CHDS State/Local / The Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) was formed to provide a cadre of trained medical volunteers to support and strengthen the public health infrastructure and improve its' emergency preparedness level. Training policies and standards are left to the discretion of the local MRC coordinator so the program maintains its flexibility to meet community needs. Training varies from unit to unit, and there are no protocols in place to measure or evaluate the effectiveness of that training. According to recent studies and surveys, disaster operations are an unfamiliar role for most MRC volunteers and the public health workforce in general. Evidence also suggests that few medical and public health workers receive this important preparedness training. In 2005, MRC working group members developed a list of core competency recommendations to provide training guidance, but specific educational content to satisfy those competencies were not defined. This thesis offers specific training content guidelines and strategies for achieving competency. The MRC must be able to integrate into the disaster environment while working safely, effectively and efficiently. Standards will set the mark for success, enabling the MRC to respond in a coordinated manner and at a consistently higher level to any public health emergency. / Captain, Texas State Guard-Medical Rangers

Föreliggande uppsats har undersökt volontärers uppfattningar om vilka stödinsatser som är till störst nytta för romska EU-medborgare från Rumänien som kommer till Sverige för att tigga, samt hur de förstår EU-medborgarna och deras situation. Syftet var att få en helhetsbild av hur frivilligarbetarna ser på EU- medborgarna och hur de anser att eventuellt stöd bör utformas. Ett övergripande syfte var att bidra till ökad kunskap om gruppen EU- medborgare som tigger. Detta gjordes genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades tematiskt. Studiens resultat, som analyserades med hjälp av empowerment- och tillitsteorier, visade att frivilligarbetarna anser att det är viktigt att stötta de individer som kommer till Sverige för att tigga. De uttrycker nödvändigheten av att bistå med det mest basala, men att det viktigaste och mest omfattande biståndsarbetet bör ske förebyggande i hemlandet Rumänien. Frivilligarbetarnas syn på EU-medborgarna framstår som positiv och hoppfull, samtidigt som de uppvisar gedigna kunskaper om romernas komplicerade situation i Rumänien. De uttrycker en tilltro till romernas möjlighet, att med visst bistånd, kunna påverka sin tillvaro i hemlandet. / The present study explores the experiences of volunteers working with Roma EU citizens who spend time in Sweden for the purpose of begging. The overall purpose was to investigate how the volunteers viewed the begging EU citizens and their need of support, in order to increase our awareness of begging EU citizens. Seven semi-structured interviews were carried out and, the data were analyzed using a thematic approach. Theories on empowerment and trust informed the analysis. The results indicate that the volunteers believe that Roma EU citizens are best supported preventively, where they live in Romania, although all of the volunteers expressed the necessity of basal support when the EU citizens were in Sweden. The volunteers, who showed profound knowledge of the complex Roma situation in Romania, seem to have an optimistic view of the possibilities for EU citizens to, with some support, improve their situation in Romania.

INTRODUCTION: Street medicine programs utilize a nontraditional healthcare model to provide care to populations experiencing homelessness. Through street medicine programs, clinicians take to the streets to offer services to individuals who are living unsheltered. Many street medicine programs offer health professional students the opportunity to volunteer and provide care to this vulnerable population. AIM: This exploratory study aimed to answer the following question: what influence does volunteering with a street medicine program have on the career trajectories of student volunteers who ultimately choose to work with medically underserved populations (MUPs)? METHODS: This study used an exploratory mixed methods approach to answering the research question. The core ideas that emerged from the qualitative data collected from street medicine student volunteers were used to inform the development of a web-based survey administered to a broader, national sample of street medicine student volunteers. The survey included closed- and opened- ended questions, as well as demographic questions. The Health Professionals’ Attitude Towards the Homeless Inventory (HPATHI; Buck et al., 2005) questionnaire was embedded into the survey to measure students’ attitudes towards the population experiencing homelessness before and after volunteering with a street medicine program. RESULTS: The results suggested that 15 (65.22%) of the 23 participants who completed the web-based survey reported that volunteering with a street medicine program influenced their decision to ultimately work with MUPs. Of the 19 participants who provided qualitative feedback, 7 (36.84%) mentioned that their decision to work with MUPs was influenced by their increased exposure and awareness to the barriers and needs of MUPs while volunteering with a street medicine program. Additionally, 6 (31.58%) participants mentioned that their previous decision to work with MUPs was reinforced while volunteering with a street medicine program. CONCLUSION: Volunteering with a street medicine program appears to help motivate students to work with MUPs. Incorporating opportunities to volunteer with a street medicine program into current health professional school curriculum has the potential to impact a greater network of students, as well as influence decisions regarding the students’ careers.

