Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer mot kvinnor är ett tilltagande globalt folkhälsoproblem där var tredje kvinna världen över någon gång har upplevt våld i en nära relation. Våldet kan visa sig som psykiskt, fysiskt och sexuellt våld som medför allvarliga konsekvenser för de utsatta kvinnorna. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen har en viktig roll i bemötandet med våldsutsatta kvinnor och bär en nyckelroll i att skapa en förtroendefull relation med patienten.  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relation upplever bemötande från hälso- och sjukvårdpersonalen.   Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt grundades av tio kvalitativa originalartiklar. Artiklarna inhämtades via databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Data analyserades enligt Fribergs analyssteg.   Resultat: I denna litteraturöversikt identifierades fem huvudteman: Bli tagen på allvar, Vikten av tillit, Empati, Säkerhet och Betydelsen av stöd. När hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens bemötande upplevdes som negativt upplevde de våldsutsatta kvinnorna känslor av ensamhet, skam, att de inte blev tagna på allvar och skuldbelagde sig själva. Sammanfattning: Resultatet visar att våldsutsatta kvinnorna i nära relationer hade övervägande negativa erfarenheter av bemötandet från hälso-och sjukvårdspersonalen. De upplevde att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen saknade empati och kunskap i att både ställa frågan om våld i nära relationer och att besitta kunskap i vilka stöd och resurser som fanns att hänvisa till. / Background: Intimate partner violence is a global increasing public health problem where one in three women in the world has experienced violence from their partner during their lifetime. The violence includes different types among others psychological, physical and sexual violence and has severe consequences for the woman. Healthcare professionals has an important role in the treatment of women subjected to intimate partner violence and plays a key role in stablishing a trusting relationship with the patient. Aim: The purpose of this literature review is to shed light on the experience of women who are subjected to intimate partner violence encountering healthcare professionals. Method: A literature review based on results extracted from ten qualitative articles and the articels were collected from the databases Cinahl complete and PubMed. Data was analyzed based on Fribergs four analysing steps.   Results: Four themes were identified in this literature review: The importance of trust, Be taken seriously, Empathy, Safety, and The importance of support. Women who have been exposed to intimate partner violence experienced feelings of loneliness, shame, not being taken seriously and blamed themselves when the treatment of the health care professionals was perecived as negative. Summary: Women who are subjected to intimate partner violence had predominantly negative experiences encountering healthcare professionals. They felt that the healthcare professionals lacked empathy and knowledge in both asking the question about being exposed to violence, providing support and referral to available resources where these women could get help.

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Bakgrund: Polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) orsakas av obalans i kvinnans könshormoner och leder till bildning av cystor i äggstockarna. Syndromet rubbar kroppens hormonella och metabola funktioner vilket kan leda till övervikt och en negativ inverkan på kvinnans hälsa och livskvalitet. Vid PCOS rekommenderas livsstilsförändringar som första behandlingsalternativ i syfte att förbättra hälsan kortsiktigt och långsiktigt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av livsstilsförändringar vid PCOS ur ett omvårdnadsperspektiv. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats som baserades på strukturerade artikelsökningar. Elva artiklar med innehåll som svarade mot syftet bearbetades i en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier där den ena benämndes som Betydelsen av information om livsstilsförändringar och den andra som Värdet av att bemöta kvinnors omvårdnadsbehov. Kvinnor beskrev vårdpersonalens brist på kunskap om livsstilsförändringar som behandling vid PCOS. Vårdens bristande kunskap ledde till att de fick otillräcklig information och omvårdnad. De efterfrågade en omvårdnad som såg till alla deras behov. Konklusion: Berörda kvinnor skulle gynnas av att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal får utbildning generellt om PCOS samt specifikt hur livsstilsförändringar kan förbättra symtombild och förhindra utveckling av följdsjukdomar. / Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is caused by imbalance in the female sex hormones, resulting in cystic ovaries. It also effects the hormonal and metabolic functions, which can lead to obesity and a negative impact on the overall health and quality of life. Lifestyle changes is the first-line treatment to improve women’s health both short and long term. Aim: To describe women’s experiences of lifestyle changes in PCOS, from a caring perspective. Method: A general literature study with an inductive approach was conducted. Eleven articles responded to the aim of the study and were analyzed through content analysis. Result: Based on the analysis the result was divided into two main categories; The importance of information on lifestyle changes and The value of meeting women’s nursing care needs. Women described the caregivers lack of knowledge regarding lifestyle change as treatment in PCOS. Women experienced that the caregivers lack of knowledge resulted in them receiving insufficient or missing information. Therefore, women emphasized the necessity of a nursing care that covered all their needs. Conclusion: Affected women would benefit from health care professionals receiving education on PCOS and specifically how lifestyle changes can improve the symptom picture and prevent the development of sequelae.

