O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar e verificar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção pedagógica baseado nos recursos da Literatura Infantil e contação de histórias para crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem e indicados para participar da Sala de Apoio Pedagógico (Reforço). Tal Programa demonstrou a importância de práticas pedagógicas em sala de aula, que aliem literatura e alfabetização para o aprimoramento da leitura, linguagem oral e escrita dos escolares. Foi delineado um programa de intervenção utilizando a Literatura Infantil e a contação de histórias, aplicado em 20 crianças de 07 a 10 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, divididas em G1 (10 crianças) e G2 (10 crianças) pareados por sexo. Ambos os grupos apresentavam dificuldades de aprendizagem relatadas pelos professores das salas de aula regular e frequentavam a sala de Apoio Pedagógico (Reforço) de uma Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental no interior de São Paulo. As crianças do G1 foram expostas a princípio à intervenção pedagógica. As crianças do G2 não foram expostas a princípio à intervenção, mas por questões éticas, foram submetidos à mesma após o término do Programa. O referido programa constituiu-se de 14 sessões de frequência semanal, com duração aproximada de 60 minutos em cada sessão a ser realizada na sala de Apoio Pedagógico (Reforço) com a presença e participação ativa dos professores desta sala. Antes e após a aplicação do Programa, foram realizados testes para se avaliar o nível de escrita, linguagem e leitura dos escolares, assim como avaliação do desempenho de cada um deles pelo próprio professor da sala de aula regular que os mesmos frequentavam, para verificar se houve melhoria na aprendizagem dos mesmos. Portanto, este estudo implementou um Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica e demonstrou sua aplicabilidade e eficácia verificando-se que os escolares com problemas de aprendizagem apresentaram melhoria acadêmica na leitura, linguagem oral e principalmente na linguagem escrita. / The objective of this research was to elaborate and verify the effectiveness of a pedagogical intervention program based on the resources of Children\'s Literature and storytelling for children with learning difficulties and indicated to participate in the Pedagogical Support Room (Reinforcement). This Program has demonstrated the importance of pedagogical practices in the classroom, which combine literature and literacy to improve reading, oral and written language of schoolchildren. An intervention program using Children\'s Literature and storytelling, was applied in 20 children from 7 to 10 years old, of both genders, divided into G1 (10 children) and G2 (10 children) paired by sex. Both groups had learning difficulties reported by teachers in regular classrooms and attended the Pedagogical Support Room (Reinforcement) of a Municipal School of Elementary Education in the interior of São Paulo. The children of the G1 were exposed in principle to the pedagogical intervention. The children of G2 were not exposed to the intervention principle, but due to ethical reasons, they were submitted to it after the end of the Program. This program consists of 14 sessions of weekly attendance, lasting approximately 60 minutes in each session to be held in the Pedagogic Support Room (Reinforcement) with the presence and active participation of teachers in this room. Before and after the application of the Program, tests were carried out to evaluate the level of writing, language and reading of the students, as well as evaluation of the performance of each of them by the regular classroom teacher that they attended, to verify There was an improvement in their learning. Therefore, this study implemented a Pedagogical Intervention Program and demonstrated its applicability and effectiveness by verifying that students with learning problems presented academic improvement in reading, oral language and mainly in written language.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita de Cassia Batista Pazeto.pdf: 856113 bytes, checksum: a7e02a052e4383f11f13c44f626339ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cognitive assessment of children at preschool age is important because it helps to see how they are developing skills related to learning and school experience. It also contributes to the early detection of potential problems and assist in planning interventions and public policy. In this context, this study addressed three skills directly related to school learning: executive functions, verbal language and written language. Executive functions related to the implementation of long-term goals, with a selection of information, planning and execution of actions. Oral language refers to the use and understanding of speech and enables communication. Reading and writing include several skills, from knowledge of letters and sounds to the reading and writing of complex items. The aim of this study was to evaluate these three skills in preschool children to see if they increase with the progression of grade and are correlated. 