This research aimed to investigate how and why festival volunteers share knowledge in pulsating UK music festival organisations, through an interpretation of volunteers’ lived experiences of knowledge sharing during the event lifecycle. Within the UK music festival sector, competition for leisure spend is high, and successful management of knowledge activities has the ability to improve business, innovation, and competitive advantage. Research across Knowledge Management Studies, Festival Studies, and People and Organisation Studies is dominated by positivist, quantitative research; whereas, this research investigated a fuzzy concept (knowledge) in a socially-constructed world (music festival) and interpreted multiple realities of social actors (volunteers). To do this, a qualitative, phenomenological study was suitable to explore in-depth experiences and unveil meanings attached to them. Purposive sampling using social media resulted in a sample of adult festival volunteers (n=28) being recruited. The methods selected enabled the ability to privilege the participants’ voice and their lived experience; these were diaries (n=11) and in-depth interviews (n=9), or both (n=8). The empirical data generated was interpreted using thematic analysis, using Atlas.ti. The findings of this research illustrate how and why volunteers share knowledge that is attributed to a successful process of volunteering, which enables effective knowledge management and reproduction. Where volunteers’ motivations are satisfied, this leads to bounce-back, episodic volunteering. Knowledge enablers and the removal of barriers create conditions that are conducive for knowledge sharing, which have similar characteristics to conditions for volunteering continuance commitment. Where volunteers do not return, the organisation leaks knowledge. The original contribution of this research is through its use of qualitative phenomenological methods to explore how and why UK music festival volunteers share knowledge.

The main topic of this dissertation is Volunteers in hospice care in the Czech Republic. The aim was find the role of volunteers in hospices and benefit of their work for clients of these institutions. The work is divided into six chapters. Theoretical part consists of five chapters focused on death and dying and of ethical issues of the end of life. The research and its results are described in sixth chapter. The overall goal of this dissertation is to talk about end of life dying and death because it is a taboo in our society.

M.A. / The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Act was passed in 1995 and the TRC started its hearings in 1996. The purpose of the TRC was to promote national unity and reconciliation by establishing as complete a picture as possible of the human rights violations that had occurred during the apartheid era and to offer reparations to those who had been affected, as well as to grant amnesty to those who had committed these human rights violations. The TRC had to appoint people to help carry out its functions and deliver a report about human rights violations. Most of the people employed by the TRC to help carry out these functions were South African. Furthermore every South African had been involved in the past in one way or another, purely by being a South African. In this project the author explores, analyses and interprets the experiences of some of the people who were employed by the TRC. The focus of this project is to find out whether being employed by the TRC and having to listen to the stories being brought to the TRC exposed anyone to the possibility of developing what is called secondary traumatisation. This kind of traumatisation is different from the traumatisation that the people relating the stories had gone through during the apartheid years. This kind of traumatisation is said to develop from being exposed to traumatised people.