Purpose: To describe the experience of managing relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis among adult women users of injectable disease modifying drugs, including day-to-day management, medication beliefs, and health care provider influence. Rationale/Significance of the study:Approximately 85% of the 400,000 Americans with multiple sclerosis have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), characterized by unpredictable relapses and partial or full remissions of neurological symptoms. Untreated, RRMS may progress to permanent, irreversible disability and decreased quality of life. Current guidelines recommend immediate and sustained treatment with injectable disease modifying drugs (DMDs). However, despite pronounced modest benefits, approximately 30%-62% of patients are not undergoing DMD therapy. A small number of quantitative studies have identified factors that predict adherence to injectable DMDs. However, little is known about injectable DMDs from patients’ perspectives. It is important to develop an understanding of the experience of managing RRMS among adult users of injectable DMDs in order for health care providers to provide ongoing education, counseling, and support. Organizing Framework:The framework, Beliefs About Medicines, was used to guide the study. Design: Qualitative descriptive design. Setting: Data were collected from adult women with RRMS who received care from an MS clinic, a neurology practice, and through snowball sampling. Sample: Purposive and theoretical sampling was used to recruit 32 women with RRMS. Maximum variation sampling ensured the appropriate breadth and depth of experiences. Women currently undergoing injectable DMD therapy (n = 25), as well as women who either discontinued (n = 6), or never used (n = 1) injectable DMDs were interviewed. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was utilized. Verification occurred through trustworthiness of data, including rich, thick description from qualitative interviews; field notes and memoing; and member checks. Simultaneous data collection, analysis, and interpretation facilitated interview revision in order to elicit or expand emerging themes. Content analysis inductively derived themes and patterns within and across categories. Participant quotes substantiated particular themes. Confirmability of the data analysis process was undertaken in consultation with the research advisor. Implications: Findings elucidated adult women’s subjective experiences concerning management of RRMS among users of DMDs, including day-to-day management, medication beliefs, and health care provider influence. Results from this study can be used to educate, counsel, and support women in the management of RRMS.

Bakgrund: Förlossningsskador kan leda till fysiska och psykiska besvär. Det finns brister och stora variationer i förlossningsvården i Sverige. Det saknas evidensbaserade riktlinjer för fysioterapi inom området och vilka insatser som har effekt är inte helt klarlagt. Kvinnornas egna upplevelser och erfarenheter spelar stor roll i arbetet för att fylla de kunskapsluckor som finns idag.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka fem kvinnors personliga upplevelser och erfarenheter av fysioterapeutiska åtgärder efter att de drabbats av förlossningsskador grad 3–4 och på så sätt öka förståelsen för fysioterapeutiska åtgärder hos fysioterapeuter inom detta område.  Metod: Studien hade en kvalitativ deskriptiv design. Deltagarna var fem kvinnor som drabbats av förlossningsskador av grad 3–4. Rekryteringen skedde via Facebook-gruppen ”Allt om förlossningsskador”. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och intervjumaterialet bearbetades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: Minskad funktion i det vardagliga livet, Brister inom förlossningsvården, Upplevelser av fysioterapeutiska åtgärder och Informanternas förslag till förbättring inom kvinnohälsa samt tio subkategorier.   Konklusion: Studien visade att kvinnorna upplevde att det saknas kunskap och kompetens gällande fysioterapi vid förlossningsskador. Resultatet tyder på att de viktigaste faktorerna i mötet med dessa kvinnor är utförligt information, tydliga instruktioner och bra bemötande av patienten. Behovet av vidare forskning och nya riktlinjer gällande fysioterapi vid förlossningsskador är stort och den fysioterapeutiska grundutbildningen bör inkludera en mer omfattande del om kvinnohälsa. / Background: Women with perineal tears after childbirth often suffer from physical and psychological issues. There are some varieties and deficiencies in the Swedish health care system of maternity care, and there is an absence of evidence-based guidelines in the physiotherapeutic field of maternity care. The women’s perspectives play a major role to fill the gaps of knowledge that exist today.  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate views and experiences of physiotherapy from women with third- and fourth-degree perineal tears to establish a higher knowledge for physiotherapeutic methods.   Method: The study was a semi-structured qualitative interview study that included five women with third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. The participants were recruited through the Facebook group “Allt om förlossningsskador”. Analyzing of the interview material was done through a qualitative content analysis.  Results: The analysis resulted in four categories: Reduced function in everyday life, Deficiencies in maternity care, Experiences of physiotherapeutic measures and The informants’ proposals for improvement in women’s health with ten subcategories.  Conclusion: The study showed that the women felt that there is a lack of knowledge and competence regarding physiotherapy after perineal tears. The results indicate that the most important factors in the meeting with these women are detailed information, clear instructions and good treatment of the patient. Further research and new guidelines regarding physiotherapy for women with perineal tears is needed and the physiotherapeutic education should involve more about women health and rehabilitation of pelvic floor injuries.

