Digitaliseringen har fått ett större utrymme i skolans undervisning och kan leda till förändringar i skrivundervisningen. Elevers röster och åsikter behöver tas i beaktande när skrivundervisningen planeras. Syftet med studien är att belysa elevers uppfattningar om skrivutveckling, skrivundervisning samt analoga och digitala skrivverktyg. För att besvara syftet användes frågeställningarna; Hur upplever elever skrivundervisning och syftet med skrivandet och vilka erfarenheter och uppfattningar har elever av olika skrivverktyg? För att besvara frågeställningarna intervjuades fem elever genom en semistrukturerad intervju som sedan transkriberades och analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i Simple View of Writing. Resultatet redovisas genom fyra rubriker som är kopplade till studiens syfte; Skrivundervisning och skrivutveckling, skrivsituationer, skrivverktyg och elevers uppfattning av redigering med olika skrivverktyg. Resultatet påvisar att eleverna inte har så stor kunskap om sin skrivutveckling och varför de lär sig skriva. Resultatet visar dessutom att elever mestadels använder lärplattan när de skriver. / Digitization has been giving a lot more room in the education system. This might lead to changes in the writing classes. Therefore, the opinions of pupils need to be considered when planning writing classes. The aim of this study is to investigate how pupils perceives writing development, writing education as well as analog and digital writing tool. To achieve the goal of this study the following questions were asked; How do pupils experience writing classes and the purpose of writing, also what experience do pupils have of different tools of writing? Five pupils were interviewed through a semi-structured interview which later was transcribed and analyzed based on a thematic analysis. The study is based on Simple View of Writing. The results are reported through four headings that are linked to the purpose of this study: Writing education and writing development, writing situations, writing tools and students’ understanding of editing with different writing tools. The result shows that the pupils have little knowledge about their writing development and why they learn to write. Also, the result shows that most of the writing is done on the learning board.

In this study, the aim is to find out how teachers and students perceive the computer as a writing tool in the teachingof the Swedish language. The research questions of the survey, seeksto find answers to what teachers look for opportunities and obstacles with the computer as a writing tool, and for what purpose they use the computer. I also want to find outstudentsthoughtsabout the computer as awriting tool and how they believethe computer can help them in their writing. The study is based on a qualitative approach with qualitative semi-structured interviews. Inthe student interviews, I have used 11 pupils from Year 1-5. In the interviews, I have used the same interview guide in order to produce comparable data. In the teacher interviews, I have used the idea map as interview method. My selection of teachers resulted in three active, workingteachers from primary school to secondary school.Broadly, the inquiry resulted in that the computer is very important for the students' text development as it is believed to increase the motivation of students. According to the result that there are obstacles such as digital literacy, lack of technology and resources that can cause problems. The informants were also disagreed on what age that the computer should be introduced as a writing tool in school, but they all agree that it is a beneficial tool in writing instruction as long as the purposewell thought out.

Syftet med undersökningen är att ge ett kunskapsbidrag om hur några verksamma lärare säger att de använder digitala och analoga skrivverktyg i skrivundervisningen för att diskutera skrivverktygens roll för elevers textskapande. För att besvara studiens syfte utgår undersökningen från följande frågeställningar: Hur beskriver och motiverar lärarna sin användning av skrivverktyg i undervisningen?, Hur upplever lärarna att elevers textskapande påverkas vid användning av respektive skrivverktyg? och Hur beskriver lärarna sin roll i att stötta och motivera elever under textskapande vid användandet av respektive skrivverktyg? Studien har utgått ifrån ett kvalitativt perspektiv och metoden som använts är semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra informanter. Intervjuerna grundar sig i förkonstruerade frågor framtagna för att besvara studiens tre frågeställningar. Materialet har transkriberats och analyserats för att sortera in relevanta svar i linje med studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visar att informanterna anser att båda skrivverktygen är viktiga att använda i skrivundervisningen. Det framkommer dock att lärarna prioriterar olika beroende på hur och när skrivverktygen ska användas.