Introdução: Há muito as influências recíprocas entre o sistema estomatognático e a postural corporal são investigadas. Além da controvérsia nos achados, não foi encontrado qualquer estudo que tivesse investigado o efeito imediato de uma discrepância entre as pernas provocada por interferência podal nas funções orofaciais. Objetivos: Investigar se interferências na cavidade oral resultam em mudanças imediatas nos músculos mastigatórios e, se interferências podais provocam efeitos imediatos na oclusão, na mastigação e deglutição, bem como na própria postura corporal. Em caso positivo, analisar se as funções orofaciais apresentam efeitos compensatórios distintos. Metodologia: Participaram 21 voluntários saudáveis (13 do sexo feminino; 8 do sexo masculino), com média de idade de 24 ± 4 anos. Na seleção todos passaram por exame clínico da oclusão e investigação das condições miofuncionais orofaciais, por meio de protocolos previamente validados (ProDTMmulti e AMIOFE). Foram realizadas análise eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos mastigatórios na máxima contração voluntária (MCV), mastigação e deglutição; análise oclusal computadorizada e análise cinemática tridimensional. Os registros foram efetuados com interferências na cavidade oral ou podal, além da condição natural sem qualquer interferência. O teste não-paramétrico de Friedman foi empregado para comparar variáveis com distribuição não-normal e o teste de Wilcoxon com correção de Bonferroni foi aplicado como pós-teste para diferenças significantes. As variáveis com distribuição normal foram analisadas por estatística paramétrica, por meio do teste ANOVA, seguido do pós-teste de Tukey. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5% (p < 0,05) para todas as análises. Resultados: A atividade e coordenação dos músculos elevadores da mandíbula em MVC foram significantemente alteradas apenas por interferências na cavidade oral. A interferência podal (direita - ID ou esquerda - IE) não modificou a dinâmica oclusal, a amplitude EMG e coordenação muscular namastigação e deglutição. Apenas quando do lado esquerdo, gerou mudanças significantes em aspectos temporais da EMG, como aumento da frequência na mastigação unilateral esquerda, aumento da duração e redução do tempo para atingir metade do valor da integral durante a deglutição espontânea, bem como a cabeça foi inclinada para frente. Houve deslocamento lateral do braço esquerdo durante a deglutição espontânea com a interferência à direita. Tomando como referência condição sem interferência, ambas as condições com interferência (ID e IE) envolveram ajustes posturais agudos, ou seja, o corpo se deslocou levemente para trás e para o lado esquerdo, sem diferença significante entre elas. Também, houve deslocamento ao nível do quadril, para cima do lado ipsilateral à interferência e para baixo do lado contralateral. Conclusão: Os músculos temporal e masseter mostraram mudanças imediatas na distribuição da atividade e coordenação, que variaram de acordo com a localização da interferência oral. Imediatamente após a interferência podal não ocorreu efeito na dinâmica oclusal, na fisiologia dos músculos mastigatórios, tampouco no desempenho das funções de mastigação e de deglutição, exceto pela leve mudança em parâmetros temporais. Entretanto, aconteceram mudanças posturais compensatórias. / Introduction: The reciprocal influences between the stomatognathic system and the body postural have long been investigated. In addition to the controversy in the findings, any study was found that examined the immediate effect of a discrepancy between the legs caused by foot interference in the orofacial functions. Objectives: To investigate if interferences in the oral cavity result in immediate changes in the masticatory muscles and if foot interferences cause immediate effects on occlusion, chewing, swallowing and on body posture. If so, to analyze if the orofacial functions have different compensatory effects. Methods: Twenty-one healthy volunteers (13 females, 8 males) with a mean age of 24 ± 4 years were included. In the selection, all of them underwent a clinical examination of occlusion and investigation of myofunctional orofacial conditions, through previously validated protocols (ProDTMmulti and AMIOFE). Data were obtained by Electromyographic (EMG) analysis, computerized occlusal analysis, and three-dimensional kinematic analysis. The orofacial function analyzed were clenching at maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), chewing and swallowing. The records were made with interferences in the oral cavity or under the feet, besides the natural condition without any interference. The Friedman nonparametric test was used to compare variables with non-normal distribution and the Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni correction was applied as a post-test for significant differences. The variables with normal distribution were analyzed by parametric statistics, using the ANOVA test, followed by the Tukey post-test. The level of significance was 5% (p <0.05) for all analyzes. Results: The activity and coordination of the jaw elevator muscles in MVC were significantly altered only by interferences in the oral cavity. Foot interference (right - ID or left - IE) did not modify occlusal dynamics, EMG amplitude and muscular coordination in chewing and swallowing. Only on the left side did significant changes in temporal aspects of EMG, such as increased frequency in left unilateral chewing, increasedduration and reduced time to reach half of the integral value during spontaneous swallowing