La préservation de la dépense publique, de surcroit par temps de crises financières, est un défi permanent des pouvoirs publics. Cette forte volonté politique a trouvé toute sa signification dans le large consensus politique suscité par la préparation et la mise en œuvre de la LOLF qui devait permettre une gestion publique saine et une dépense publique rationnelle. Cette nouvelle « Constitution » financière a posé les premiers jalons de la démarche de performance au niveau de l’Etat. Le lien entre la conjoncture économique et financière d’une part, et la quête vers une reforme de l’Etat pour une gestion rationnelle de la dépense publique de l’autre est ainsi clairement établie. La performance publique locales se présente à la fois comme un objectif de gestion, au vu de toutes les initiatives lancées au niveau local, mais également comme un outil de gestion du fait de ses retombées, notamment financières / The preservation of public spending, moreover in times of financial crises is an ongoing challenge for government. This strong political will has found its significance in the broad political consensus generated by the preparation and implementation of the Organic Law which would enable good governance and sound public expenditure. This new “Constitution” financial laid the groundwork for the performance process at the state level. The link between economic and financial conditions on the one hand and the quest for a reform of the state for the sound management of public expenditure and the other is clear.The local public performance is presented both as a management objective in view of all initiatives at local level, but also as a management tool because of its impact, including financial

Résumé :Dans un contexte de modernisation de l'Etat, les structures publiques doivent faire face à de nombreuses mutations organisationnelles autant qu'à une montée des risques psychosociaux. A partir des travaux conduits sur l'hypermodernité que nous complétons par la théorie de la préservation des ressources, nous cherchons à identifier certains enjeux en matière de management public.Cette recherche, réalisée à partir d'une étude qualitative menée auprès de trois administrations déconcentrées de l'Etat, examine la dynamique entre trois variables : les facteurs de risques psychosociaux, les ressources disponibles ainsi que les valeurs professionnelles.L'analyse révèle, d'une part, l'existence de risques conformes à ceux dentifiés dans les entreprises privées, d'autre part, la présence de ressources régulatrices liées à la qualité des relations avec les pairs et à la nature des missions autant qu'aux possibilités de développement et, enfin, des valeurs relatives à la motivation à l'égard du service public.D'une manière générale, l'interprétation des données indique que les valeurs professionnelles se heurtent fréquemment à la logique du new management public qui sous-tend les nouveaux modes de production publique. Cependant, loin de rester passifs, les agents se tournent vers d'autres valeurs "refuges", telles l'utilité de leur travail ou la satisfaction des usagers, qui agissent comme de nouvelles ressources dans un contexte à l'avenir incertain. / Abstract :In a context of modernization of the state, public structures have to face many organizational changes as well as a rise in psychosocial risks. From the works conducted on hypermodernity that we supplement with the theory of the preservation of resources, we seek to identify some issues in public management. This research, based on a qualitative study conducted among three decentralized state administrations, examines the dynamics between three variables: psychosocial risk factors, available resources and professional values. The analysis reveals, on the one hand, the existence of risksconsistent with those identified in private companies, on the other hand, the presence of regulatory resources related to the quality of relations with peers and the nature of missions as much as development opportunities; and, finally, values relating to motivation for public service. In general terms, the interpretation of the data indicates that professional values frequently come up against the logic of the new public management that underpins the new modes of public production. However, far from being passive, agents are turning to other "safe haven" values, such as the usefulness of their work or the satisfaction of users, who act as new resources in a context of uncertain future.

Thesis (DTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. / Public service professionals can no longer afford to be ethnocentric, inward looking, focused on the past, and defensive. They must be forward-looking, globally oriented, innovative, adaptable, and ready to take advantage of opportunities to serve the community more effectively. Public Administration, if it is to be well done, must be aggressive, not a passive enterprise; in the pursuit of public interest (Cooper et al., 1998). Industrial era Public Administrators, characterized by high degrees of centralization and large driven bureaucracies, cannot meet the needs and challenges of the new information era. New kinds of Public Institutions are therefore required which are more flexible and more customer and results oriented. This trend follows what is emerging outside the public sector where organizations are promoting flatter management structures, decentralization of authority and a greater focus on improving quality and customer service. The many decades of dormancy in the administrative and organizational structure of the public sector were reflected in and influenced by the unchanging nature of public service culture (Caiden, 1990). In contrast, there has been a rush for reform during the past 12 years, reflected in new policies, structures, financial management frameworks and service outcomes aimed at enhancing public sector accountability, transparency and efficiency. This, however, has not been accompanied by a vision for a new public sector organizational culture, of more customer driven and business like mentality.