Esta tese trata do problema da escrita de artigos científicos em inglês como língua estrangeira. Do ponto de vista teórico, foram investigados métodos e técnicas de duas áreas da Inteligência Artificial - Lingüística Computacional e Raciocínio Baseado em Casos -, em busca de soluções para a construção de ferramentas de software que diminuíssem os problemas de interferência da língua materna e de falta de coesão e coerência nos textos escritos por estudantes da área de física experimental, principalmente. Do ponto de vista prático, foram desenvolvidas duas ferramentas de auxilio a escrita. Uma primeira, chamada Ferramenta de Referência, foi implementada utilizando-se o método de análise de corpus para a geração de uma Base de Expressões que contém as colocações do tipo expressões padrão, comumente encontradas em textos científicos de artigos e livros de subáreas de física e informática. O acesso às colocações pode ser feito de três maneiras: através de componentes e sub-componentes da estrutura esquemática de artigos da área de pesquisa experimental, através de palavras-chave pertencentes a este gênero, e pelos padrões retóricos mais comuns que este gênero utiliza. Uma ferramenta de aquisição de conhecimento esta acoplada a Ferramenta de Referência, permitindo extensibilidade, fácil personalização, e transporte (portability) para novos domínios. Testes com alunos de pós-graduação em um curso de Escrita Cientifica no IFQSC-USP comprovaram a eficácia da ferramenta, urna vez que seu uso auxiliou na superação do bloqueio inicial em se produzir um primeiro rascunho de texto, e forneceu input adequado para a escrita de textos coesos. Como se observou também, que esta ferramenta é adequada para usuários com boa recepção da língua inglesa e alguma experiência em escrita cientifica, uma nova ferramenta foi implementada para urna classe de usuários que possuem problemas mais severos quanto à coesão e interferência da língua materna. Ela foi denominada Ferramenta de Suporte, e para sua implementação utilizou-se, alem do método de analise de corpus, a abordagem baseada em casos para modelar as fases da escrita. A análise de corpus nesta segunda ferramenta foi mais detalhada, ficando assim restrita a Seção Introdutória de Artigos Experimentais. Esta análise identificou trinta estratégias retóricas encontradas em artigos científicos, geralmente realizadas por três ou quatro mensagens (denominação para os tipos diferentes de informações) tomadas de um conjunto de quarenta e cinco tipos. A base de casos da implementação atual da ferramenta conta com cinqüenta e quatro instancias de introduções autenticas das revistas Physical Review Letters e Thin Solid Films, um número ainda pequeno que deve ser aumentado para que uma avaliação quantitativa do método de busca seja realizada. Uma ferramenta para auxiliar o engenheiro de conhecimento na aquisição de novos casos e vários filtros para automatizar o processo de edição dos casos foi implementada, tornando o processo de geração de novos casos semi-automático. Os trabalhos futuros com relação a esta segunda ferramenta devem tratar principalmente do acréscimo de casos na base, da avaliação da precisão e revogação da busca, e de testes com usuários, que, com certeza, contribuirão para o aperfeiçoamento de ferramentas construídas nestas bases / This thesis considers the problem of writing scientific papers in English as a foreign language. From the theoretical point of view, techniques from two areas of Artificial Intelligence, namely Computational Linguistics and Case-based Reasoning, were investigated in the search for possible solutions to minimize mother tongue interference and lack of cohesion and coherence in student\" texts, especially in experimental physics. Two writing tools were then developed. The first one, named Reference Version, employed corpus analysis for creating a sentences base containing collocations frequently used in scientific writing. Such collocations could be accessed in one of three ways: according to the components and subcomponents of the schematic structure of a scientific paper, by searching keywords and communicative goals. An acquisition mode was also implemented so that the tool can be customized easily thus allowing portability to other domains and possible extensions within a given domain. Experiments in a technical writing course at IFQSC-USP for graduate student\" have demonstrated the efficacy of the tool. It was particularly useful in helping students to overcome the initial block in the preparation of a first draft and also in providing contextualized linguistic input for producing a cohesive text. It was also observed that this first tool was only helpful for students possessing reasonable reception of the English language and some experience in scientific writing. A new, more sophisticated tool was then proposed and implemented. It is named Support Version and utilizes corpus analysis and the case-based approach as a framework for modeling the different stages of the writing process. Because a more detailed analysis had to be performed, the tool was restricted to the Introductory Section of papers on experimental physics. In this analysis 30 rhetorical strategies were identified which were generally realized linguistically using 3 or 4 rhetorical messages from a set of 45 types of message. The implemented cases base has 54 introductions from the Physical Review Letters and Thin Solid Films journals, which has been shown to be a far too small number for reasonable recall and precision figures to be obtained. A scheme has been incorporated into the tool for adaptations to be made in the cases recovered, by making use of revision rules. In future the tool may be extended in a straightforward way to other parts of a scientific paper or to other areas of research with a semi-automatic edition process of new cases that has been built into the Support tool. This certainly opens the way for customization, which will greatly facilitate the assessment of the tool according to usability criteria