and the head tilted forward. There was lateral displacement of the left arm during spontaneous deglutition with right interference. Taking the reference condition without interference, both interfering conditions (ID and IE) involved acute postural adjustments, that is, the body shifted slightly backward and to the left side, without significant difference between them. Also, there was displacement at the hip level, up from the ipsilateral side to the interference and down from the contralateral side. Conclusion: The temporal and masseter muscles showed immediate changes in the distribution of activity and coordination, which varied according to the location of the oral interference. Immediately after the foot interference, there was no effect on occlusal dynamics, masticatory muscle physiology, or chewing and swallowing functions except for the slight change in temporal parameters. However, compensatory postural changes occurred

Introdução: A ocitocina (OT) é um nonapeptídeo sintetizado nos núcleos paraventricular e supraóptico do hipotálamo. Quando liberada perifericamente pela neurohipófise, a OT atua como um hormônio e promove a liberação do leite durante a lactação e a contração uterina no parto. No entanto, quando liberada centralmente, a OT age como um neurotransmissor ou neuromodulador de diversos processos, tal como na modulação da ansiedade e na regulação das respostas neuroendócrina e cardiovascular. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos agudos da administração intranasal da OT na ansiedade em voluntários saudáveis submetidos ao Teste de Simulação de Falar em Público (TSFP), bem como seu papel na modulação das respostas neuroendócrina e hemodinâmica. Métodos: Ocitocina ou veículo foram administrados intranasalmente em voluntários saudáveis (n=14) 50 minutos antes do TSFP. Durante a sessão experimental foram realizadas as seguintes medidas: (1) basal (t = -30 min)), (2) pré-teste (t = -15 min), (3) preparação (t = +50 min), (4) desempenho (t = +1:03 h) , pós-teste 1 (t = 1:26 h) e pós-teste 2 (t = 1:46 h). Para a avaliação dos estados subjetivos de ansiedade foram utilizadas as seguintes escalas de auto-avaliação: 1.Escala Analógica de Humor; 2.Escala de Sintomas Corporais; 3. Versão de ?estado? da escala de auto-avaliação ao falar em público. Para a dosagem de cortisol sérico e ACTH plasmático foi utilizada a técnica de radioimunoensaio. Também foram realizadas as medidas de freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial, condutância da pele e número de flutuações espontâneas da condutância da pele. Resultados: O grupo OT apresentou-se menos ansioso nas fases PT (p-valor = 0,03), com maior sedação nas fases PT (p-valor = 0,003), Pr (p-valor = 0,01) e S (p-valor = 0,02) e com nível de condutância da pele menor nas fases PT (p-valor = 0,02), Pr (p-valor = 0,02), S (p-valor = 0,03) e F2 (p-valor = 0,02). Nos outros parâmetros mensurados não foram encontradas diferenças intergrupos. Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que a OT na dose de 24 UI possui ação na ansiedade antecipatória em voluntários saudáveis. Espera-se que este estudo contribua com o desenvolvimento de intervenções terapêuticas em transtornos de ansiedade e com o desenvolvimento de possíveis fármacos agonistas. / Introduction: Oxytocin is a nonapeptide that is synthesized in the hypothalamus paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. When released peripherally by the neurohypophysis, it acts as a hormone that will promote milk ejection during lactation and uterine smooth muscle contraction during labor. However, when centrally released, OT acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator of several processes, such as anxiety modulation and regulation of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses. The objective of this study was to assess the acute effect of OT, intranasally administered, on anxiety levels of healthy volunteers who submitted themselves to the Public Speaking Simulation Test as well as its role in the modulation of neuroendocrine and hemodynanic responses. Methods: Oxytocin, or vehicle, was intranasally administered to healthy volunteers (n= 14) fifty minutes before the Test. During the experimental session, the following assessments were performed: 1) Baseline (t = - 30 minutes); 2) Pre test (t = -15 minutes) ;3) Preparation ( t = + 50 minutes) ; 4) Performance ( t = + 1:03 hours) , and post test 1 ( t = 1:26 hours) and post test 2 ( t = 1:46 hours ). In order to evaluate anxiety subjective states, the following self-assessment scales were used: 1) Mood Analogical Scale, 2) Bodily Symptoms Scale, and 3) ?State? Self-Assessment Version of Public Speaking Scale. A radio immune assay was used for cortisol serum level and plasmatic ACTH measurements. Additionally, heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and number of spontaneous fluctuations of skin conductance were checked. Results: The OT group was less anxious during the PT (p value =0, 03), with a higher sedation during the PT (p value = 0,003), Pr (p value = 0, 01), and S phases (p value = 0, 02) and a lower level of skin conductance during the PT (p value = 0,02), Pr ( p value = 0,02), S (p value = 0,03), and F2 phases ( p value = 0,02). As for the other parameters evaluated, no differences were found between the groups. Conclusions: The present study suggests that an OT dose of 24 UI acts on the anticipation anxiety of healthy volunteers. This study is expected to contribute to the development of therapeutical interventions in anxiety disorders as well as possible agonist drugs.

