The theme of this thesis is the professionalization of NGOs, which can be defined as the transformation to a formal organization with professional management. The process of professionalization consist in job creations and/or the professional management. Jobs can be filled by professionals with volunteer experience or by professionals without volunteer experience. If NGO employs professionals with volunteer experience, the character of personnel professionalization is organic, otherwise is inorganic. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the difference in process, level and consequences of organic and inorganic professionalization of nonprofit organizations. The presumption is that the organic professionalization implies less negative impact on the nonprofit organization than inorganic professionalization. In the theoretical part terms like nonprofit sector, NGOs and professionalization are defined and the theoretical background related to the character of personnel professionalization is presented there. In the empirical part - based on the methodology - is the relationship between the character of personnel professionalization and the process, level and consequences of professionalization in two researched NGOs examined.

Mit den erschütternden Kompetenzbefunden von Pisa 2000 wurde der Wert des Lesens quasi neu erfunden. Kaum eine Konzeption oder ein Grundsatzpapier, fast egal zu welchem Thema, das nicht prosaisch auf die Grundwerte des Lesens verwies. Prosa freilich, die von kommunalen Entscheidungsträgern gern überblättert wird, und Prosa auch, die ungewollt das mediale Gute und Böse einmal mehr polarisiert. Das Lesen ist nach wie vor untrennbar mit dem guten alten Buch verbunden, als Konnotation die heile Welt einer vorlesenden Großmutter, wenn auch ohne Brille und Dutt, aber mit viel Wärme in der Stimme. Das Lesen am Bildschirm, das Lesen der BILD-Zeitung oder die Lektüre von PC-Spiel-Magazinen sind eher nicht gemeint.

In the wake of the Haiti earthquake response in 2010, crowdsourced humanitarian mapping has taken off, and today is considered an essential tool by many humanitarian agencies providing assistance in disaster-affected and under-resourced countries and contexts. But what happens when there is no information on a map to help agencies decide how to respond? If they cannot find roads to take to get there? If they do not know how many houses are in a village? What if the map is – missing?In response to this all-too-common problem, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), American Red Cross, British Red Cross and the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) created and launched Missing Maps in 2014. A crowdsourced ICT4D tool designed to create accurate maps using satellite images, the initiative relies on volunteers – ‘digital humanitarians’ – to participate.So why participate? Previous research has looked at motivations for participation in open street mapping and other voluntary contribution-based tools, such as Wikipedia. Other research has described how to attract people to Missing Maps – and retain them. But until now, there has been no research exploring why people are motivated to volunteer for humanitarian ICT4D initiatives, and no researcher has tackled this subject from a cross-cultural perspective. Here I attempt to answer the question: what are the motivations for people to map? And more specifically, are the motivations of someone in the Global North to voluntarily map different from the motivations of someone in the Global South? In this paper, I outline the results of empirical research in the form of one-on-one interviews conducted across four cities I travelled to: London and Prague, to represent the Global North, and Beirut and Kampala, representing the Global South. In interviews in which a total of 21 participants were asked six standard questions about their interests, likes, motivations and challenges in mapping, I uncover clear differences between the motivations of not only people in the north versus south, but also amongst the young, and even between men and women. The results show that, while people from all walks of life and socio-economic backgrounds are motivated by a multitude of reasons, young people, especially in the Global North, are more likely to map from slacktivism tendencies given their perceptions of the mapping software’s ease of use. People from the Global North – particularly young women – were also more likely to engage out of interest in humanitarian issues or organisations like MSF. Played right, organisers could groom these young people into the humanitarians of the future. Meanwhile, people in the Global South were more likely to participate for both community and personal – such as career and life – benefits. This partly reflects previous research that has shown local bias to be a strong motivating factor for participation across other platforms. Although people across all four cities expressed some of their motivations to be altruistic ones, those in the Global South were more likely to express this response. Taking these results, I explore themes of how an ICT4D tool like Missing Maps will not change the status quo of inequality in the world, while questioning whether that is important enough to undermine the initiative. I also investigate the likelihood of being able to turn today’s young digital humanitarians into the humanitarian leaders of tomorrow. I also explore the impact of mapping in the Global South, both for those doing the mapping and those being mapped. Finally, I look at what initiatives like Missing Maps mean in the world of communications for development.

This qualitative inquiry explores and describes the Refugees Welcome movement in Sweden from 2015 to 2020 by exploring how people became volunteers, their motivation and experience while at the same time describing events, sceneries, and context with the help of their stories. The empirical material consists of 25 interviews with 20 interviewees, the theoretical perspectives come from the fields of volunteering, civil society, and social movements. A thematic analysis is the method used and the results are presented as part 1 Refugees Welcome to Malmö during the refugee crisis in the fall of 2015, and part 2 with the post-2015 Refugees Welcome initiatives separated by the establishment of checkpoints. The volunteers paint a picture of civil society handling an international issue in a globalized world, and what happens when that globalized world closes. The conclusion is that when the states of Europe introduced checkpoints it drastically changed the context of the opportunities to help refugees, cutting off networks of solidarity from the Mediterranean Sea to Malmö Central Station, and when the local authorities took over the responsibility for the refugee reception they cut off civil society and killing the engagement of the volunteers.