Esta tese trata do problema da escrita de artigos científicos em inglês como língua estrangeira. Do ponto de vista teórico, foram investigados métodos e técnicas de duas áreas da Inteligência Artificial - Lingüística Computacional e Raciocínio Baseado em Casos -, em busca de soluções para a construção de ferramentas de software que diminuíssem os problemas de interferência da língua materna e de falta de coesão e coerência nos textos escritos por estudantes da área de física experimental, principalmente. Do ponto de vista prático, foram desenvolvidas duas ferramentas de auxilio a escrita. Uma primeira, chamada Ferramenta de Referência, foi implementada utilizando-se o método de análise de corpus para a geração de uma Base de Expressões que contém as colocações do tipo expressões padrão, comumente encontradas em textos científicos de artigos e livros de subáreas de física e informática. O acesso às colocações pode ser feito de três maneiras: através de componentes e sub-componentes da estrutura esquemática de artigos da área de pesquisa experimental, através de palavras-chave pertencentes a este gênero, e pelos padrões retóricos mais comuns que este gênero utiliza. Uma ferramenta de aquisição de conhecimento esta acoplada a Ferramenta de Referência, permitindo extensibilidade, fácil personalização, e transporte (portability) para novos domínios. Testes com alunos de pós-graduação em um curso de Escrita Cientifica no IFQSC-USP comprovaram a eficácia da ferramenta, urna vez que seu uso auxiliou na superação do bloqueio inicial em se produzir um primeiro rascunho de texto, e forneceu input adequado para a escrita de textos coesos. Como se observou também, que esta ferramenta é adequada para usuários com boa recepção da língua inglesa e alguma experiência em escrita cientifica, uma nova ferramenta foi implementada para urna classe de usuários que possuem problemas mais severos quanto à coesão e interferência da língua materna. Ela foi denominada Ferramenta de Suporte, e para sua implementação utilizou-se, alem do método de analise de corpus, a abordagem baseada em casos para modelar as fases da escrita. A análise de corpus nesta segunda ferramenta foi mais detalhada, ficando assim restrita a Seção Introdutória de Artigos Experimentais. Esta análise identificou trinta estratégias retóricas encontradas em artigos científicos, geralmente realizadas por três ou quatro mensagens (denominação para os tipos diferentes de informações) tomadas de um conjunto de quarenta e cinco tipos. A base de casos da implementação atual da ferramenta conta com cinqüenta e quatro instancias de introduções autenticas das revistas Physical Review Letters e Thin Solid Films, um número ainda pequeno que deve ser aumentado para que uma avaliação quantitativa do método de busca seja realizada. Uma ferramenta para auxiliar o engenheiro de conhecimento na aquisição de novos casos e vários filtros para automatizar o processo de edição dos casos foi implementada, tornando o processo de geração de novos casos semi-automático. Os trabalhos futuros com relação a esta segunda ferramenta devem tratar principalmente do acréscimo de casos na base, da avaliação da precisão e revogação da busca, e de testes com usuários, que, com certeza, contribuirão para o aperfeiçoamento de ferramentas construídas nestas bases / This thesis considers the problem of writing scientific papers in English as a foreign language. From the theoretical point of view, techniques from two areas of Artificial Intelligence, namely Computational Linguistics and Case-based Reasoning, were investigated in the search for possible solutions to minimize mother tongue interference and lack of cohesion and coherence in student\" texts, especially in experimental physics. Two writing tools were then developed. The first one, named Reference Version, employed corpus analysis for creating a sentences base containing collocations frequently used in scientific writing. Such collocations could be accessed in one of three ways: according to the components and subcomponents of the schematic structure of a scientific paper, by searching keywords and communicative goals. An acquisition mode was also implemented so that the tool can be customized easily thus allowing portability to other domains and possible extensions within a given domain. Experiments in a technical writing course at IFQSC-USP for graduate student\" have demonstrated the efficacy of the tool. It was particularly useful in helping students to overcome the initial block in the preparation of a first draft and also in providing contextualized linguistic input for producing a cohesive text. It was also observed that this first tool was only helpful for students possessing reasonable reception of the English language and some experience in scientific writing. A new, more sophisticated tool was then proposed and implemented. It is named Support Version and utilizes corpus analysis and the case-based approach as a framework for modeling the different stages of the writing process. Because a more detailed analysis had to be performed, the tool was restricted to the Introductory Section of papers on