Esta dissertação apresenta três instrumentos para avaliação precoce do desenvolvimento do vocabulário receptivo e expressivo em crianças ouvintes, já desde 18 meses a 6 anos de idade. O objetivo é ajudar a reduzir a carência de instrumentos brasileiros devidamente normatizados e validados para avaliação precoce de vocabulário receptivo auditivo e expressivo. Até o presente, para avaliar vocabulário expressivo no Brasil pode-se usar a Lave (Lista de Avaliação de Vocabulário Expressivo) uma checklist originalmente publicada por Rescorla (1989) e adaptada, validada e normatizada por Capovilla e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade. Para avaliar vocabulário receptivo no Brasil pode-se usar o TVIP (Teste de Vocabulário por Imagens Peabody), originalmente publicado por Dunn, Padilla, Lugo e Dunn (1986a, 1986b) e adaptado, validado e normatizado por Capovilla e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade, bem como por Capovilla, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, e Bernat (1997) e Capovilla, Capovilla, Nunes, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) e Capovilla, Nunes, Nogueira, Nunes, Araújo, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 6 a 14 anos de idade. Pode-se usar também o TVfusp (Teste de Vocabulário por Figuras Usp), originalmente publicado por Capovilla e Prudencio (2006) e adaptado, validado e normatizado por Capovilla e Thomazette (2009e) para crianças do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Pode-se finalmente usar a versão original das Formas A e B do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp com 107 itens (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o), validadas e normatizadas por Capovilla, Negrão e Damazio (em preparação) para crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade. Embora a Lave, o TVIP, e as duas formas originais do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o) sejam normatizados e validados, eles só avaliam crianças a partir dos 2 anos de idade (a Lave), dos 2 anos e 6 meses de idade (o TVIP), ou dos 3 anos de idade (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o). O presente estudo apresenta, valida e normatiza três testes: um teste de vocabulário expressivo (a versão original do Teste de Vocabulário Expressivo USP: TVExp-100o) e duas formas abreviadas, com apenas 33 itens, do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo USP: a Forma A: (TVAud-A33o) e a Forma B (TVAud-B33o) para avaliação precoce do vocabulário já a partir de 1 ano e 6 meses de idade. Esta dissertação descreve um estudo que normatiza e valida três testes de vocabulário desenvolvidos por Capovilla e equipe, sendo dois de vocabulário auditivo (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o) e um de vocabulário expressivo oral (TVExp-100o), gerados a partir de bancos de figuras do Laboratório de Neuropsicolinguística Cognitiva Experimental (Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, Roberto, Sousa-Sousa, & Sousa, no prelo; Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, & Sousa-Sousa, 2008). O estudo descreve os três testes, bem como o estudo de normatização e validação conduzido com 906 crianças ouvintes de 18 meses a 6 anos de idade, de 12 escolas paulistas. Das 906 crianças, 437 estudavam em três escolas públicas municipais de Ribeirão Pires; e 469 estudavam em nove escolas privadas dos municípios de Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, e São Bernardo do Campo. Das 906 crianças (442 meninas e 464 meninos), 61 eram do 1º ano (idade média de 1 ano e 9 meses), 119 do 2º ano (2 anos e 6 meses), 143 do 3º ano (3 anos e 6 meses), 131 do 4º ano (4 anos e 6 meses), 237 do 5º ano (5 anos e 6 meses), e 215 do 6º ano (6 anos e 5 meses). O estudo forneceu a validação desenvolvimental e os parâmetros de desenvolvimento normativo do TVExp-100o para crianças de 1 a 5 anos de idade. Forneceu, também, a validação de critério, por comparação com medidas de vocabulário receptivo (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o) em crianças dessa mesma faixa de 1 a 5 anos de idade. O estudo forneceu a validação desenvolvimental e os parâmetros de desenvolvimento normativo do TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o para crianças de 1 a 6 anos de idade, e a validação cruzada com o TVExp-100o em crianças de 1 a 5 anos / With the purpose of reducing the scarcity