Almost any woman who has worked in a male dominated industry has faced a gender stereotype or bias of some type. Some of these women have even developed coping mechanisms to counteract these biases and make day-to-day interactions at work tolerable. Gathering information to reveal these stereotypes and biases can pose a distinctive challenge. Many women do not want to reveal the challenges that they have faced in their careers, and the vastness of types of challenges makes asking the correct questions very difficult. Through testing, this study has developed a valid data collection instrument that can be used to gather the varying data. The final instrument yielded 22 items that have strong validity and reliability results.

Les Soeurs Deblois de Louise Tremblay d’Essiambre qui a connu un succès inespéré fait l’objet de cette thèse. Le but de cette étude consiste à expliquer le succès de cette saga familiale, plus précisément, de montrer comment cette saga suscite l’intérêt du lecteur et capte son attention. Cette étude porte sur deux axes essentiels : la mise en intrigue et lespersonnages dans Les Soeurs Deblois. À travers l’analyse des conflits importants entre les personnages principaux, l’étude sur la mise en place de la tension narrative et l’explication sur le jeu des coïncidences dans Les Soeurs Deblois, nous avons clarifié la stratégie de la mise en intrigue de l’auteure et nous avons mis en lumière l’importance de la dynamique de l’intrigue dans la production de l’intérêt du lecteur. Le personnage est l’un des éléments clés du succès de cette saga familiale. L’étude du système des personnages, les réflexions sur la description et l’analyse des personnages féminins nous permettent de dégager que les personnages réalistes et attachants créés par Louise Tremblay d’Essiambre contribuent à l’interaction entre le texte et le lecteur et tendent à capter l’attention du lecteur. / Louise Tremblay d’Essiambre’s The Deblois Sisters that had an unexpected success is the subject of this thesis. The purpose of this study is to explain the success of this family saga, specifically, to show how this saga arouses the reader’s interest and captures his attention. This study focuses on two key areas : the emplotment and the characters in The DebloisSisters. Through the analysis of major conflicts between the main characters, the study on the establishment of the narrative tension and the explanation on the game of coincidences in The Deblois Sisters, we have clarified the strategy of setting plot of the author and we have highlighted the importance of the dynamics of the plot in the production of the reader’s interest. The character is one of the key elements in the success of this family saga. The study of the system of the characters, les reflections on the description and the analysis of female characters allow us to reach a conclusion : therealistic and attractive characters created by Louise Tremblay d’Essiambre contribute to the interaction between the text and the reader and tend to capture the reader’s attention.

Esta pesquisa é um levantamento das reportagens presentes em REALIDADE a respeito de mulheres e gênero, e a análise de como a publicação tratou esses assuntos ao longo de sua existência. Buscou-se, aqui, a inserção da revista na história da imprensa, assim como as suas relações com os poderes econômico e político e a sua trajetória, de seu lançamento em 1966 ao seu término em 1976. As questões de gênero foram incluídas nesse contexto, sob as perspectivas das representações de mulheres veiculadas pela imprensa e da liberação feminina em processo, ambos temas recorrentes em REALIDADE. A análise ficou dividida entre as questões que envolviam a vida íntima de mulheres (sexualidade e família) e a atuação feminina extralar (trabalho e política) e o olhar masculino dirigido a elas. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, examinar as histórias propagadas pela imprensa levando-se em consideração o filtro dos jornalistas e as influências dos proprietários da Editora Abril e da ditadura civil-militar instaurada. Com esse enfoque, espera-se que este estudo seja uma contribuição para a visibilidade das mulheres em um período no qual imperava a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, de forma que as pequenas resistências de comportamento corriam o risco de serem consideradas uma ameaça ao Estado. Contudo, muitas mulheres continuaram lutando para a conquista de direitos e mais liberdades. / This research is a counting of the reports present in the magazine REALIDADE about women and gender, and the analysis of how the periodical treated these subjects all over its existence. It was searched here the inclusion of the magazine in the press history, as long as its relations with the economic and political power, since the launch in 1966 to the break down in 1976. The gender issues were included in this context, under the view of women’s representations spread by the press and women’s liberation process, both of them recurrent themes in REALIDADE. The analysis was divided among the questions that involve the intimate life of women (sexuality and family) and the female performance outside the home (work and politics) and the male view directed to them. The intension with this work is to examine the stories spread by the press, taking into account the journalists filters and the influences of Editora Abril’s owners and the civil-military dictatorship established. With this approach, it’s expected that this study contribute to the visibility of women in a time of National Security Doctrine, when the small resistances of behavior were in risk of being considered a threat to the State. Even so, many women kept fighting to the reach of more rights and freedom.