experimental physics. In this analysis 30 rhetorical strategies were identified which were generally realized linguistically using 3 or 4 rhetorical messages from a set of 45 types of message. The implemented cases base has 54 introductions from the Physical Review Letters and Thin Solid Films journals, which has been shown to be a far too small number for reasonable recall and precision figures to be obtained. A scheme has been incorporated into the tool for adaptations to be made in the cases recovered, by making use of revision rules. In future the tool may be extended in a straightforward way to other parts of a scientific paper or to other areas of research with a semi-automatic edition process of new cases that has been built into the Support tool. This certainly opens the way for customization, which will greatly facilitate the assessment of the tool according to usability criteria

Traditional writing instruction is disappearing increasingly and digital aids are taking over writing instruction. Research highlights the benefits of having students write by hand because it promotes learning. Unlike having students write with digital tools that are not as favorable. Research has shown that there are many benefits to students 'writing development when they write by hand, the study therefore aims to examine how teachers motivate the use of digital writing tools to promote students' writing development. The study has undergone a qualitative research method where teachers active in year F-3 have been interviewed. The teachers in the study have been interviewed about how they use digital tools in the classroom when it comes to writing lessons and teachers' attitude towards using digital writing tools. The study showed that teachers are positive about using digital tools when teaching writing because the tools contribute to students' motivation to write. Digital aids benefit students' writing development where they develop writing skills. Teachers see digital writing tools as a complement to traditional writing instruction. Based on the study, the authors also conclude that digital tools in teaching are directly decisive for students who for various reasons are in need of support for their continued development in writing teaching. Keywords: writing development analog writing tools, digital tools, traditional writing instruction.

SAMMANFATTNING Tidigare forskning har visat att elever i de lägre årskurserna som arbetar med att skriva sig till läsning, kan skriva längre texter eftersom det är fysiskt lättare för dem att skriva på datorn än för hand. Dock har vi inte funnit några belägg för hur elever organiserar och planerar sina texter vid skrivandet av berättande texter på datorn. Syftet med denna studie blev därför att undersöka vilka möjligheter elever i årskurs ett ges för att producera och organisera berättande texter, i en klass som arbetar med datorn som verktyg och en som inte gör det. Undersökningen utgick från två lärares beskrivningar av undervisningen och elevtexter. I studien utgick vi från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv eftersom vi tror att språk och skriftspråk konstrueras i en social kontext. Genom samtal kring texter, användningen av olika verktyg och stöd av en mer kompetent kamrat finner vi att elever kan utveckla sitt skrivande. Genom intervjuer har lärare fått beskriva sin undervisning. Denna undervisning jämfördes sedan med elevtexterna. Elevtexterna från de olika klasserna jämfördes också med varandra. I resultatet framkom det att båda undervisningssammanhangen möjliggör elevers skrivande, planerande och organiserande av berättande texter, fast undervisningssammanhangen ser olika ut. Klassen som arbetade med datorn skrev längre texter med ett bättre ordförråd än den andra klassen. Dock skrev den andra klassen med en mer sammanhängande röd tråd i sina berättande texter. I studien framkom även likheter mellan undervisningens stödstrukturer och hur eleverna organiserade sina texter. / ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that young children, who work with writing to reading, write longer texts because it is physically easier for them to write on the computer than by hand. However, we have not found any evidence of how pupils organize their texts when they write narrative texts. The aim of this study was to explore which possibilities the pupil gives to produce and organize the narrative texts, in the lower grades. One class worked with the computer as a tool and one did not. The survey was based on two teachers' descriptions of teaching and student texts. In this study, we assumed a sociocultural perspective because we think that language and written language is constructed in a social context. Through conversations about texts, the use of various tools and the support of a more competent person, we think that students can develop their writing. Through interviews with teachers who described their teaching and through pupil texts we found some interesting things. The result showed that both educational contexts allow students' writing, planning and organization of narrative texts. The teaching contexts were different from each other. The pupils who worked with writing through computers, wrote longer texts with a better vocabulary than the pupils who wrote by hand. However, the pupils who wrote by hand, had better support structures for the narratives red line and then wrote a more coherent text, than the pupils who worked on the computer. The study also showed similarities between the education support structures tours and how the students organized their text.