A prática de voluntariado, embora antiga, tem ganhado espaço de uma forma muito distinta das ações de caridade informais e de matizes religiosas que predominavam há até algumas décadas. Imerso em um complexo processo de institucionalização, o voluntariado ganhou novos valores a partir dos anos 90, relacionados à mudança social e à participação política, ao mesmo tempo em que se distanciou cada vez mais da idéia da caridade e do assistencialismo. Neste trabalho, buscamos entender em que medida o engajamento de indivíduos neste novo modelo de voluntariado, sendo ele uma ação coletiva e focada em mudança social, pode contribuir para uma cultura política mais participativa, a partir da formação da consciência política dos voluntários. Escolhemos como estudo de caso a ONG Teto, presente no Brasil, na América Latina e no Caribe, que atualmente representa bem este novo voluntariado como fenômeno social. Com o foco na questão habitacional e com o objetivo de superar a extrema pobreza, a ONG Teto atrai milhares de jovens universitários como voluntários. Assumimos como referencial as reflexões teóricas dos autores da psicologia política e especialmente o modelo Analítico da Consciência Política de Salvador A. M. Sandoval. Assim, buscamos entender, a partir de entrevistas, as dimensões sociais e psicológicas que constituem a consciência política dos voluntários nessa organização, a disposição deles em agirem de acordo com essa consciência e a relação desta com as atividades sociais que eles exercem na ONG. Como resultados, identificamos que ainda há um forte caráter de caridade e assistencialismo na atividade da ONG, mas com grande potencial de formação política dos jovens voluntários, especialmente a partir das vivências nos assentamentos precários. Por outro lado, identificamos pontos que desfavorecem a constituição de uma consciência política mais crítica e que, portanto, fazem com que aquele potencial não seja explorado de forma eficiente. Esses obstáculos relacionam-se principalmente à falta de posicionamento político da ONG, à falta de orientação política aos voluntários, à ausência de questionamentos mais profundos sobre as questões que buscam combater e também ao desencontro entre o discurso de erradicação da pobreza e as ações propostas / Volunteering is an old practice that nowadays unfolds in very distinct ways from the informal charity and mostly religious forms which used to prevail until some decades ago. As a contemporary society product, volunteering is now immersed in a complex institutionalization process. It has been redefined and gathered new values, related to social change and political participation while gets increasingly distant from charity speech and assistentialism. In this study, we seek to understand how taking part in this new formal volunteering, as a colective action, can contribute to a more participative political culture, from volunteers\' political awareness. NGO Teto is our case study. It is based in Latin America and the Caribbean and best represents the new volunteering as a social phenomenon. Aiming at habitation issues and at overcoming poverty, the NGO has attracted millions of university students. We take as reference the theoretical thoughts of political psychology authors, especially Salvador A. M. Sandoval\'s Analytical Model of Political Consciousness. This way, we have tried to comprehend the social and psycological dimensions that form the volunteers\' political consciousness, their willingness to act in accordance to it and its bonds to the social activities they develop at the NGO. In the analysis, we have found a model of volunteering that is still very close to charity, but with great potential of critical formation, especially as a result of volunteers\' experiences in poor communities. On the other hand, we have found out issues that are obstacles to a more critical political sonsciousness, which consequently turns this potential inexplored efficiently. The obstacles are mostly related to the NGO\'s lack of guidance and political positioning, the absence of deeper questioning about the problems the NGO and volunteers work to solve, as well as the clash between the discourse of poverty eradication and the proposed actions