The term `quality' is regularly used by those who produce, promote and consume wine. However, the nature and features of wine quality are rarely explained. This study was designed to explore what drinkers consider to be the nature of wine quality and what they believe its features to be. Focus groups and individual and small group interviews were used to explore the conceptualisation and dimensions of wine quality, how that quality is assessed, and what its relevance may be. There were 105 informants, sourced from three states across Australia primarily by utilising friends and acquaintances of the researcher. Informants included consumers with a wide background of consumption practices and involvement levels, and also producers and those involved generally in the marketing, selling and promotion of wine. The study viewed wine as an aesthetic or quasi-aesthetic object and therefore also investigated drinkers' more general perceptions of the links between wine and other aesthetic products, placing the understanding of quality within that context.

This study is in response to globalisation, changing world values and the call in modern literature for leaders of good character. Servant-leadership is offered to fill this requirement because its effectiveness is said to be reliant on the good character of the leader. In the literature this type of leadership is said to represent a new paradigm. The work of servant-leadership's proponent, Robert Greenleaf, is thoroughly examined to explain how his understanding of trust as faith is linked to spirituality and this is the key to understanding the character of servant-leaders. Greenleaf's work is compared with the modern servant-leadership literature and identifies a gap in the literature explaining Greenleaf's spirituality.This is a qualitative analysis using classical Grounded Theory and uses the work of Anthony Giddens to give it a modern sociological grounding. Classical Grounded Theory uses typologies or

Previous research shows that a good balance between focus on development of existing processes with development of new and innovative products, processes or services has a positive effect on organizational excellence. However, the relationship between these two quality perspectives is not easy to maintain and it is a challenge for every organization to find an appropriate balance between them. Previous research shows also that there is often a striking overemphasis on continuous improvement and stepwise refinement at the expense of working with innovations. Consequently, it has become necessary to find forms for development of the balance between improvement of existing processes and innovations. It is a question of how to manage both exploitation (improvement of existing processes) and exploration (innovations). Being able to manage both exploitation and exploration and maintain a good balance is known as organizational ambidexterity. The purpose of this thesis is to develop existing knowledge of how organisational ambidexterity and innovation can be understood and developed as an approach to increasing customer value in the context of the public sector. In order to meet the purpose, the research behind this thesis was conducted through six studies. The results have been presented in six scientific articles. The analytical focus in the research has been on management of public organization. Thus, the unit of analysis has been public sector management both at national, regional and municipal level. The studies have been conducted with a qualitative approach and data collection has primarily been done through semi- structured interviews. Most of the data has been collected in Sweden. Through the studies, it appears that the current quality practice in the Swedish public sector to a large extent relates to and supports exploitation, but not exploration. The empirical findings give examples of organizations that have a large focus on systematic measurement and control of the work process. An inhibition of increased customer value is indicated in the studied organizations’ current emphasis on exploitation at the expense of exploration. The research also shows that there are a number of impediments for the public organizations studied to combine their current quality practice with an improved ability to explore. It appears that there is a need for development of the leeway for exploration in order to increase the ability to be ambidextrous. The research behind this thesis empirically identifies a number of enablers the public organization may need to work actively with in order to develop organizational ambidexterity. Some of these enabling factors harmonize with quality movement core values. This applies to core values like committed leadership, focus on customers and a holistic system perspective. In addition, the following factors are perceived to be enabling factors for organizational ambidexterity: specific budgets for both exploration and exploitation; development of a culture in which employees feel that they are allowed to make mistakes; a good dialogue both internally and with external stake holders; focusing on the implementation of innovations and clear incentives for work on exploration as well as for work on exploitation. Finally, the empirical data also shows that an enabling factor is to get different professions involved in explorative processes. This can be achieved by working through ambassadors who can promote the explorative processes. The enablers, which have been empirically identified in this research as important for organizational ambidexterity, have also previously been identified by scholars as enablers for innovations. The research behind this thesis contributes to the empirical sorting out which - out of a wide range of factors - may be the most important factors for organizational ambidexterity. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 6 accepterat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 6 accepted.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / Curriculum in Public Management has been under-theorised in terms of sociological perspectives particularly those addressing the social nature of how curriculum choices are made, the types of knowledge and social relations that curricula reflect, the identities of the civil servant graduates that are privileged through these relationships and the implications of these choices for both student and staff identity and student progress. Providing evidence from a single qualitative case study this thesis examines and analyses the development of a Masters curriculum in Public Management in South Africa designed to educate public servants for a post-apartheid civil service during the years 1993-2005. This curriculum was developed by recontextualising content from various disciplines and by reference to the field of practice. This study examines various attempts to overcome fragmentation in the curriculum, the logics that were seen as being potentially integrating and difficulties experienced in using these logics as a basis for integrating curriculum contents. It draws on concepts and models developed by Basil Bernstein theorising regions, recontextualisation and integrated curriculum types. This study enables an analysis of the difficulties experienced in successfully implementing a curriculum in the under-examined area of taught, conversion-type, postgraduate Masters degrees in higher education. The findings show that each of the integrating logics that were appealed to were not able to adequately fulfil an ‘integrating’ function. Curriculum developers struggled to shape a curriculum that was coherent where criteria for progress were clear and shared. Curriculum developers drew on integrating ideas that were sometimes contradictory and proved difficult to turn into principles for developing strong and explicit relationships between an idea (or ideal) and what was taught. By not examining curriculum in terms of its key role in classifying educational knowledge and blurring boundaries between different knowledge forms this curriculum did not take into account the various roles that different boundaries play for structuring progression and shaping both learner and staff identities. Attempts to combine practice and the theoretical without explicit engagement with their iv differences and the implications of these for curriculum and pedagogy resulted in neither the ‘academic’ nor the ‘professional’ being strengthened over time.

