Der Begriff der ‚Selbstbezeichnung‘ gewann seine Bedeutung und Bedeutsamkeit zunächst in politischen Kontexten. Um ihn an theoretische Konzepte anschlussfähig zu machen, werden im Folgenden probeweise zwei Differenzierungen vollzogen, die sich im weiteren Verlauf jedoch beide wieder aufheben.

The master's thesis contains a description of the advertising text within a text-categorical approach. The author summarizes the main linguistic approaches to the study of the advertising text, describes the means of forming the category of mood in the advertising text and identifies the types of moods that are typical for commercial log messages. / Магистерская диссертация содержит описание рекламного текста в рамках категориально-текстового подхода. Автором обобщены основные лингвистические подходы к изучению рекламного текста, описаны средства формирования категории тональности в рекламном тексте и выявлены типы тональностей, которые характерны для коммерческих журнальных сообщений.

In this dissertation study examines trust as an economic category, analyzes the notion of the firm as the unit of entrepreneurial activity. Examines the relationship between trust and risk, contract and quality business practices. Analyze the criteria and methods of evaluation of trust as factor of increase of efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, comparative analysis of business cultures of Russia and the USA. Empirical analysis has shown that trust is an important factor in enhancing performance of entrepreneurial firms; closely connected with such concepts as honesty, confidence, a positive reputation; associated with the concept of "time". The study revealed the factors contributing to the strengthening and the destruction of confidence in the business environment; proposed and applied the model to assess the level of confidence in the subject area; developed methodical recommendations on the formation of a trust company; the composed model of building trust in business, allowing companies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of their activities. / В диссертационном исследовании рассматриваются доверие как экономическая категория, анализируется понятие фирмы как единицы предпринимательской деятельности. Рассматривается взаимосвязь доверия и риска, контракта и качества ведения бизнеса. Анализируются критерии и методы оценки доверия как фактора повышения эффективности предпринимательской деятельности, проводится сравнительный анализ предпринимательских культур России и США. Эмпирический анализ показал, что доверие является важным фактором, повышающим эффективность деятельности предпринимательских фирм; тесно переплетается с такими понятиями как честность, уверенность, позитивная репутация; сопряжено с понятием «времени». В исследовании выявлены факторы, способствующие укреплению и разрушению доверия в предпринимательской среде; предложена и применена модель оценки уровня доверия к предметной области; разработаны методические рекомендации по формированию доверительной репутации фирмы; составлена модель построения доверия в предпринимательстве, позволяющая фирмам повысить эффективность и устойчивость их деятельности.

This MA thesis aims at identifying the equivalence of the Russian translations of Sylvia Plath’s poems from the collection “Ariel” (1965) on the basis of the comparative and categorical text analysis. The author studies the peculiarities of manifestation of text categories of theme, chronotope (locality and temporality) and tonality in the original poetic texts as compared to their Russian translations by V. P. Betaki. The identification of categorical markers and their equivalence is proved to be able to define the quantitative degree of translation equivalence to the original. Moreover, the chosen linguistic method contributes to singling out the typological characteristics, which, on their turn, make it possible to describe even more specific divergences between the original and translated texts, as well as the translator’s strategies in general. The results of the research paper can be used as a material for the further categorical method application in the sphere of translation studies. / Настоящая магистерская диссертация посвящена выявлению степени эквивалентности русских переводных вариантов стихотворений из сборника «Ariel» (1965) Сильвии Плат на базе сопоставительно-категориального анализа текстов (СКАТ). В работе рассматривается специфика проявления полевых текстовых категории темы, хронотопа (локальности и темпоральности) и тональности в исходных поэтических текстах на английском языке и их русских переводах, выполненных В. П. Бетаки. Доказано, что вычленение маркеров каждой из указанных категорий и их переводческих соответствий позволяет установить количественный уровень эквивалентности варианта художественного текста оригиналу; более того, выбранный лингвистический метод способствует выявлению типологических черт, на основании которых можно описать более частные расхождения переводных вариантов и общие стратегии переводчика. Результаты данной работы могут быть использованы в качестве материала для дальнейшего применения СКАТ в области переводоведения.