90 children participated, of both sexes, aged between 4 and 6 years, the Kindergarten series I and II of a private school in São Paulo. The instruments used for the assessment of executive functions were computerized Stroop Test for preschoolers, Test Track for preschoolers and Attention Test for Cancellation. Oral language was assessed using the Phonological Awareness Test for Oral production (PCFO) Test Peabody Picture Vocabulary (PPVT), Naming Test and Test of Infant Figures Repeating words and pseudo words. Written language was assessed by recognition of letters (vowels and consonants) and their sounds, writing the name and test of reading and writing. Student's t test revealed serial effect on at least one measure of all tests, showing better performance Kindergarten II. There were no effects of base or top, suggesting adequacy of instruments for grades assessed. There were several significant correlations, especially between tests of the same ability, but also among the three skills. In oral language tests there were significant correlations between all measures, the same happened in relation to tests of reading and writing. Interestingly, reading and writing had higher correlations with sound recognition than with recognition of letters, reinforcing the importance of this skill for literacy. Regarding executive functions and other skills, no correlations were high, but there were several significant correlations, suggesting that executive functions are related to oral and written language, although modest. In correlation analyzes between oral and written language, it was observed that the phonological awareness score was correlated with very high scores in writing and with high scores in reading and recognition of sounds, suggesting that a good performance in reading and writing has strong regarding the ability to recognize the sounds of letters and phonological awareness. Therefore, this research corroborated the theoretical effect of series on the skills assessed, as revealed correlations between skills. / A avaliação cognitiva de crianças em idade pré-escolar é importante, pois ajuda a verificar como estão se desenvolvendo habilidades relacionadas à aprendizagem e à vivência escolar, além de contribuir para a detecção precoce de possíveis dificuldades e auxiliar no planejamento de intervenções e políticas públicas. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa abordou três habilidades diretamente relacionadas à aprendizagem escolar: funções executivas, linguagem oral e linguagem escrita. Funções executivas relacionam-se à execução de objetivos de longo-prazo, com seleção de informações, planejamento e execução de ações. Linguagem oral refere-se ao uso e à compreensão da fala e permite a comunicação. Leitura e escrita incluem diversas habilidades, desde conhecimento de letras e sons até a leitura e a escrita de itens complexos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar essas três habilidades em pré-escolares para verificar se elas aumentam com a progressão escolar e se estão correlacionadas entre si. Participaram 90 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 4 e 6 anos, das séries Jardim I e Jardim II de uma escola particular de São Paulo. Os instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação das funções executivas foram Teste Stroop Computadorizado para pré-escolares, Teste de Trilhas para pré-escolares e Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento. A linguagem oral foi avaliada por meio de Prova de Consciência Fonológica por produção Oral (PCFO), Teste de Vocabulário por Imagem Peabody (TVIP), Teste de Nomeação de Figuras Infantil e Teste de Repetição de Palavras e Pseudopalavras. A linguagem escrita foi avaliada pelo reconhecimento das letras (vogais e consoantes) e seus respectivos sons, escrita do nome e teste de leitura e escrita. Test t de Student revelou efeito de série em pelo menos uma medida de todos os testes aplicados, revelando melhor desempenho do Jardim II. Não foram verificados efeitos de piso ou de teto, sugerindo adequação dos instrumentos para as séries avaliadas. Houve várias correlações significativas, principalmente entre testes de uma mesma habilidade, mas também entre as três habilidades. Nos testes de linguagem oral houve correlações significativas entre todas as medidas, ocorrendo o mesmo em relação aos testes de leitura e escrita. É interessante que leitura e escrita tiveram correlações mais altas com reconhecimento de sons do que com reconhecimento de letras, reforçando a importância dessa habilidade para a alfabetização. Na relação entre funções executivas e as demais