De senaste 20 åren har svensk offentlig verksamhet styrts med resultatstyrning, vilket totalt ändrat statliga organisationers landskap. De som sägs ha påverkats mest av denna förändring är professionsyrken vilka utgör en femtedel av svensk yrkeskår. Denna studie beskriver hur professionella påverkas av resultatstyrning. Med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer av respondenter som arbetar inom professionsyrkena lärare och polis har resultat kunnat utrönas ur perspektiv av tre centrala teman: “makt”, “ansvar” och “rationalitet/intellekt”. Resultatet av studien har kunnat utröna tendenser till vissa likheter med tidigare forskning på ämnet resultatstyrning samtidigt som andra delar av dessa studier står motsagda. Till exempel upplevde sig professionella fortsatt ha självständighet i sin yrkesutövning på samma gång som vissa däremot vittnar om minskad tillit och ökad administration. Uppsatsen utmynnade i sju mindre sammankopplade slutsatser där det viktigaste, övergripande är att verksamhetsmål och resultat inte anses vara verklighetsförankrade. Detta spås ha bidragit till det förståelseglapp mellan ledning och profession som respondenterna har tyckts berätta om där resultatstyrning bidrar till dubbla verkligheter: en verklighet berättad i form av resultat och en av profession. En annan insikt är däremot att inget allmänt motstånd mot resultatstyrning uttrycktes hos någon av respondenterna.

