SVPs committed during fiscal years 2009-2013. Texas had 58.9% violated commitment laws within the SVP population of the civil commitment program. The scores on these three assessment tools were analyzed along with the violations using bivariate logistic regression. According to the results, Static-99, PCL-R, and MnSOST-R can, in combination, predict recidivism better than any tool by itself in the Texas SVP. However, individually, only the PCL-R approached significance as a predictor. This study could lead to positive social change in both the targeted treatment of labeled SVP and in the accuracy of predicting recidivism among SVPs. Therapists should use the three actuarial assessment tools when developing treatment plans, intervention techniques, and when adjusting supervision requirements to assist in both targeted treatment and to reduce the number of victims.

本研究旨在使用分析階層程序法（Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP）依據我國官方犯罪統計數字，採取Sellin-Wolfgang index的犯罪嚴重性建構模式，建構我國暴力犯罪嚴重性指標及其權重體系，並進一步探討背景變項對犯罪嚴重性權重給分一致性的差異。本研究第一階段之「暴力犯罪嚴重性可用指標之調查」共選取五類人員進行調查，包括：1.大學教授、2.警政人員、3.調查人員、4.司法人員（只包括法官或檢察官）、5.中學校長老師，總共樣本數24人；第二階段之「暴力犯罪嚴重性指標及權重體系之建構」，共選取包括1.學者專家、2.法官、3.警政調查人員、4.家庭主婦、5.大學生6.中學校長、老師、7.監獄受刑人等七大類，有效樣本357份。 本研究發現： 1. 與「人身攻擊」相關的暴力犯罪指標權重較為嚴重，第一階層指標的排序及其權重值依次為故意殺人罪（47.3%）、擄人勒贖罪（18.9%）、故意傷害罪（13.7%）、強盜罪（12.3%）及搶奪罪（7.8%）。 2. 由「犯罪使用工具」之給分分析，民眾認為「使用槍枝」犯罪是最嚴重的罪行，其次為刀械鐵器，徒手犯罪一般認為罪行較輕微。 3. 由「犯罪發生地點」之給分分析，整體排序前五名分別為「使用槍枝在市街商店殺人」（排序1）、「使用槍枝在住宅殺人」（排序2）、「使用刀械鐵器在市街商店殺人」（排序3）、「使用槍枝在市街商店擄人勒贖」（排序4）、「使用槍枝在特定營業場所殺人」（排序5），顯示出一般民眾認為使用槍枝在市街商店或是住宅做人身攻擊（含殺害及傷害）之犯罪罪行較為嚴重。 4. 除了「性別」一項外，其餘對於第一階層五項暴力犯罪指標權重分配及排序的一致性分析均相當一致，而考慮到第二階層「犯罪使用工具」及第三階層「犯罪發生地點」的情況下也相當一致，顯示不同社經地位填答者對於暴力犯罪嚴重性的認知，大體而言相當一致。 本研究也針對AHP實作結果作說明，並提出後續研究之建議。 / The purpose of this study was to utilize (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP). According to the official criminal statistics in Taiwan, it was used crime serious structure model of Sellin-Wolfgang index to establish Taiwan "Violent Crime Serious Index and Weight System".In addition, this study was to discuss the differences between variances and "crime serious weight" scores. At the first phase, "the Investigation of Violent Crime Serious Index" was used in this study.　The subjects were classified into five different categories including: 1. University professors; 2. Police officers; 3. Investigators; 4. Judicial officers (only Judges or Prosecutor); 5. High school principals and teachers. The totally sample was twenty-four subjects (N= 24).　At the second phase, "the Structure of Violent Crime Serious Index and Weight System" was selected. The subjects were classified into seven different categories including: 1. Scholars and Specialists; 2. Judges; 3. Police officers and Investigators; 4. House keepers; 5. Undergraduate students; 6. High school principals and teachers; 7. Prisoners.　The sample included three hundred and fifty seven subjects (N= 357). The following findings were presented for this study: 1. In relating to "Body Attack" is more serious in violent crime index and weight. The following rank and weight value in the first hierarchy index were Homicide (47.3%), Kidnapping (18.9%), Bodily Harm (13.7%), Robbery (12.3%), and Forceful (7.8%). 2. Based on the analysis of "tools for criminal use", the subjects think "use of guns" is the most serious crime. Then, "use of knives and ironware" is the second serious crime.　The generality of subjects think "using bare hands" is the slight crime. 3. Based on the analysis of "criminal scenes", the following five criminal scenes were "killing people in streets and stores by guns" (Rank 1); "killing people in resident places by guns" (Rank 2); "killing people in streets and stores by knives and ironware" (Rank 3); "kidnapping people in streets and stores by guns" (Rank 4); and "killing people in specific business places by guns" (Rank 5). The results of this study indicated the generality of subjects think homicide in streets, stores, resident places, and specific business places by guns is the most serious crime. 4. Beside "sex", the other items were consistent in the five violent crime index and weight distributions and ranks of the first hierarchy.　Furthermore, the considerations of "tools for criminal use" in the second hierarchy and "criminal scenes" in the third hierarchy were also consistency.　The results of this study indicated the perception of violent crime serious is quietly consistent no matter in what social status. According to the findings from AHP, this study had deliberate explanations. On the other hand, this study provided several recommendations for further study.