In Kenya, 69 percent of populations depend on biomass fuels to meet their cooking needs. The incomplete combustion of biomass is performed in insufficiently ventilated settings thus exposing human health and environment to toxic pollution. To date, women and children in resource limited settings have been most vulnerable to severe respiratory infections. The promotion of the Improved Biomass Cookstoves has become a popular issue in policy, research and practice. Community Based Organizations have however faced serious challenges in increasing sustainable use of the cookstoves among users. This qualitative study investigates the role of Community Based Organizations in promoting the Improved Biomass Cookstoves through women’s empowerment initiatives. It applies focus group interviews, questionnaire and formal interviews. 11 interview forms were administered to 30 women, 2 key informants and 3 implementing Community Based Organization representatives in Dunga wetland community. A combination of previous research and this empirical study show that economic resources, small diameter stove designs as well as insufficient policy support hinder effective stove programmes. While there is general adoption, women lack sufficient income and ownership of land which is a significant resource to empowerment. Women informal financial networks are instrumental in driving behavioral change towards clean cooking in the community. Sufficient gender sensitive policy intervention and support can provide effective channels to ensure sustainable incomes of women, livelihoods and stove use.

Comparisons between countries around the globe reported since 1999 reveal that nations’ wealth consistently increases with distance from the Equator. Is Peru’s territory exempt from this trend? This study used GPS coordinates, questionnaire data, climate files, and census information from the 2000 Peru Demographic and Health Survey, Climate Wizard, and G-Econ data sets toreconcile the contradictory national evidence and understand the role of certain geophysical and social variables. Household assets increase from north to south in the Brack ecological regionswith latitudinal orientation which were studied (Desert, Puna, Yunga, Amazon), especially in rural settings, and as does women’s education, except in the Amazon. Neither temperature nor fourteen other geophysical and social variables account for such effects, though women’s domestic power explains them in the Yunga ecoregion. The findings can be understood through two theoretical perspectives: one, according to the evolutionary theses of Lynn, Rushton, and Kanazawa, suggests the genetic fixation of differential intellectual levels caused by an ancestral adaptation of Peruvian to various conditions of climate and altitude. The other, combining what is known about ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D, and production of sexual hormones with Zajon’sconfluence theory, is defined by fertility rate and the consequent intellectual home environment for the child. Both predict the increment of IQ and educational PISA scores from north to south Peru, but one points toward education and the other to family planning as human development strategies. / Resultados de comparaciones reportadas entre países alrededor del globo desde 1999 indican quela riqueza de las naciones crece consistentemente con la distancia a la línea ecuatorial. ¿Está el territorio peruano exento de esta tendencia? Para reconciliar la contradictoria evidencia nacional y entender el rol de ciertos factores geofísicos y sociales, este estudio utilizó coordenadas GPS, datos de cuestionarios, archivos de clima, e información censal existentes en varias bases de datos(Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Perú 2000, Climate Wizard, G-Econ). Los activos del hogar crecen de norte a sur en las regiones ecológicas de Brack de orientación latitudinal estudiadas (desierto, puna, yunga, Amazonía), especialmente en ámbitos rurales, y la educación de la mujer lo hace en las tres primeras. Ni la temperatura ni otras 14 variables geofísicas y sociales dan cuenta de los efectos, aunque el poder doméstico de la mujer los explica en la ecoregión Yunga. Los resultados pueden entenderse en dos perspectivas teóricas. Una, acorde con las tesis evolucionistas de Lynn, Rushton y Kanazawa, sugiere la fijación genética de niveles intelectuales diferenciales producidos por una adaptación ancestral de los peruanos a distintas condicionesde clima y altura. La otra, combinando lo que se conoce sobre radiación ultravioleta, vitamina D, y producción de hormonas sexuales con la teoría de la confluencia de Zajonc, se define por la tasa de fertilidad y consecuente ambiente intelectual hogareño para el niño. Ambas predicen el incremento del cociente intelectual y los puntajes educativos PISA del norte al sur peruanos, pero de una se desprende la educación y de la otra la planificación familiar como estrategias promotoras de desarrollo humano.