Em 01 de março de 1870 a Guerra do Paraguai estava terminada. Para conter o inimigo em suas fronteiras, o Brasil precisou mobilizar o Exército, a Guarda Nacional e criar corpos de Voluntários da Pátria. Durante cinco anos o cenário político e social se modificou e, raro era a família que não teve um filho, irmão, pai, esposo, parente ou amigo lutado no Paraguai. Terminada a campanha as tropas regressaram para o Brasil. Controvérsias entre o governo de D. Pedro II, a imprensa liberal e parlamentares da câmara e do senado, em relação à recepção das tropas no Brasil, provocaram acalorados debates. Tratava-se da disputa entre comemorar e esquecer. Nessa tese percorremos os caminhos da memória da Guerra do Paraguai e para isso transitamos pelas ruas embandeiradas da Corte e das capitais das províncias para narrar os festejos populares e oficiais na recepção dos servidores da pátria recebidos com regozijo, lágrimas, flores e poesias pela população que rendia homenagens aos filhos defensores da honra nacional. No dia 10 de julho de 1870, o governo de D. Pedro II realizou no Rio de Janeiro a festa oficial, a festa do barracão, para comemorar a vitória do Brasil e lembrar os mortos e assim encerrar um capítulo da história pátria que tantas vidas deixaram no solo Paraguaio. Assistimos do alto da tribuna parlamentar a disputa pela memória da guerra de onde Caxias e o Conde D´Eu protagonizaram essa disputa. Transitamos pelas ruas de Niterói, Salvador, Recife e São Paulo e do Desterro, onde soldados doentes e mutilados, egressos dos campos paraguaios, mendigavam, provocavam desordens públicas e davam-se em espetáculos. Nas províncias encontramos as viúvas e órfãos que em súplicas ao rei pediam o pão pela perda do arrimo de família. Nas secretarias do governo, nas salas dos presidentes de províncias e nas redações de importantes jornais, era grande o volume de ofícios e petições requerendo o pagamento de indenização ao governo. Veteranos da campanha reivindicavam soldos atrasados, lote de terras, empregos públicos, condecorações e títulos honoríficos. Nas prisões públicas encontramos ex-escravos reconduzidos ao cativeiro pelos seus senhores. Na ilha de Bom Jesus percorremos o suntuoso edifício do Asilo dos Inválidos, um lugar de ressentimento. Assim, a história que procuramos narrar, transita por dois caminhos: o da comemoração e o do esquecimento / The Paraguay War finished on the 1st of March, 1870. In order to keep the enemies within their frontiers, Brazil needed to mobilize the Army and the National Guard. Also, a group of Volunteers was formed. The political and social scenery changed thoroughly during the 5 years of war, and almost all family had a member a son, a brother, a husband or a friend fighting in Paraguay. The troops returned to Brazil after the bloody campaign. A lot of debate was promoted by controversies between the govern of D. Pedro II, the liberal press and members of the senate regarding the reception of the troops in Brazil. It was a dispute between commemorating and forgetting. In this thesis, we follow the paths that lead to the memory of the war in Paraguay: the adorned streets of Rio de Janeiro as well as the provinces capitals, so as to report both the popular and official parties that received the volunteers with relief, tears, flowers and poetry. On July 10th 1870, an official party, known as Festa do Barracão was held in Rio de Janeiro, to celebrate the victory of Brazilian troops and to remember those who died at war, finishing a sad, violent chapter of the national history. We analyzed the dispute between Count DEu and the Duke of Caxias for the memory of the war. We also walked through the streets of Niterói, Salvador, Recife, São Paulo and Desterro, where sick and mutilated soldiers, ex-combatants of the war, turned into mendicants, provoking public disorders and riots. In the provinces far from Rio, we met the widowers and orphans who begged the imperial government for bread. In the secretaries of government, in the offices of province presidents and at important press centers, a huge volume of petitions and pleads required refunds and compensations. Veteran military men applied for belated payments, earth, public jobs, honorific titles etc. In public prisons, ex-slaves were taken back to captivity by their old masters. In Bom Jesus Island, we walked around and through the sumptuous building of the Invalids Asylum, a place full of resentment. The story we want to tell walks, thus, in two simultaneous paths: commemoration and forgetfulness.