I denna studie belyses lärares användning av digitala skrivverktyg vid textproduktion. Allt fler lärare väljer att använda sig av digitala skrivverktyg i undervisningen, vilket innebär förändringar i lärares sätt att undervisa när det kommer till textproduktion. Syftet med studien är att lyfta lärares förhållningssätt och användande av digitala skrivverktyg i undervisningen för elever i årskurs 1–3, inom området skrivutveckling och textproduktion. Frågeställningarna som har besvarats är: när och varför använder sig lärare av digitala skrivverktyg i undervisningen? Hur arbetar lärare med textproduktion och digitala skrivverktyg? Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar upplever lärare med digitala skrivverktyg i undervisningen? Metoden fokusgrupper har använts där lärare som undervisar i de aktuella årskurserna har intervjuats. Analysen består av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det sociokulturella perspektivet ligger till grund för analysen av materialet. Resultatet visar att lärare ser många anledningar till att använda digitala skrivverktyg i undervisningen. Lärare använder digitala skrivverktyg i många moment i undervisningen och i många olika ämnen. Lärarna använder sig främst av två olika metoder, att skriva sig till läsning (ASL) och skriva sig till lärande (STL). Resultatet visar även att lärarens roll är viktigt för elevernas skrivutveckling och digitala kompetens. Lärarna ser både möjligheter och begränsningar med digitala skrivverktyg. / This study highlights teachers’ use of digital writing tools in text production. More and more teachers are choosing to use digital writing tools in teaching, which means changes in teachers' way of teaching when it comes to text production. The purpose of the study is to examine teachers' attitudes and use of digital writing tools in teaching for students in grades 1-3, in context of writing development and text production. The questions addressed in the study are: When and why do teachers use digital writing tools in teaching?, How do teachers work with text production and digital writing tools?, and, What opportunities and challenges do teachers with digital writing tools experience in teaching? The focus group method has been used where teachers who teach in the current grades have been interviewed. The analysis consists of a qualitative content analysis. The socio-cultural perspective forms the basis for the analysis of the material. The result shows that teachers see many reasons for using digital writing tools in teaching. Teachers use digital writing tools in many aspects of teaching and in many different subjects. Teachers mainly use two different methods: writing for reading (RtW) and writing for learning (iWTR). The result shows that the teacher's role is important for students' writing development and digital competence. Teachers experience both opportunities and limitations with digital writing tools.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om pojkars skrivutveckling mellan årskurserna ett och tre genom att undersöka vad som utmärker texterna och vilken utveckling som sker då de skrivs analogt respektive digitalt. Studien har gjorts med hjälp av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa elevtextanalyser. Tjugo elevtexter har analyserats. Resultatet visar att texterna utvecklas både i textlängd, stavning och disposition särskilt då eleverna skriver med hjälp av digitala skrivverktyg. En jämförelse mellan de två olika kategorierna analoga och digitala texter visar att utvecklingen är större då pojkar skriver med digitala skrivverktyg, vilket tyder på att de gynnas mer av att skriva digitalt än analogt. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån den sociokulturella teorin. / The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge about boys’ writing development in grades one to three by examining what characterizes the texts and what developmental differences there are between handwritten and digitally written texts. Quantitative and qualitative text analyzes was done on twenty student texts. The results shows that the texts develop in length, spelling and disposition particularly when they are written with digital writing tools. A comparison between the handwritten and the digitally written texts   show that the development is greater when boys write with digital writing tools, which indicates that boys benefit more from writing with digital tools. The result has been analyzed with a sociocultural theory.

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of pupils’ narrative texts written either by hand or on a tablet. The questions concern which structures are characteristic of the texts as a whole and what is distinctive about hand-written texts and those written on a tablet. To investigate this, 46 pupil texts from grade 2 were analysed. Each pupil in the class wrote two texts, one with each writing tool. The overall theoretical approach in the study is dialogism, which views all utterances as being related to each other. In this study that means that the pupils received teaching about how to write a story, and then wrote stories of their own. Relief theory, which has its foundation in dialogism, was used as analytical framework. With this model, analyses are made of the text as a whole. The overall structure and focus of the text are regarded as the foreground and the additions and expanded details supporting these are viewed as the background text. This interaction between foreground and background gives the relief perspective. Proceeding from relief theory, the structures of the texts in their entirety were analysed. At the intermediate and local level of the texts, dialogues and connectives were analysed, along with the number of unique words and the total number of words. The relief of the texts was analysed in terms of quality at global, intermediate and local text level. The relief analysis revealed that three different categories of relief could be identified in these texts. The result shows that the difference in quality concerns how the backgrounds are expanded. The results of the study show that there are differences between the pupils’ handwritten texts and texts written on a tablet, but the differences are small. The biggest differences concern the number of unique words and the total number of words. The texts written on a tablet contain both more unique words and more words in total than texts written by hand.   Keywords relief theory, tablet, writing tools, early school years, student text, narrative text