This thesis seeks to increase recognition of contemporary Palestinian women’s cinema and locates it firmly within the Palestinian film industry. I argue that Palestinian women’s cinema has created and developed a nuanced cinema whilst sustaining and enhancing the Palestinian film industry. The twenty-first century has undeniably witnessed the vigorous development of a Palestinian women’s cinema and the number of Palestinian women filmmakers and films is still on the rise. Scholars have often focused on increasing worldwide recognition of mainstream Palestinian films directed and produced by well-known Palestinian filmmakers. This has resulted in the marginalisation of Palestinian women’s cinema within an already marginalised Palestinian film industry. I locate Palestinian cinema, in the introduction, as a transnational cinema and I also explain my rationale for placing women’s film under the category of “women’s cinema”. In order to offer a comprehensive analysis and to understand and examine the corpus of films in this thesis, I firstly provide an overview of the historical and contemporary background of Palestinian popular arts and cinema, highlighting Palestinian women’s participation. In chapter 2, I discuss women’s roles in Palestinian politics in order to trace women’s positions and roles in political public life because it is difficult to separate activism from social life and thus from cinema, as these three intersect and mutually influence one another. In chapter 3, 4 and 5 I argue, through detailed discussion and analysis of this body of work that, unlike Palestinian cinema at large, Palestinian women filmmakers embody, interweave and reflect on the complex and often contradictory contemporary and historical issues taking into account ideologies and socio-cultural differences in a complex geopolitical space (e.g. sexual restrictions, power and authority, femininity and masculinity, restriction on movement and hyphenated identities). I also argue that these women filmmakers are interested in developing responses to what they see as heterogeneous and hyphenated Palestinian identities while adapting traditional and modern filmic styles. Here I have studied their works thematically as this provided greater insight into the social and historical contexts of contemporary Palestinian lives. I argue that films by Palestinian filmmakers living inside Palestine focus and revolve around socio-culturally sensitive and underrepresented issues of love and sexuality (chapter 3), violence and power (chapter 4). I also argue that hyphenated Palestinian filmmakers, in this case, Palestinian American filmmakers, explore through their work themes of displacement and the imagined homeland by reflecting on historical events and also through examining the different ‘journeys’ of their hyphenated characters, both internal and geographical. I study the films in this thesis within contemporary discourses on culture, cultural capital, discourses of power, identity, migration and diaspora, exile, feminist debates, gender politics, postcoloniality and borderlands.

Idag är psykisk ohälsa den vanligaste orsaken till långtidssjukskrivning i Sverige. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka vad det innebär för kvinnor att vara långtidssjukskrivna för psykisk ohälsa och återvända till arbetet. Datainsamlingen bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt intervjuades åtta kvinnor som varit sjukskrivna i minst två månader. Kvinnorna var bosatta i Uppsala län, Västmanlands län och Västra Götalands län. Dataanalysen genomfördes i linje med de riktlinjer IPA-metoden förespråkar. Resultatet påvisar att det förekommer en del svårigheter med att vara långtidssjukskriven för psykisk ohälsa. Mest framträdande var en känsla av orkeslöshet och isolering. Arbetsåtergången var utformad på olika sätt, den vanligaste rehabiliteringsåtgärden var arbetsanpassning. Studiens resultat tyder på att arbetsplatser saknar tydliga rutiner för arbetsåtergång vid långtidssjukskrivning för psykisk ohälsa. Vidare framgick det att delaktighet och inflytande, lyhörda chefer och den egna viljan var viktiga utgångspunkter för en god arbetsåtergång. Socialt stöd betraktades som en viktig förutsättning under hela sjukskrivningsförloppet.