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the political thought of Hinke Bergegren (1861-1936), Gustaf Henriksson-Holmberg (1864-1929) and Einar Håkansson (1883-1907), by focusing particularly on their articulation of anarchist ideas. The disseration follows these three Swedish left-wing thinkers closely, while specifically tracing ideological patterns in their published material, public discussions, speeches and other political activities. The study attempts to combine the perspective of intellectual biography with a contextualising approach on ideological analysis. Bergegren, Henriksson-Holmberg and Håkansson stand as illuminating examples of how anarchist ideas could take form at the advent of the twentieth century in Sweden. They were all connected to the working class movement, and participated actively in the public debate about anarchism and its various aspects. This larger political and cultural context is also presented, and put in relation to Bergegren's, Henriksson-Holmberg's and Håkanssons' actions and ideas. Thereby, the study examines certain lines of thought connected to the anarchist ideology, and at the same time find traits in the history of libertarian socialism in Sweden, as reflected in the ideas embraced by the three aforementioned historical actors. From the start Henrik "Hinke" Bergegren - the agitator, writer and journalist who is the principal character in the dissertations first major part - was highly controversial within the social democratic movement. From the early 1890's and up to his final exclusion from the Social Democratic Party in 1908, he was constantly being accused of leading and informal anarchist subdivision, which recommended acts of terror and strived for a social revolution. However, this study confronts and modifies that notion. It concludes that Hinke Bergegren's ideological position during the 1890's cannot be equaled to a clear anarchist conviction; rather, he criticized the party's strong focus on parliamentary tactics from a revolutionary socialist viewpoint. Einar Håkansson, on the other hand, based his critique of authorities, military power, parliamentary governance and private property upon anarchist principles. In several poems and short stories, Håkansson stated his anti-authoritarianism. He was also an early advocate for anarcho-syndicalism. Gustaf Henriksson-Holmberg, the anarchist theoretician, was always anxious to emphasize the importance of avoiding all forms of large-scale political and economical solutions. This position, along with a deep-rooted individualism and a willingness to integrate social theory and political propaganda, characterized Holmberg's political thought from the 1890's and onward. His antipathy against brutal revolutionary tendencies was as solid as his critique of ideological dogmatism. In conclusion, the anarchist lines of thought articulated by the three principal characters in the thesis intersects at several points. They all agreed that private property and capitalism must be abolished and replaced by voluntary forms of cooperation. Furthermore, they expressed a similar disbelief in parliamentary tactics, the military and party bureaucracy.</p>