of vocabulary assessment tests in Brazil, this dissertation presents three tests for early assessment of receptive and expressive vocabulary in hearing children from 18 months to 6 years of age. In Brazil, up to now, the assessment of expressive vocabulary is regularly made via adaptation of Rescorlas (1989) Language Development Survey checklist, the Brazilian Portuguese adaptation of which (LAVE) has been validated and standardized by Capovilla and Capovilla (1997) for children from 2 to 6 years of age. In Brazil, up to now, the assessment of receptive auditory vocabulary is regularly made via: 1) the Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation of Dunn, Padilla, Lugo and Dunns (1986a, 1986b, 1981) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-P), which has been validated and standardized by Capovilla and Capovilla (1997) for children from 2 to 6 years of age and by Capovilla, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, and Bernat (1997), Capovilla, Capovilla, Nunes, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, Bernat, ande Capovilla (1997), and Capovilla, Nunes, Nogueira, Nunes, Araújo, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) for students from 6 to 14 years of age; 2) USP Picture Vocabulary Test (UPVT92: Capovilla & Prudencio, 2006, Capovilla & Thomazete, 2009e), which has been standardized for 7-10 year old children; 3) USP Picture Vocabulary Test (UPVT107: Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, 2011), which has been standardized for 3-6 year old children. Even though LAVE, PPVT-B, UPVT92 and UPVT107 may be used for relatively early assessment (LAVE from 2-6 years, PPVT from 2y6m to 14 years, UPVT107 from 3-6 years, and UPVT93 from 7-10 years), research and development are necessary to provide for assessment at an even earlier age. The present study presents three standardized tests that can be used for early assessment of expressive vocabulary (UEVT100: from 1y6m to 5 years of age) and receptive vocabulary (UPVT33A and UPVT33B: from 1y6m to 6 years of age). The study provides data on developmental vadidity, reliability coeficients, and standardized norms for all three tests obtained with 906 1-6 year old children from 9 public and private schools

Esta dissertação apresenta três instrumentos para avaliação precoce do desenvolvimento do vocabulário receptivo e expressivo em crianças ouvintes, já desde 18 meses a 6 anos de idade. O objetivo é ajudar a reduzir a carência de instrumentos brasileiros devidamente normatizados e validados para avaliação precoce de vocabulário receptivo auditivo e expressivo. Até o presente, para avaliar vocabulário expressivo no Brasil pode-se usar a Lave (Lista de Avaliação de Vocabulário Expressivo) uma checklist originalmente publicada por Rescorla (1989) e adaptada, validada e normatizada por Capovilla e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade. Para avaliar vocabulário receptivo no Brasil pode-se usar o TVIP (Teste de Vocabulário por Imagens Peabody), originalmente publicado por Dunn, Padilla, Lugo e Dunn (1986a, 1986b) e adaptado, validado e normatizado por Capovilla e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade, bem como por Capovilla, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, e Bernat (1997) e Capovilla, Capovilla, Nunes, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) e Capovilla, Nunes, Nogueira, Nunes, Araújo, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) para crianças de 6 a 14 anos de idade. Pode-se usar também o TVfusp (Teste de Vocabulário por Figuras Usp), originalmente publicado por Capovilla e Prudencio (2006) e adaptado, validado e normatizado por Capovilla e Thomazette (2009e) para crianças do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Pode-se finalmente usar a versão original das Formas A e B do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp com 107 itens (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o), validadas e normatizadas por Capovilla, Negrão e Damazio (em preparação) para crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade. Embora a Lave, o TVIP, e as duas formas originais do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o) sejam normatizados e validados, eles só avaliam crianças a partir dos 2 anos de idade (a Lave), dos 2 anos e 6 meses de idade (o TVIP), ou dos 3 anos de idade (TVAud-A107o e TVAud-B107o). O presente