De fortes contraintes juridiques, morales et coutumières pesaient sur les femmes de la fin du « long » 18ème siècle en Grande Bretagne. Les écrits féminins s’en ressentaient autant du point de vue des stratégies littéraires que de l’intrigue. Pour contourner les interdits et les tabous dont l’écriture féminine devait tenir compte, certaines romancières eurent recours à une satire ingénieuse qui ridiculisait les travers d’une société qui leur interdisait le sens critique. L’étude du contexte permet de faire la lumière sur le pourquoi et le comment de leurs stratégies satiriques. C’était l’époque des Lumières anglaises et écossaises, du début de la Révolution Industrielle et de la formation des classes moyennes. L’économie s’épanouissait et requérait une première « consommation de masse ». Synecdoques de la femme à vendre ou qui cherche à l’être, l’objet et l’argent sont les deux aspects d’analyse critique qui sous-tendent la structure de ce travail. La théorie de la re-création esthétique à la réception de Wolfgang Iser sert à souligner l’écart de réception possible entre le lecteur d’alors et celui de nos jours, et ensuite à susciter, investigations dans le contexte à l’appui, une émotion nouvelle à la lecture de ces ouvrages vieux de deux siècles. La théorie de la consommation de Baudrillard est choisie parce qu’elle facilite une compréhension de certains comportements autour de l’objet de personnages satirisés dans les romans. / Heavy juridical, moral and customary constraints weighed on women at the end of the « long » 18th century in Great Britain. The impact of such constraints on feminine writing touched the various literary strategies as well as the plots in the novels. In order to get round the taboos set by patriarchy - taboos that only touched the world of women – a few women writers used an ingenious kind of satire that ridiculed the faults of a society that forbade them any right to criticise. Researching the context allows us to understand the motives and the techniques of their satirical strategies. This was the time of English and Scottish Enlightenment, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and the making of the middle classes. The economy was flourishing and led to a first wave of “mass consumption”. As synecdoches for women for sale or who wanted to be sold, objects and money are the two sides to the critical analysis that underlies the structure of this thesis. Wolfgang Iser’s theory of aesthetic re-creation by the reader is used to underline the possible gap in reception between at least two communities of readers and then, through investigation in the context, to arouse new interest for the works by Burney, Austen and Ferrier, some of them really unknown to most. Baudrillard’s theory of consumption has been chosen because it facilitates the reader’s understanding of the characters’ behaviour with respect to objects when the characters in question are the target of satire.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The present research examines the post-formative Islamic legal literature surrounding the question of women’s leadership to gauge whether and to what extent the development of Islamic legislation pertaining to women was determined by genderattitudes prevalent in Muslim society. There are three main theories to explain the prevalence of Islamic legal rulings divesting women of leadership roles. The first is the traditional view that these rulings are best explained by the application of the theoretical and hermeneutical approaches of classical Islamic legal theory to the Islamic source texts, the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The second is that the rulings are best explained as the consequence of the widespread gender attitudes in near-eastern society during the formative and early post-formative period of Islamic Law. The third is that legal inertia is the primary factor in explaining the existing post-formative Islamic legal corpus and little can be determined from it regarding the origin and early perpetuation of the laws. These competing theories are tested and explored by returning to a broad survey of Islamic legal texts from the four canonical schools of thought. The relevant passages from these texts are first translated and then examined according to three separate analytical approaches – a legal-hermeneutical analysis, an analysis of gender motifs, and a diachronic analysis of legal arguments – to explore the ways in which classical legal scholars arrived at and justified the prohibition of female leadership in politics, the judiciary, and congregational prayer. Key