habilidades, não foram encontradas correlações altas, mas houve várias correlações significativas, o que sugere que as funções executivas estão relacionadas às linguagens oral e escrita, ainda que de forma modesta. Nas análises de correlação entre linguagem oral e escrita, observou-se que o escore em consciência fonológica teve correlação muito alta com o escore em escrita e alta com escores em leitura e reconhecimentos de sons, sugerindo que um bom desempenho em leitura e escrita tem forte relação a habilidade de reconhecer os sons das letras e com a consciência fonológica. Portanto a presente pesquisa corroborou os pressupostos teóricos de efeito de série sobre as habilidades avaliadas, assim como revelou as correlações entre as habilidades.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Saraiva.pdf: 5629627 bytes, checksum: 9b8b273c763666fea898319b4b844f8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The understanding of man as a social and historical subject guides to the need to analyze the work with writing in literacy classes language, designing the language from its historical, dialogical, social and cultural character. Under this understanding, the teacher plays the role of mediator vehicle, leaving him teach, challenge and encourage his student, aiming their learning and development. From this perspective, working with speech genres, a basic tool in this process, represents a great challenge for the teaching practice, requiring, from the teacher, a posture that allows the student acquires the written language and, concomitantly, social practices mediated by written. In this context, forward the studies and articulations with the Project Continuing Education for Teachers of Basic Education in the early years research: actions for Cities Administrations with Low Literacy IDEB of Western Paraná, the Post-graduate studies in Literature State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE), linked to CAPES / INEP, through the Centre for Education Program, we were motivated to broaden the discussion about the topic inherent acquires the written language, to analyze the contribution of the actions of the mediation teacher in working with speech genres in classes in the literacy process. Guided by the question - how the actions of the mediation teacher, while working with speech genres in the literacy process, can contribute to the appropriation of writing students from 2nd year of primary school language? It went in search of answer (s). In this perspective, this research was guided from the following general objective: to analyze the pedagogical practice with a view to identifying actions to mediate the appropriation of the written language. Looking the carried through this investigative purpose, we have developed a qualitative research, ethnographic type, supported by the methodology of action research, as we propose the analyze the production and rewriting texts by working with the speech genres in a class of 2nd year Teaching Fundamentally, in which, as a teacher, mediate actions involving individual production practices and rewriting, and collective, texts and genres invitation and fairy tale. It is, therefore, a search focused on Applied Linguistics, supported the assumptions of Historical-Cultural Psychology and Socio-Historical Conception of Language. The investigative process allowed us to evaluate and analyze our actions in this work, highlighting its contribution to the learning of the students. The results reveal the necessity of our action on mediation and intervention in the face of activities that promote the appropriation of the written language. As more experienced subjects, we can provide, the student, understanding the social uses of writing and its organizational structure, increasing its ability to act with language in different contexts of dialogue / A compreensão de homem como um sujeito histórico e social orienta para a necessidade de analisar o trabalho com a linguagem escrita em turmas de alfabetização, concebendo a língua a partir de seu caráter histórico, dialógico, social e cultural. Sob essa compreensão, o professor exerce o papel de veículo mediador, cabendo a ele ensinar, questionar e incitar seu aluno, objetivando sua aprendizagem e seu desenvolvimento. Nessa perspectiva, trabalhar com gêneros discursivos, instrumento fundamental nesse processo, representa um grande desafio para a prática pedagógica, exigindo, por parte do professor, uma postura que possibilite ao aluno a apropriação da linguagem escrita e, concomitantemente, das práticas sociais mediadas pela escrita. Nesse contexto, frente aos estudos e às pesquisas articuladas ao Projeto Formação Continuada para Professores da Educação Básica nos anos iniciais: ações voltadas para a Alfabetização em Municípios com Baixo IDEB da Região Oeste do Paraná, do Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Letras, da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), vinculado