estudo apresenta, valida e normatiza três testes: um teste de vocabulário expressivo (a versão original do Teste de Vocabulário Expressivo USP: TVExp-100o) e duas formas abreviadas, com apenas 33 itens, do Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo USP: a Forma A: (TVAud-A33o) e a Forma B (TVAud-B33o) para avaliação precoce do vocabulário já a partir de 1 ano e 6 meses de idade. Esta dissertação descreve um estudo que normatiza e valida três testes de vocabulário desenvolvidos por Capovilla e equipe, sendo dois de vocabulário auditivo (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o) e um de vocabulário expressivo oral (TVExp-100o), gerados a partir de bancos de figuras do Laboratório de Neuropsicolinguística Cognitiva Experimental (Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, Roberto, Sousa-Sousa, & Sousa, no prelo; Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, & Sousa-Sousa, 2008). O estudo descreve os três testes, bem como o estudo de normatização e validação conduzido com 906 crianças ouvintes de 18 meses a 6 anos de idade, de 12 escolas paulistas. Das 906 crianças, 437 estudavam em três escolas públicas municipais de Ribeirão Pires; e 469 estudavam em nove escolas privadas dos municípios de Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, e São Bernardo do Campo. Das 906 crianças (442 meninas e 464 meninos), 61 eram do 1º ano (idade média de 1 ano e 9 meses), 119 do 2º ano (2 anos e 6 meses), 143 do 3º ano (3 anos e 6 meses), 131 do 4º ano (4 anos e 6 meses), 237 do 5º ano (5 anos e 6 meses), e 215 do 6º ano (6 anos e 5 meses). O estudo forneceu a validação desenvolvimental e os parâmetros de desenvolvimento normativo do TVExp-100o para crianças de 1 a 5 anos de idade. Forneceu, também, a validação de critério, por comparação com medidas de vocabulário receptivo (TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o) em crianças dessa mesma faixa de 1 a 5 anos de idade. O estudo forneceu a validação desenvolvimental e os parâmetros de desenvolvimento normativo do TVAud-A33o e TVAud-B33o para crianças de 1 a 6 anos de idade, e a validação cruzada com o TVExp-100o em crianças de 1 a 5 anos / With the purpose of reducing the scarcity of vocabulary assessment tests in Brazil, this dissertation presents three tests for early assessment of receptive and expressive vocabulary in hearing children from 18 months to 6 years of age. In Brazil, up to now, the assessment of expressive vocabulary is regularly made via adaptation of Rescorlas (1989) Language Development Survey checklist, the Brazilian Portuguese adaptation of which (LAVE) has been validated and standardized by Capovilla and Capovilla (1997) for children from 2 to 6 years of age. In Brazil, up to now, the assessment of receptive auditory vocabulary is regularly made via: 1) the Brazilian-Portuguese adaptation of Dunn, Padilla, Lugo and Dunns (1986a, 1986b, 1981) Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-P), which has been validated and standardized by Capovilla and Capovilla (1997) for children from 2 to 6 years of age and by Capovilla, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, and Bernat (1997), Capovilla, Capovilla, Nunes, Nunes, Araújo, Nogueira, Bernat, ande Capovilla (1997), and Capovilla, Nunes, Nogueira, Nunes, Araújo, Bernat, e Capovilla (1997) for students from 6 to 14 years of age; 2) USP Picture Vocabulary Test (UPVT92: Capovilla & Prudencio, 2006, Capovilla & Thomazete, 2009e), which has been standardized for 7-10 year old children; 3) USP Picture Vocabulary Test (UPVT107: Capovilla, Negrão, Damazio, 2011), which has been standardized for 3-6 year old children. Even though LAVE, PPVT-B, UPVT92 and UPVT107 may be used for relatively early assessment (LAVE from 2-6 years, PPVT from 2y6m to 14 years, UPVT107 from 3-6 years, and UPVT93 from 7-10 years), research and development are necessary to provide for assessment at an even earlier age. The present study presents three standardized tests that can be used for early assessment of expressive vocabulary (UEVT100: from 1y6m to 5 years of age) and receptive vocabulary (UPVT33A and UPVT33B: from 1y6m to 6 years of age). The study provides data on developmental vadidity, reliability coeficients, and standardized norms for all three tests obtained with 906 1-6 year old children from 9 public and private schools