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T13:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-04T13:53:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-04T13:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Ligia Gabrielli. 2013.pdf: 1026296 bytes, checksum: 89f63e16b88a791cbbe005081c01884e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é a doença endócrina mais freqüente em mulheres com idade reprodutiva. Apresenta prevalência entre 2 e 15%, tendo sido estimada em 8,5% (IC 95%: 6,80-10,56) em Salvador, Brasil. Caracteriza-se por fenômenos relacionados à oligoovulação, hiperandrogenismo e subfertilidade, além de se constituir numa síndrome metabólica que predispõe à obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão e dislipidemia. O diagnóstico precoce traz consigo a chance da intervenção para a prevenção das complicações. Apesar do quadro completo de fatores de risco para a doença cardiovascular (DCV), não tem sido fácil demonstrar esta associação. Muitos trabalhos têm sido realizados com resultados desconcertantes, pois ao tempo em que apontam invariavelmente para a associação da síndrome com os fatores de risco conhecidos para DCV não mostram de forma consistente a associação com a ocorrência desses eventos. A necessidade de pesquisar mulheres com SOP que se encontrem em faixa etária de risco para as DCV leva à necessidade de identificá-las na fase de sua ocorrência, que costuma ser na pós menopausa, momento em que uma parte dos critérios diagnósticos consagrados para mulheres em idade reprodutiva já não estão presentes, ou se encontram atenuados. Outro problema encontrado são as definições e padronização de métodos utilizados para a identificação dos componentes do diagnóstico, em particular para a utilização em estudos com grandes amostras. Um dos principais marcadores da SOP é o hiperandrogenismo clínico, representado predominantemente pelo hirsutismo, que costuma ser identificado através do escore de Ferriman-Gallwey, método com grandes problemas de aplicabilidade em estudos populacionais. A patogênese da SOP é ainda incerta. Alguns dados apontam para causas genéticas, com ocorrência frequente num mesmo grupo familiar, porém até o momento, nenhum padrão de herança, gene ou grupo de genes foi associado à ocorrência da síndrome de modo consistente. Exposições precoces são também aventadas, que se iniciam na vida intrauterina, passando pelo período pós-natal, infância e adolescência, o que parece configurar um acúmulo de eventos adversos que levam à morbidade na vida adulta e apontam não só para a multicausalidade, como também para a necessidade de se apropriar da perspectiva do curso de vida como modelo teórico para dar conta da sua complexidade. A quase totalidade dos estudos sobre o tema realizados no Brasil é da área clínica, observando-se uma carência absoluta de estudos epidemiológicos nacionais. O objetivo geral desta tese foi estudar a síndrome dos ovários policísticos numa perspectiva epidemiológica, possibilitando meios para sua identificação em estudos populacionais. Os objetivos específicos indicam os artigos que compõem este trabalho: a) construir e validar instrumento simplificado para a identificação de hirsutismo; b) propor e avaliar critérios plausíveis para a identificação de mulheres com SOP na pós-menopausa e c) estudar fatores associados à SOP, reconstruindo domínios que representem as diversas fases da vida e a ocorrência de comorbidades tardias. No primeiro artigo, construiu-se e validou-se questionário simplificado e autoaplicável com quatro perguntas, para identificar o hirsutismo em mulheres acima dos 35 anos, adequado para uso em larga escala e adaptável para diversos meios de aplicação, dentre eles, a internet. No segundo artigo foram propostos critérios diagnósticos para a síndrome em mulheres na pós-menopausa e pôde-se mostrar como os fenótipos resultantes identificaram mulheres com características clínicas e bioquímicas esperadas para mulheres com SOP, validando os critérios propostos com desfechos epidemiológicos prováveis. O terceiro artigo descreveu fatores sociodemográficos, reprodutivos e metabólicos associados à SOP e como eles se comportaram em relação à ocorrência da síndrome. A população de estudo foi composta por trabalhadoras da Universidade Federal da Bahia que integram a coorte do ELSA-Brasil. Todos os artigos foram realizados com os dados transversais da linha de base, efetuada de 2008 a 2010. Com este trabalho, que é a continuidade do projeto de pesquisa epidemiológica sobre o tema, que se iniciou em 2007 com o estudo de prevalência da SOP na atenção primária de Salvador, começam a ganhar corpo dados brasileiros sobre esta parcela significativa de mulheres, que apresenta riscos particulares para doenças crônicas comuns, porém de alta morbimortalidade. / Salvador