à CAPES/INEP, por intermédio do Programa Observatório da Educação, fomos motivadas a ampliar as discussões inerentes ao tema apropriação da linguagem escrita, ao analisar sobre a contribuição das ações de mediação do professor no trabalho com os gêneros discursivos em turmas no processo de alfabetização. Guiadas pela indagação como as ações de mediação do professor, durante o trabalho com gêneros discursivos no processo de alfabetização, pode contribuir com a apropriação da linguagem escrita de alunos do 2º ano do ensino fundamental? fomos em busca de resposta(s). Nessa perspectiva, esta pesquisa se orientou a partir do seguinte objetivo geral: analisar a prática pedagógica tendo em vista a identificação de ações de mediação na apropriação da linguagem escrita. Procurando alcançar esse propósito investigativo, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo etnográfica, respaldada na metodologia da pesquisa-ação, pois nos propomos a análise da produção e da reescrita de textos por meio do trabalho com gêneros discursivos em uma turma de 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental, na qual, como docente, mediamos ações envolvendo práticas de produção e reescrita, individual e coletiva, de textos dos gêneros convite e conto de fadas. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa cunhada na Linguística Aplicada, sustentada nos pressupostos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e na Concepção Sócio-Histórica da linguagem. O processo investigativo possibilitou-nos avaliar e analisar as nossas ações nesse trabalho, ressaltando sua contribuição na aprendizagem dos pelos alunos. Os resultados são reveladores da necessidade da nossa ação de mediação e de intervenção frente às atividades que promovam a apropriação da linguagem escrita. Como sujeitos mais experientes, podemos propiciar, ao aluno, a compreensão dos usos sociais da escrita e de sua estrutura organizacional, ampliando sua capacidade de atuar com a linguagem em diferentes contextos de interlocução

A partir do pressuposto de que a escola é responsável pela inserção cada vez mais ampla dos sujeitos na cultura letrada - o que implica assumir a formação de leitores e escritores competentes como uma das principais metas educativas - e do fato de que as crianças precisam ser consideradas, desde as séries iniciais da educação infantil, como efetivas usuárias da língua escrita, o trabalho tem por objetivo investigar reflexões e ações dos pequenos aprendizes frente a tarefas desafiadoras de produção textual. Tomando a escrita como um sistema de representação configurado em diferentes gêneros textuais, entendendo que interações com esse objeto de conhecimento e com outros aprendizes são necessárias para a ampliação da competência escritora, pretende-se fazer uma análise dos processos de oito duplas de crianças, de 4 a 6 anos. Para tanto, foi proposta a produção de quatro textos (duas parlendas e duas listas) com base em diferentes variáveis: textos conhecidos de memória e textos cujo conteúdo precisava ser criado; textos com estruturas e propósitos comunicativos diversos; textos escritos no computador ou com lápis e papel; textos com a presença de dois sistemas de notação (letras e números). Interessam a esta análise as informações e conhecimentos (de natureza conceitual ou procedimental) intercambiados entre as crianças, que subsidiaram as decisões tomadas na composição dos textos. Os dados coletados permitem a constatação da amplitude das reflexões que as crianças são capazes de realizar, mesmo sem o domínio das convenções do sistema de escrita ou dos gêneros textuais. Além disso, o estudo objetiva situar a interação entre as crianças como fator relevante para as conquistas individuais em seus processos de aprendizagem. Assim, a análise dos dados tem como meta captar os processos cognitivos, mapeando suas tendências mais típicas e, ao mesmo tempo, apreendendo as suas singularidades a fim de enfocar a diversidade inerente à construção do conhecimento e que precisa ser um dos pilares do ensino da escrita. À luz dos postulados de teóricos construtivistas (sobretudo das referências de Piaget, Vygotsky, Coll, Ferreiro e Teberosky) e também de outros teóricos que destacam a importância da interação social na aprendizagem da escrita (entre os quais Bakhtin), a análise de aspectos discursivos e de aspectos notacionais, evidenciados nos processos de elaboração textual, visa contribuir para a revisão das atuais práticas escolares de ensino da escrita, defendendo princípios didáticos pautados na interação, na concepção de escrita como objeto social e histórico de conhecimento e na complexidade da aprendizagem desse objeto. / Based on the assumption that the school is responsible for the wider insertion of the individual in the literate culture - which implies assuming the formation of both competent