本研究旨在探討字彙圖教學對台灣國中生英文單字學習之成效，以及此教學方式對學生英文單字學習態度的影響。研究對象為六十三位來自中台灣某國中兩班三年級的學生，隨機指派一班為實驗組，而另一班為對照組。實驗組實施字彙圖教學，對照組實施傳統單字教學，每週上課一次，為期八週。兩組均在教學前後接受字彙測驗並施以單字學習態度問卷，實驗組另以問卷詢問對字彙圖教學的看法。研究結果顯示字彙圖教學比傳統單字教學更能顯著提升學生的單字學習，實驗組在字形、字義及用法上的表現均顯著優於對照組。雖然兩組在教學後對單字學習的態度仍未有顯著差異，實驗組在認知方面的學習態度卻在教學後有顯著改變，此外，實驗組普遍認為字彙圖教學有助於記憶新單字，而且表達出繼續使用的意願。本研究結果建議可採用字彙圖做為幫助國中生學習英文單字的教學工具。 / The present study employed an experimental/control group, pretest-posttest design to investigate the effects of vocabulary instruction using graphic organizers on Taiwanese junior high school students’ vocabulary learning. The subjects were 63 ninth graders from two classes in a public junior high school in central Taiwan. One was randomly assigned as the experimental group (N=32), and the other as the control group (N=31). The experimental group received graphic organizer instruction, while the control group received traditional vocabulary instruction once a week. Vocabulary pre-and post-tests and a vocabulary learning attitude questionnaire were administered before and after the 8-week treatment to examine students’ knowledge of the target words and their attitudes toward vocabulary learning. In addition, their perceptions of the graphic organizer instruction were also explored. The results revealed that graphic organizer instruction could significantly improve students’ vocabulary learning more than traditional vocabulary instruction, and it was effective in improving learners’ knowledge of word form, meaning, and use. Although students in the experimental group did not develop significantly more positive attitudes toward vocabulary learning than their counterparts in the control group, they significantly changed their cognitive attitudes after the treatment. Besides, they generally perceived that graphic organizer instruction could effectively help them remember English words and they were willing to use the word map in their future learning. The findings of this study suggest that the graphic organizer can be used as an alternative instructional tool to facilitate junior high school students’ vocabulary learning.

Recent research in the Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) field has focused on the pedagogical perspectives underlying TCFL textbooks and their compilation. With the increasing interaction between China and other countries in global contexts such as culture, economics and commerce, there is a great need to expand research regarding all areas and issues within TCFL, especially in the important area of vocabulary and its translation in TCFL textbooks (Tsung and Cruickshank, 2011). This research investigates a range of translation problems related to the accuracy of the vocabulary lists featured in 12 selected representative TCFL textbooks for teaching Chinese as a foreign language. This thesis presents findings from three triangulation cases (questionnaire survey, corpus research, and assessment test) involving two different groups of participants (e.g. Chinese teachers who completed the questionnaire survey and Chinese undergraduates majoring in English who underwent the assessment test). The contribution of this study is as follows: 1) I conduct a series of empirical evidence based on the viewpoints of practitioners regarding the identified translation problems to fill the gap that there are more descriptive and pedagogical works in the vocabulary translation of TCFL textbooks; 2) I adopt functional equivalence theory of translation and linguistics–based approaches (semantic, pragmatic and grammatical perspectives) to establish a theoretical framework which provides a flexible way of analysing translation and enables the original meanings of Chinese words to be analysed through various perspectives, especially for Chinese and English vocabulary analysis and translation; 3) I draw on translation quality evaluation theory to generate a translation quality evaluation framework which can serve as a reference point for other translation evaluation work regarding vocabulary conducted during other relevant studies; 4) I demonstrate that the majority of translation problems gathered from the selected TCFL textbooks were found at the preliminary level and in the content word class which have much practical relevance and research value for the pedagogical purpose of vocabulary teaching and translation; and 5) I build up a specific parallel corpus with passages and vocabulary lists of the selected TCFL textbooks.