Volunteering overseas has become a popular activity among individuals from developed countries. Governments in these countries often provide volunteer opportunities as part of their aid programs. In Australia, the Australian Government’s Australian Volunteers for International Development (AVID) program offers opportunities for hundreds of skilled Australians to volunteer overseas every year in a range of sectors, organisations and roles. The program and its assignments aim to build the capacity of host organisations in priority fields identified by Australian and partner governments. This thesis seeks to understand how the experience of volunteering is represented by AVID, as well as the range of experiences had by current and former volunteers. The study draws on discourses of development, in particular colonial discourses and the role of volunteers in development. Content and discourse analysis is applied to 10 texts produced by AVID to understand how these representations construct and contribute to discourses of development and power relations. In addition, perspectives of volunteers collected via a survey and interviews are analysed to understand the views and experiences of AVID participants. The findings are compared, revealing both alignment and disconnect between the stories being told about volunteering and the broader realities of the volunteer experience.

Title: Organization of voluteers at the RunTour running series Objectives: The main objective of this diploma thesis is to evaluace the satisfaction of volunteers and organizers with the volunteer program on the running series RunTour and to suggest possible recommendations for its improvement. Methods: As part of the qualitative survey, the method of in-depth interviews was used, which took place with the coordinator of the volunteer program and with the heads of selected sections. Furthermore, a quantitative method of electronic interrogation was applied. The research was complemented by observations made by the author of the thesis, who personally participated in all races. Results: The research shows that most volunteers and organizers evaluate the volunteer program very positively. However, research has identified several areas where there is room for improvement. These are the areas of organization, communication and refreshments. Keywords: running, volunteering, volunteers management, satisfaction, sport events, organization

This thesis is focused on the study of volunteering for seniors from the perspective of young volunteers. There is paid a significant attention in the theoretical and empirical parts to the motivations for involvement in volunteering. Obtained from respondents data imply benefits and complications described and grouped in the Research results part. Another area of research are relationships with volunteers' own grandparents; their influence on the decision to start volunteering and on the development of a relationship with the client. Key words Volunteering, youth, elderly, grandparents, motivations, benefits, complications

Genom en kvalitativ design undersöktes kvinnors upplevelser av stress och copingstrategier i det ideella ledaruppdraget inom fotboll. Åtta deltagare intervjuades via semistrukturerade intervjuer där tematisk analys användes för att analysera resultatet. Resultatet visade att otydlig rollfördelning skapade stress då det blev svårt för informanterna att sätta gränser mellan privatliv och tränarrollen, och en känsla av att inte göra tillräckligt för spelarna infann sig. Informanterna upplevde att de behövde bevisa sin kompetens gentemot föräldrar, ledare inom föreningen och på utbildningar, vilket skapade stress. Även inre tvivel av kompetensbrist blev stress för informanterna. För att hantera mängden administrativa uppgifter och skapa kontroll över situationen använde informanterna sig av planering, framförhållning och struktur. Kommunikation bidrog till socialt stöd både från ledarstaben, egna familjen samt spelarnas föräldrar. Föreliggande studie bidrar med synvinklar ur kvinnors- och ideella ledares perspektiv på stress och copingstrategier, vilket kan bidra med insikter som gagnar vidare studier och interventioner för en jämnare könsfördelning inom idrottstränarkontexten. / Through using a qualitative design, the experience of stress in women and their respective coping strategies regarding their work in non-profit football activities were investigated. Eight participants were questioned in semi-structured interviews, and the results were analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that unclear role distribution created stress as it became difficult for the informants to set boundaries between their private life and the coaching role, and a feeling of not doing enough for the players arose. The informants experienced a feeling of having to prove their competence to both parents and other leaders within the association, and during educational sessions, which created stress. Even inner doubts about a lack of competence became a challenge for the informants. In order to manage the amount of administrative tasks and take control over the situation, the informants used a mix of planning, foresight, and structure. Communication contributed to social support both from the management staff, their own family, and the players’ parents. The present study contributes with viewpoints from the perspective of women and non-profit leaders, which can contribute insights that benefit further studies and interventions for a more even gender distribution within the context of sports coaching.

Volunteerism is positively associated with various benefits to university students. Perhaps for this reason, some educational institutions are paying students to participate in volunteerism. Conversely, the cognitive evaluation theory suggests that monetary rewards may undermine intrinsic motivation and decrease the likelihood of future participation in volunteerism. However, there has been little empirical research done regarding this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of monetary rewards on university students' intrinsic motivation to participate in a volunteerism activity. While the findings indicated a subtle trend supporting the cognitive evaluation theory, an analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical significance, thus suggesting that further research is needed in order to understand the application of the cognitive evaluation theory to volunteerism.

Although prosocial behavior has been moving in directions that highlight complexity over the past few years, little research has assessed the cost of this behavior. This study created a scale assessing the tendency to perceive costs of prosocial behavior. This was validated via focus groups, content and discriminant validity. In six focus groups, 29 13- to 25-year olds described specific prosocial acts and the costs that they experienced from the act. A questionnaire was then given to 391 emerging adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Results suggest a four-factor solution with adequate model fit, suggesting cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social costs. Convergent and discriminant validity add support to the scale. Discussion focuses on the implications of this measure for the prosocial behavior literature and important future directions.