readers and writers as one of the main objectives of education - and on the fact that children must be regarded, from the very early stages of learning, as effective users of the written language, this study aims at investigating young learners\' reflections and actions when faced with challenging text production tasks. Assuming writing as a representative system depicted in different types of texts and taking into account that interaction with this object of knowledge and other learners is necessary to amplify the writing competence, one aims at making an analysis of the processes carried out with eight pairs of children, aged 4 to 6. With this in mind, the production of four texts (two nursery rhymes and two lists) based on different variables was proposed: texts known by heart and texts whose content had to be created; texts with different structures and communicative goals; computer written texts and handwritten texts; and texts which use two different graphic systems (letters and numbers). This case study is mainly concerned with the information and knowledge (of concept or procedure nature) shared by the children, and which subsidised the decisions taken in the actual writing of the texts. The data collected enables the realisation of the amplitude of the reflections which children are able to make, despite their lack of mastery of the writing system conventions or an awareness of the different existing text types. Beside this, the case study aims at placing the interaction among children as a relevant factor for individual achievement in the learning processes, surveying their most typical tendencies as well as distinguishing its singularities so as to focus the inherent diversity of building knowledge, which must be one of the pillars of teaching writing. In the light of the postulates of constructive theorists (Piaget; Vygotsky, Coll, Ferrero and Teberosky) as well as other theorists who emphasise the importance of social interchange in writing (among whom is Bakhtin), the analysis of discursive and notational aspects revealed in the elaboration of the writing process, proposes to help revise the present teaching practices of writing carried out at school, defending principles in which the conception of writing as a social and historical object of knowledge and the complexity of the learning process of this object are present.

In order to spell fluently and accurately, phonology, orthography, and morphology must be integrated and stored into long term memory (Berninger & Richards, in press; Berninger, Nagy, Tanimoto, Thompson, Abbott, 2015). Children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD have specific deficits in linguistic processing that impede the cross-mapping of these linguistic elements. This study analyzes the frequency and nature of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia, dyslexia, and OWL-LD during an academic writing task in order to determine if known deficits in linguistic processing affect the type and severity of spelling errors made by these children. The present study analyzed error severity and frequency of spelling errors produced by children with dysgraphia (n=13), dyslexia (n=17), or OWL-LD (n=5) during the academic writing tasks obtained in the Berninger et al. (2015) study. In the previous study, students read or listened to computerized lessons about basic mathematical concepts and then typed summaries of what they learned. For the current study, all spelling errors made during the typed summary writing tasks were extracted and analyzed using the Phonological, Orthographic, Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS) and then recoded with POMplexity (a measure of error severity) to determine the severity and frequency of spelling errors made in the linguistic categories of phonology, orthography, and morphology. Results indicated that the students did not differ in error severity by diagnostic category. However, a qualitative analysis using the POMAS revealed that children from different diagnostic categories produced different types of errors. With respect to error frequency, only students with dysgraphia made significantly fewer errors than students with OWL-LD, and all participants, regardless of diagnostic category produced more errors in typed summaries following the reading condition. These results are consistent with previous research indicating that children with learning disabilities do not produce deviant spelling errors when compared to typically-developing, age-matched peers or typically-developing, spelling-matched peers (Silliman, Bahr, and Peters, 2006, among others). The current results demonstrate that the spelling errors of children with learning disabilities reflect the expected linguistic breakdowns in cross-code mapping, and that children with learning disabilities may display these spelling deficits beyond an appropriate age.

Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur förskollärare kan arbeta med att stimulera barns nyfikenhet för skriftspråket. Tidigare studier har visat att intresset är avgörande för barns skriftspråkliga utveckling, eftersom det påverkar hur mycket barnen kommer i kontakt med detta. Intresset varierar barn emellan och därmed även förutsättningarna, vilket visat sig vara problematiskt. Studien baserades på kvalitativa intervjuer med yrkesverksamma förskollärare för att belysa hur läsning förekommer i förskolan, hur läsning bidrar till barns lärande samt hur barns intresse för skriftspråket stimuleras. Resultatet visade att läsning i förskolan ofta förekommer som högläsning i samband med vila. Läsning sker även på barns egna initiativ, vilket studien gav perspektiv på hur förskollärare kan tillvarata. I studien framkom dessutom att barn tidigt möter skriftspråket genom att skriva och att detta är viktigt att ta på allvar. Förskollärare behöver vidare vara medvetna om att barn både har och ges olika förutsättningar för skriftspråklig utveckling. Verksamheten måste därför anpassas efter barns intressen och behov. I studien framgick betydelsen av barns hemförhållanden, där barn som är ovana vid läsning hemifrån ofta visar begränsat intresse för läsning även i förskolan. En god relation mellan hem och förskola kan däremot bidra till att intresset stimuleras och utvecklas. / The aim of this study was to investigate how Swedish preschool teachers work with children’s curiosity for the written language. Previous studies have shown that interest is of crucial importance in children’s development of written language, since this affects the level of exposure. Interest varies among children and consequently also the conditions, which has been shown to be problematical. The study was based on qualitative interviews with working preschool teachers to illustrate the presence of reading in preschool, how reading contributes to children’s learning and also how children’s interest for written language is stimulated. The result displayed that reading in preschool mostly occur in connection to rest with a preschool teacher reading aloud. Reading can also occur on children’s own initiative, which this study gave perspectives to how preschool teachers can utilize. The study showed that children’s early writing is yet another path to the written language and is therefore important to acknowledge. Furthermore, preschool teachers need to be aware of that children neither have the same background nor are given the same opportunities for development of written language. It is therefore important to adjust the pedagogical activities to children’s interests and needs. The study clarified the significance of children’s home conditions, where children that lack experience of reading at home also show less interest for reading in preschool. A good collaboration between home and preschool can however contribute to stimulation and development of children’s interest.

Die „Wege zum Neutschechischen“, die Tat’ána Vykypělová nachverfolgt, haben ebenso innersprachliche wie äußere – gesellschaftliche, politische und im „langen 16. Jahrhundert“ (S. 57) vor allem konfessionelle – Ursachen. Vf. strebt in ihren kenntnisreichen und sprachgeschichtlich weitsichtigen „Studien zur Geschichte der tschechischen Schriftsprache“ deshalb eine neue „synthetische“ Darstellung der Sprachgeschichte an, die äußere und innere Faktoren aufeinander bezieht (S. 19f.). Im Mittelpunkt steht die konfessionelle Markierung sprachlicher Merkmale, deren Standardisierung oder deren Verlust mit eben dieser Markierung in Verbindung zu bringen sei.

The present thesis deals with the construction and testing of a web-based tool for analysis of Early Middle English texts, created from the data available in the Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME). The introductory theoretical overview of research into Middle English texts focuses on dialectology and the relation between spoken & written language and it serves as a springboard for the development of the tool. The thesis further presents a detailed explanation of the methodology behind the tool. It describes the structure of the database containing the transformed data from LAEME and then it moves on to the semi-automatic data processing and types of output data. This processing consists mainly in the segmentation of LAEME spelling variants into smaller units and in determining which segments in a group of variants correspond to one another. The thesis also describes the individual functions available within the tool and tests their use on short sample analyses. Although more extensive testing and modifications of the tool are required, it has so far revealed no crucial errors and the tool can be described as useable. The project succeeded in opening new possibilities of faster access to LAEME data. Furthermore, the tool is prepared for future upgrades, including the addition of data...