Speech and language pathologists (SLP) use vocabulary tests as one of several means of investigating and evaluating suspected speech and language disorders. A test widely used when assessing receptive vocabulary is Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) IV. Several different Swedish translations of PPVT-IV exists today, most of which have not yet been studied. Since earlier studies have confirmed that Swedish translations of PPVT lack a steadily increasing level of difficulty, Swedish SLPs are uncertain as to how applicable the test is on a Swedish population. In this study, a Swedish translation of PPVT-IV was revised with the purpose of constructing a steadily increasing level of difficulty. The study comprised 172 monolingual children from grade 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, tested by the authors of this thesis. The participants were recruited from ten schools in Uppsala. For 21 of the 228 PPVT-IV items, two different translations were tested to enable adjustment of the level of difficulty afterwards. Based on the results of the participants, a revised translation was developed with a more steadily increasing level of difficulty. Further adaptations are still needed before standardised norms can be developed for a Swedish population. The results for every grade displayed an average score above the American age standards. Participants from grade 1 performed one year above, participants from grade 3, 5 and 7 all performed two years above, and participants from grade 9 performed six to eight years above the American age standards for the corresponding age. / Logopeder använder ordförrådstest som ett av flera instrument för att utreda och bedöma misstänkta språkliga svårigheter. Ett test som ofta används vid bedömning av det receptiva ordförrådet är Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) IV. På svenska finns idag flera olika översättningar av PPVT-IV vars användbarhet ej undersökts. Tidigare studier har visat att svenska översättningar av PPVT har brister i form av en ojämnt stigande svårighetsgrad och logopeder är därför osäkra på hur användbart testet är. I föreliggande studie reviderades en svensk översättning av PPVT-IV med syfte att konstruera en jämnt stigande svårighetsgrad. Studien omfattade 172 enspråkiga elever från årskurs 1, 3, 5, 7 och 9 testade av författarna till föreliggande uppsats. Deltagarna rekryterades från tio skolor i Uppsala. För 21 av de 228 uppgifterna i PPVT-IV testades två ord per uppgift för att möjliggöra justering av testets svårighetsgrad i efterhand. Utifrån deltagarnas resultat utarbetades en översättning som ger testet en mer jämnt stigande svårighetsgrad. Ytterligare revideringar behöver dock göras för att jämna ut svårighetsgraden ännu mer innan det är aktuellt att ta fram normer för en svensktalande population. I jämförelse med den amerikanska standardiseringen presterade de svenska deltagarna från samtliga årskurser i genomsnitt betydligt högre än motsvarande åldrar i den amerikanska populationen. Deltagarna från årskurs 1 presterade ca ett år högre, deltagarna från årskurs 3, 5 och 7 presterade ca två år högre och deltagarna från årskurs 9 presterade ca sex till åtta år högre än motsvarande åldrar inom den amerikanska standardiseringen.

The aim of this study was to identify effective teaching strategies for vocabulary acquisition for primary school-age children in natural sciences. Primarily, using qualitative method observation, it was empirically shown that the primary vocabulary instructions used during natural science studies were indirect incidental word learning activities such as conversation in the classroom. A test was standardized from Homegaard and Johansson Kokkinakis (2006) to asses and measure pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge for vocabulary words that were used during science class. The conducted test showed that the pupils’ trough incidental word learning had low vocabulary acquisition, primarily because of the everyday language used in a scientific context, leading this study to aim to answer the following questions:   Will providing explicit instructions for word acquisition increase pupils’ vocabulary?   Which possible explanations are there for the vocabulary increase?   An intervention practice was conducted to improve vocabulary acquisition, using five evidence-based suggestions for meaningful vocabulary intervention activities, provided by Steele and Mills (2011) and Becks, McKeown and Kucan (2002). The steps are based on explicit instructional activities which were used in teaching natural science. The same test that was used to asses and measure pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge of vocabulary words was used after the intervention. The empirical results showed that instructional strategies providing explicit instruction were successful in increasing pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Hence, this study identifies the empirical link between vocabulary instructions and vocabulary acquisition, as to increase the pupils’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge, by the acknowledgement of the difference between everyday language and scientific vocabulary with explicit teaching of the scientific language.