<p>I föreliggande studie åsyftas att erhålla en djupare förståelse om ordningsvakters erfarenheter och upplevelser av våld och hot. Vi vill även få klarhet i vilken betydelse samspelet mellan kollegorna har, samt vad interaktionen mellan ordningsvakterna och gästerna har för betydelse för upprätthållandet av ordning där de arbetar. Uppsatsen har genomförts i en sydsvensk mindre stad. För insamling av empiri har vi nyttjat oss av kvalitativ metod, där 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts där 10 respondenter av olika kön deltagit. En delvis deltagande observation på en nattklubb har även genomförts som ett komplement till intervjuerna. I tolkningen av materialet har vi genomgående nyttjat en hermeneutisk samt en dubbel hermeneutisk ansats.  Resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiker som bland annat Thomas Scheff, Rupert Brown, Travis Hirschi, Herbert Blumer och Randall Collins. I analysens belyses aspekter som nedtoning av våld, förebyggande av våld och hot och uppehållandet av sociala band genom anpassning.</p> / <p>This paper intends to give you a deeper understanding about bouncer’s experiences and thoughts of violent behavior and threats in their area of work. We also want to clarify what the solidarity against the colleagues signifies, and what the interactions between guests and bouncers mean to maintain order at the nightclub or the bar in the best way. The research was accomplished in a small town in the Swedish south, using a qualitative method where we did 10 semi structured interviews with 10 respondents of different gender. An observation at a nightclub was done as a complement to the interviews, which we partly took part in. In analyzing the material in our research we are using a hermeneutic, and a double hermeneutic concentration. When we collected all the results, the analysis of the result started. With help from theorist like Thomas Scheff, Randall Collins, Herbert Blumer, Travis Hirschi and Rupert Brown we analyzed the respondent’s statements. The analysis contains; dimming violent experience, prevention of violence and threats and the importance of maintaining social bounds, by adaption.</p>

I föreliggande studie åsyftas att erhålla en djupare förståelse om ordningsvakters erfarenheter och upplevelser av våld och hot. Vi vill även få klarhet i vilken betydelse samspelet mellan kollegorna har, samt vad interaktionen mellan ordningsvakterna och gästerna har för betydelse för upprätthållandet av ordning där de arbetar. Uppsatsen har genomförts i en sydsvensk mindre stad. För insamling av empiri har vi nyttjat oss av kvalitativ metod, där 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts där 10 respondenter av olika kön deltagit. En delvis deltagande observation på en nattklubb har även genomförts som ett komplement till intervjuerna. I tolkningen av materialet har vi genomgående nyttjat en hermeneutisk samt en dubbel hermeneutisk ansats.  Resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiker som bland annat Thomas Scheff, Rupert Brown, Travis Hirschi, Herbert Blumer och Randall Collins. I analysens belyses aspekter som nedtoning av våld, förebyggande av våld och hot och uppehållandet av sociala band genom anpassning. / This paper intends to give you a deeper understanding about bouncer’s experiences and thoughts of violent behavior and threats in their area of work. We also want to clarify what the solidarity against the colleagues signifies, and what the interactions between guests and bouncers mean to maintain order at the nightclub or the bar in the best way. The research was accomplished in a small town in the Swedish south, using a qualitative method where we did 10 semi structured interviews with 10 respondents of different gender. An observation at a nightclub was done as a complement to the interviews, which we partly took part in. In analyzing the material in our research we are using a hermeneutic, and a double hermeneutic concentration. When we collected all the results, the analysis of the result started. With help from theorist like Thomas Scheff, Randall Collins, Herbert Blumer, Travis Hirschi and Rupert Brown we analyzed the respondent’s statements. The analysis contains; dimming violent experience, prevention of violence and threats and the importance of maintaining social bounds, by adaption.

Bakgrund: Våld är ett problem inom vården och på akutmottagningar finns en stor risk att våldsincidenter uppstår. Våld kan skapa fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser, medföra osäker arbetsmiljö och försämrad omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om vilka faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld på akutmottagningar. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserat på kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom olika faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld, såsom väntetider och stressande arbetsklimat. Sjuksköterskors beteende, attityder och kroppsspråk är andra faktorer. Medicinska och psykiska sjukdomar kan göra att patienter blir våldsamma, liksom användande av droger eller andra substanser. Slutsats: Genom att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan ge upphov till våld kan preventiva åtgärder vidtas vilket kan göra att sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar får en säker arbetsplats och kan utföra en säker vård till patienter. / Background: Violence is a problem within the care and there is a risk for violence incidents at emergency departments. Violence can bring physical and psychological consequences, cause an unsafe work environment and impair the care. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses’ perceptions about which factors that can generate violence in emergency departments. Method: A literature review based on qualitative and quantitative scientific articles. Result: The result revealed different factors which can generate violence, such as waiting times and a stressful work. Nurses´ behaviours, attitudes and body language are other factors. Medical and psychological diseases can make the patient violent, as well as drug use or other substance abuse. Conclusion: By paying attention to factors which can give rise to violence can preventive actions be taken which can lead to that nurses in emergency departments get a safe workplace and can perform a safe health care to patients.