Introduction: Monitoring football players training load is important, lack of recovery and high training load can result in injury or illness.Aim: Describe internal training load, acute chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and wellness of female elite football players. Investigate the relationship between daily training load and wellness.  Method: Seventeen players estimated session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) after each football session and muscle soreness, sleep quality and mental stress before every session during twelve weeks of pre-season training. Internal training load and ACWR were calculat- ed using sRPE multiplied by training minutes.  Results: Weekly training load for outfield players was 1697,22±632,07AU, for goalkeepers 1570,69±580,50AU. Outfield players total wellness score was 23,58±2,62, goalkeepers score was 21,2±3,35. ACWR was between 0,31-1,30 for outfield players, 0,36-1,35 for goalkeep- ers. Week correlations were seen between internal training load and muscle soreness (r=- 0,24, p<0,001) and mental stress (r=-0,18, p<0,001) in outfield players.  Conclusion: The study describes internal training load, ACWR and wellness of a female elite football team. Large variations were seen weekly training load, which could be an increased risk of injury. ACWR can be a guide when planning training load. Internal training load doesn't seem to have a big impact on the players wellbeing. / Bakgrund: Monitorering av fotbollsspelares träningsbelastning har en betydande roll då bris- tande återhämtning och hög träningsbelastning kan resultera i skada, sjukdom eller överträ- ningssyndrom.Syfte: Kartlägga intern träningsbelastning, acute chronic workload ratio (ACWR) och well- ness hos kvinnliga elitfotbollsspelare. Undersöka samband mellan daglig träningsbelastning och wellness.  Metod: Sjutton spelare från ett lag skattade ratings of percived exertion efter varje tränings- pass (sRPE) samt sleep quality, mental stress och muscle soreness inför varje träning under tolv veckors försäsongsträning. Intern träningsbelastning och ACWR beräknades genom att multiplicera sRPE med träningstid. Data analyserades separat för fjorton utespelare och tre målvakter.  Resultat: Veckovis träningsbelastning 1697,22 (±632,07)AU för utespelare, 1570,69 (±580,50)AU för målvakter. Total wellness score var 23,58±2,62 för utespelare, 21,2±3,35 för målvakter. ACWR låg mellan 0,31-1,30 för utespelare och 0,36-1,35 för målvakter. Svaga samband sågs mellan intern träningsbelastning och muscle soreness (r=-0,24, p<0,001) samt mental stress hos utespelarna (r=-0,18, p<0,001). Inga signifikanta samband sågs vid bräk- ningar av målvakternas data.  Slutsats: Studien beskriver intern träningsbelastning, ACWR och wellness hos ett kvinnligt elitfotbollslag. Stora variationer sågs i träningsbelastning mellan veckorna vilket kan utgöra ökad risk för skada. ACWR kan vara till stöd i planering av träning och återhämtning. Intern träningsbelastning verkar inte ha någon större påverkan på spelarnas välmående.

Despite the amount of studies conducted in the field and actions taken, gender-based violence continues to be rampant in both Afghanistan and Armenia. This study investigates potential causes and factors as to why the two societies look and function the way it does. By conducting a comparative case study by using a most similar system design, the aim with the thesis is to gain a broader understanding of why the women of Afghanistan and Armenia are suffering to these levels. Experiences of Afghan and Armenian women will be studied together with the legal and social construction of the countries. The study is primarily based on the theoretical framework of factors contributing to gender-based violence. The combination of sources that have been selected and used have done so in order to create as fair and representative a picture of Afghan and Armenian society and the experiences of the women living there as possible.