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier l’implication des systèmes visuels magnocellulaire et parvocellulaire dans le traitement de langage écrit, spécialement dans l’identification des mots. Quatre études expérimentales ont été réalisées afin de documenter le rôle respectif de ces deux systèmes pour différentes composantes de la structure du mot écrit, la lettre (Etude 1), la longueur du mot (Etude 2) et l’enveloppe du mot (Etude 3), ainsi que le voisinage orthographique (Etude 4). La dissociation des deux sous-systèmes visuels se fondait sur leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles spécifiques : sensibilité aux fréquences spatiales basses et au contraste de luminance pour le système magnocellulaire ; sensibilité aux fréquences spatiales moyennes et élevées et au contraste chromatique pour le système parvocellulaire. Les participants étaient des adultes jeunes normolecteurs et des enfants de 10-11 ans, lecteurs novices, afin d’envisager l’implication de chaque système visuel à deux étapes de leur développement : maturité chez l’adulte jeune ; en cours de maturation chez l’enfant. Les résultats ont confirmé le rôle prépondérant des traitements parvocellulaires, ce qui corroborait le privilège accordé au traitement des lettres et traits des lettres dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots. Le traitement de la longueur du mot s’est en revanche révélé être une dimension sélectivement magnocellulaire. L’ensemble des résultats est discuté dans le cadre de l’approche coarse-to-fine. / The main objective was to study the implication of the magnocellular and the parvocellular visual systems in written language processing, specifically in word identification. Four studies were carried out to document the respective roles of these two systems, for different components of the written word structure, the letter (Study 1), the word length (Study 2), the word shape (Study 3) and the orthographic neighborhood (Study 4). The dissociation of the two visual systems was based on their specific functional characteristics: sensitivity to low spatial frequencies and luminance contrast for the magnocellular system; and sensitivity to medium and high spatial frequencies and chromatic contrast for the parvocellular system. The participants were young adult normal readers and 10-11 years-old children, novice readers, in order to consider the involvement of each visual system at two stages of their development: mature in young adults while still maturing in the children. The results confirmed the prominent role of parvocellular processing, which was consistent with the privilege accorded to the processing of letters and letters features in visual word recognition. On the other hand, word length processing has been shown to be a selectively magnocellular dimension. All results are discussed in the framework of the coarse-to-fine approach.

Les enfants et adolescents dysphasiques présentent un trouble spécifique du langage qui se manifeste, en absence d'un déficit cognitif, sous la forme d'une perturbation profonde à l'oral et qui persiste au-delà de l'âge de 6 ans. Basée sur des éléments de psychologie pragmatique développementale (principe de coopération de Grice, 1979, et passage de la phase inter-psychologique à la phase intra-psychologique de Vygotski, 1997), et inspirée des travaux de Berman (2005), cette thèse défend l'idée que dans la dysphasie le langage n'est pas uniformément déficitaire. En d'autres termes, les performances langagières des enfants et des adolescents dysphasiques devraient varier en fonction de la situation de production dans laquelle ils se trouvent (tache standardisée vs. tache communicative), mais aussi en fonction de la modalité de production (oral vs. écrit), et enfin de l'indice linguistiques considéré (e.g. orthographe lexicale vs. orthographe morphologique). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les dysphasiques ont de meilleures performances langagières en situation de communication qu'en situation standardisée, que leurs performances en situation communicative sont meilleures à l'écrit qu'à l'oral, et enfin que le profil développemental de leurs capacités langagières évolue différemment, entre 7-11 ans et 12-18 ans, selon l'indice linguistique considéré. La psychologie pragmatique développementale permet donc de souligner que, dans le cadre de l'évaluation des capacités langagières des enfants et des adolescents dysphasiques, le choix des tâches influence les performances obtenues. De plus, comme le préconisait Ringard (2000), les enfants et adolescents dysphasiques bénéficient pleinement d'une scolarisation en milieu ordinaire et y progressent sur le long terme. / Children and adolescents with a specific language impairment (SLI) present a language disorder that appears in the absence of a cognitive impairment and persists beyond the age of 6. Based on elements of developmental pragmatics (Grice cooperative principle, 1979 and transition from the interpsychological to intrapsychological functioning, Vygotsky, 1997) and inspired by the work of Berman (2005), this thesis defends the idea that in SLI the language is not a uniform deficit. In other words, the language performances of children and adolescents with SLI should vary according to the situation in which they produce language (standardized test vs. communicative situation), but also according to the production modality (oral vs. written), and finally the linguistic measure considered (e.g. morphological spelling vs. lexical spelling). The results show that the participants with SLI perform better in a communicative than in a standardised test situation, and in written than in spoken language. Finally, their performance varies differently according to the measure considered, from 7 to 11 and 12 to 18. The developmental pragmatics framework chosen made it possible to emphasize that, when assessing language abilities in children and adolescents with SLI, the choice of a task affects the performance obtained. Moreover, as advocated by Ringard (2000), children and adolescents with SLI fully benefit from a mainstream school environment, where they can progress in the long term, up to the age of 18.