Framed within theoretical discussions on both New Public Management (NPM) theory and New Social Movement (NSM) theory, this thesis explores increasing religiosity in education delivery in secular Turkey. Particularly, it investigates the ways in which two Islamic religious groups, the Gulen Movement (GM) and the Iskenderpasa Cemaati (IC), engage with education as a result of neoliberalization in both the public sphere and public administration. Islam, and especially the Islamic Social Movements (ISMs), play an important role in politics and in the socio-economic spheres; therefore, it is necessary to consider their growing role in the delivery of public services such as education not only in Muslim countries, but also in secular societies. Since education is defined as a public service which has a significant role in the creation of social capital (Putnam, 1993), these movements increased their interest in education systems in order to make their own voice heard during the process of education delivery, or in other words, the creation of social capital. This research combines three different research methods: 1) documentary analysis of official papers from the public administration reforms, government archives, the GM and IC's own reports and web pages, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank reports on the Turkish education system; 2) in-depth interviews conducted with parents, teachers and alumni of GM an IC schools; 3) focus group analysis conducted with graduates from the IC and the GM schools. The data collected from the documents and field research suggest that in Turkey, NPM, which was applied to privatized public services and the deregulated public sphere, has created opportunity spaces for Muslims and ISMs to move upward in the social stratification ladder. The result is the emergence of an ISM controlled education service. The GM and the IC are the best examples of this process. The researcher used the GM and the IC as examples of a collective case study. Although both the GM and the IC have emerged in a similar socio-political and economic environment, in which there is an increasing trend of Islamisation in the social structure and neoliberalization in the economy and politics, these movements responded differently to the same changes. The GM has managed to integrate into the new conditions and produced a similar discourse to NPM. Therefore, rather than establishing an Islamic order, the GM focused on political, social and economic wealth by opening education institutions. However, by demonstrating a traditional form of Islam, the IC shows the other face of religious groups in Turkey. For this reason, the researcher refers to the GM as a 'movement' and the IC as a 'cemaat'. Additionally, by being visible in the public sphere and producing a neoliberal discourse, which is parallel with NPM doctrines, the GM managed to develop educational governance that increases secular and pious families' voices in the education system. This research provides an analysis of a new approach in public administration related to education, one that distances itself from the traditional, prescriptive structures, and instead engages in flexible and participative relationships. Finally, the findings of this research will provide a greater understanding of states where there are tensions between modernisation and democratisation, and demands for 'traditional values'.

The financial management in the public sector can be improved by the development of an integral accrual accounting system to enable the preparation of accrual-based budgets, financial statements and performance reports to meet the needs of the various stakeholders. Traditionally the management of government expenditures has been focused on a system of expenditure control, which is based on the cash basis of accounting, to ensure that budgetary authority granted by the legislature is not exceeded. The cash basis of accounting does not measure the resources consumed during the period under review, thus the true costs of government programmes and projects are not correctly measured, controlled or reported. In the absence of accurate cost information, performance measures of efficiency and cost-effectiveness cannot readily be determined. The Public Sector Committee (PSC) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is currently involved with the establishment of International Public Sector Accounting Standards. These standards will introduce the accrual basis of accounting and is a significant step towards transparent and accountable information. The financial successful and efficient organisations are headed by competent management and make use of effective budgetary control. Effective budgetary control is based on operating budgets that are closely linked with long-term strategic plans and desired outcomes. The operating budgets are then compared with actual results, on an accruals basis, in order to measure performance and efficiency. It is clear from the above that three prerequisites exist for performance measurement, namely (i) committed and competent line-managers; (ii) outcomes-based budgeting; and (iii) accruals-based reporting. The balanced scorecard is a useful tool to document the strategies and the performance measures of outputs. A performance measurement framework that uses the balanced scorecard as a base are developed for provincial governments and incorporates (i) the implementation of an outcomes-based budget; (ii) the use of an accruals-based cost/revenue allocation to measure the costs of the various outputs; and (iii) a performance statement. Committed and competent line-managers are the first prerequisite for performance measurement. The responsibilities and training needs of the Executive Authority, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) are clearly defined and the training needs of provincial government officials are highlighted. Outcomes-based budgeting is the second prerequisite for performance measurement. The public sector managers in provincial governments should take cognisance of the shortcomings of the current budgeting process and consider the implementation of activity-based budgeting. Reporting on an accruals basis is the third prerequisite for performance reporting. Internal reporting in provincial government departments should be revitalised and activity-based costing should be implemented to facilitate accruals-based cost allocations to all the various activities and processes that are required for each output. Finally, the study recommends a performance statement that can be incorporated into the financial statements of provincial government departments, which will be in total harmony with the income statement and the balanced scorecard.