In recent years, the age of additional language learning has been lowered in school education. What separates current students from the previous generation, however, is the fact that they use modern technology, such as digital games, and this can be used as a teaching strategy. Several studies show that modern technology can benefit students in their language learning, especially when it comes to vocabulary whose acquisition helps students to develop and master the four language basic skills (listening, reading, speaking, writing). The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the literature concerning the use of digital games and their characteristics in middle school in Sweden(ages 9-12), looking at the positive and negative effects game-use has on English vocabulary learning. Results from different studies indicate that the advantages of using digital games with the aim of vocabulary acquisition outweigh the disadvantages that this computer technology can cause. Using digital games together with pedagogical materials can, for example, reduce speaking stress, increase students’ interest, motivate them to language learning, and develop language learning strategies. It is nonetheless important to take the risks of modern technology into consideration, such as behaviour change or addiction, especially with young users. Overall, integrating entertainment games into educational contexts can result in effective student learning gains.

As a result of the increase of digitalisation in today’s society, the Swedish school system requires a certain degree of digital competence amongst teachers, affecting the foundation of how their teaching practice is structured. Therefore, this study aims to investigate to what extent Swedish EFL/ESL teachers in the primary years incorporate digital tools in their teaching practice, and more specifically how – and why – they are used to facilitate learners’ vocabulary acquisition/learning. In this qualitative study, five Swedish EFL/ESL teachers in the primary years participated. The five participants work at five different schools, in three different municipalities. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of these indicate that vocabulary drills, generally given as homework, are the primary method of teaching English vocabulary to the EFL/ESL learners, requiring them to learn consciously and intentionally. Moreover, the results imply that a variation of tasks and teaching tools, as well as a frequency in exposure of content, is necessary for beneficial vocabulary acquisition/learning. Further, it is evident that digital tools have a profitable effect on learners’ motivation and consequently their learning. Finally, it is clear that what matters when incorporating digital tools is how they are used, rather than that they are used.

This study investigates the effectiveness of adopting a Creative Writing method to motivate and develop vocabulary learning in an ESL/EFL (English as a second language/English as a foreign language) context. This research also investigates the effectiveness of adapting CW as a teaching method and its approaches for facilitating vocabulary learning for upper-secondary English students. From this, we analyzed 12 empirical research from the year 2006 to 2021 by research reviewing studies on CW and synthesizing the commonalities. Our study showed promising results, which indicates that CW is a beneficial asset for teachers to increase student engagement and vocabulary acquisition for ESL/EFL learners overall that is applicable in Sweden.

Incidental vocabulary learning is a form of acquiring new words without having a specific intention in the acquisition, and it can occur in or out of the educational frame (Hatami, 2017). In the digital age, incidental vocabulary acquisition is increased as learners encounter and assimilate new words through different online platforms and technological tools. The study was conducted by searching digital databases ERC and ERIC using keywords such as "EFL," "L2," "reading," "listening," "viewing," and "watching" over 15 years (2008-2023). The studies that focus on traditional strategies or word frequency over incidental learning were excluded. Consequently, the results include diverse locations and learners and aim to capture a comprehensive view of incidental vocabulary learning.  This study explores the efficacy of incidental vocabulary learning modes—reading, listening, and watching—in an English as a foreign language classroom, considering the influence and the role of digitalization. While reading appears as the most potent mode of input for incidental vocabulary acquisition, listening and viewing also contribute significantly, but not as significantly as reading. Moreover, combining reading with listening has the most multifaceted approach and superior results in incidental vocabulary learning for foreign language educators. However, due to the lack of research on specific age groups and diverse situations, further studies are needed to explore various student types and effective methods for learning new vocabulary, particularly in Swedish schools.