This qualitative study is based on interviews about womens experiences of mental pain due to violence in close relationships. Men’s violence against women in close partner relationships is a major societal problem today not only in Sweden but also worldwide. The most common violence that occurs are the ones at home which makes it a hidden problem. Therefore the lack of knowledge about the subject makes it difficult to prevent it from happening. The purpose of this essay was to study women's experiences of violence in close relationships and how they feel that they have been affected by the psychological pain that has arisen as a result of violence in close relationships or harassment that they have experienced. The violence can be psychological, physical and sexual and the abuser successively takes control over the women and her life. A qualitative study was conducted with a thematic analysis and interview guide where women had been in contact with different women’s shelter. The results showed that we need to work further with violence and include preventioned work

Bakgrund  Missfall är en vanlig händelse och kan påverka en kvinnas liv markant. Den vanligaste definitionen av missfall är en graviditet som spontant avbryts av kroppen själv innan graviditetsvecka 22. Vid missfall kommer kvinnor i kontakt med vården och omvårdnadsansvarig vårdpersonal är sjuksköterskan.  Syfte  Syftet var att belysa kvinnors syn på omvårdnad i samband med missfall.  Metod  Metoden som valdes var en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Public Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature och Psychological Information Database. Urval och kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes vartefter 15 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades enligt Kristenssons integrerade analys.  Resultat  Resultatet består av två kategorier vilka beskrivit kvinnans syn på omvårdnad vid missfall. Dessa övergripande kategorier blev ‘stöd ’och ‘kommunikation’. Avsaknaden av emotionellt stöd, uppföljning och negativt språkbruk påverkade kvinnornas syn på omvårdnaden i samband med missfall negativt.  Slutsats  Att genomgå ett missfall kan vara en emotionellt svårhanterad händelse för en kvinna, och kan leda till depression, ångest eller posttraumatisk stress. Kvinnors syn på och upplevelse av omvårdnaden de fick i samband med deras missfall hade en betydande roll för deras emotionella återhämtning efter förlusten. Resultatet visade på att majoriteten av kvinnorna som deltog i de olika studierna upplevde omvårdnaden som bristande, då den hade kunnat fokusera mer på personcentrerad omvårdnad. Kvinnors syn på god omvårdnad är att få emotionellt stöd genom att bli bekräftade, lyssnade till, informerade, tillfrågade om vad de behöver samt att vårdpersonal inte ska använda emotionellt laddade ord eller svår medicinsk terminologi. Kvinnor vill även få uppföljning samt att deras partners ska bli mer inkluderade. / Background  Miscarriage is a common occurrence and is most commonly defined as a pregnancy that spontaneously is terminated by the body itself within 22 weeks. A miscarriage can significantly affect a woman's life. In the event of a miscarriage, women come into contact with health care and the main responsible care provider is the nurse.  Aim  The aim was to illustrate women’s view on nursing care in conjunction with miscarriage.  Method  The chosen method was a literature review. Data collection was performed through the databases Public Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Psychological Information Database. Selection and quality review were implemented. Fifteen scientific articles were analyzed according to Kristensson's integrated analysis.  Results  The result consists of two categories which describe woman's view of nursing care in the event of a miscarriage. These overarching categories became 'support' and 'communication'. The lack of emotional support, follow-up and care with choice of words negatively affected the women's view of nursing care in connection with miscarriage.  Conclusions  Going through a miscarriage can be an emotionally difficult event for a woman, that can lead to depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress. Women's views on and experience of the care they receive by health care personnel in connection with their miscarriage has a significant role in their emotional recovery after the loss. The majority of the women who participated in the studies experienced health care as inadequate. Women's view of good care was to receive emotional support by being confirmed, listened to, informed, asked about their needs and that caregivers should not use emotionally charged words or difficult medical terminology. Women also wanted follow-up and that their partners should be more included.

The Long Eighteenth Century was a period in which change was constant and proceeding the Restoration Era; this sense of change continued throughout the era. Charles II created an era in which women were allowed on the theatre stage, and his mistresses accompanied him to court; Charles II set the stage for the proto-feminist ideas of the eighteenth century that would manifest themselves in Eliza Haywood’s Love in Excess, Daniel Defoe’s Roxana, and Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story. These novels showcase the enlightenment of women and some of their male contemporaries and the beginning struggles of female agency. The eighteenth century was a time in which the separate sphere mentality grew ever stronger within the patriarchal society, and yet, women began to question their subservient place in this society—although this struggle would continue to intensify throughout the nineteenth century and eventually come to fruition in the late nineteenth century.