Un nombre réduit, mais croissant de recherches étudie le développement de la complexité syntaxique pour l’anglais et le français européen, mais à notre connaissance aucune ne s’est intéressée au français québécois. Ce projet a donc pour ambition d’analyser la production de constructions complexes chez des enfants franco-québécois âgés de 3 à 6 ans, à partir d’un corpus composé de 30 échantillons de langage spontané répartis en trois groupes d’âge de 3-4 ans, 4-5 ans et 5-6 ans. Les échantillons ont été recueillis pendant que chaque enfant s’amusait avec des jouets standards. Des enregistrements audio-visuels ont été effectués pendant l’activité et ensuite transcrits sous forme de corpus écrits. Enfin, le logiciel SALT a été utilisé pour coder les transcriptions. La présente étude se veut développementale, dans le sens qu’elle cherche à généraliser le processus de développement des complexités syntaxique en fonction de l’âge. Les constructions complexes considérées s’appuient sur la liste revisitée des introducteurs de complexité de Lentin (1998). À des fins d’analyse, elles ont été réparties en quatre catégories syntaxiques : les complétives, les coordonnées, les circonstancielles, et les relatives. Une analyse descriptive des constructions complexes basée sur des pourcentages a d’abord été effectuée suivie d’analyses statistiques pour vérifier la significativité des évolutions observées. Les principales conclusions de cette étude se résument comme suit. La proportion de constructions complexes est invariante entre 3 et 6 ans, laissant croire que le développement de la complexité syntaxique s’effectue au-delà de l’âge de 6 ans. Néanmoins, comme pour l’anglais, les complétives sont les constructions les plus fréquentes dans le langage de l’enfant et ce, pour chaque groupe d’âge. Viennent ensuite les coordonnées, les circonstancielles et enfin les relatives. L’ordre de développement suit ainsi l’ordre d’émergence des constructions complexes. À l’intérieur des quatre catégories syntaxiques, certains sous-types de constructions apparaissent plus fréquemment que d’autres. Dans les complétives, ce sont les infinitives prépositionnelles et les complétives introduites par la conjonction « que ». Dans les circonstancielles, ce sont les propositions introduites par « parce que » qui sont les plus utilisés, dans les coordonnées, ce sont les juxtapositions de propositions et enfin dans les relatives, les relatives sujet en « qui ». Une analyse plus détaillée du développement des sous-types de constructions complexes révèle une augmentation significative des circonstancielles exprimant la conséquence à partir de 4 ans et du discours indirect à partir de 5 ans. Toutefois, une diminution significative de l’interrogative indirecte a été relevée à partir de 5 ans. Des différences individuelles substantielles ont été observées entre les enfants d’un même groupe d’âge, en particulier dans le groupe de 4-5 ans. Les résultats obtenus mériteraient d’être vérifiés sur un corpus plus large et plus homogène afin de dégager des généralisations sur le processus de développement de la complexité syntaxique. Autre que l’âge, d’autres facteurs, tel que les facteurs cognitifs (comme la capacité de l’enfant à traiter l’information, la mémoire de travail) et les facteurs environnementaux (comme le type de discours, le langage adressé à l’enfant) seraient à considérer dans des travaux futurs. / A small but growing of research studies the development of syntactic complexity for English and European French, but to our knowledge none has focused on Quebec French. This project aims to analyze the production of complex constructions in Franco-Quebecer children aged 3 to 6, from a corpus composed of 30 samples of spontaneous language divided into three age groups of 3-4 years, 4-5 years and 5-6 years. The samples were collected while each child was playing with standard toys. Audio-visual recordings were made during the activity and then transcribed into a written corpus. Finally, SALT software was used to code the transcripts. The present study is developmental, in the sense that it seeks to generalize the process of production of syntactic complexities according to age. The complex constructions considered are based on Lentin's revisited list of complexity introducer, and for analysis purposes, they have been divided into four syntactic categories: complements, coordinates, circumstantials, and relatives. A descriptive analysis of the complex constructions based on percentages was first carried out, followed by statistical analyzes to test the significance of the changes observed. The main conclusions of this work can be summarized as follows. The proportion of complex constructions is invariant between 3 and 6 years, suggesting the development of syntactic complexity takes place beyond the age of 6 years. Nevertheless, as for English, complements are the most frequent constructions in child language, and this for each age group. This is followed respectively by coordinates, circumstantials and relatives. The order of development thus follows the order of emergence of complex constructions. Within these four syntactic categories, certain subtypes of constructions appear more frequently than others. In the category of complements, these are prepositional infinitives and the conjunction “que”. In circumstantials, "because" structures are the most used, and in coordinates, it is juxtapositions, and finally in relatives, the relative subject "qui” (who/which). A more detailed analysis of the development of complex construction subtypes reveals a significant increase in circumstantials expressing consequence from age 4, and indirect speech from age 5. However, a significant decrease in indirect questions was noted from the age of 5 years. Substantial individual differences were observed between children within the same age group, particularly in the 4-5 year one. Results obtained should be verified on a larger and more homogeneous corpus in order to draw generalizations on the process of syntactic complexity development. Other than age, other factors, such as cognitive factors (such as the child's ability to process information and working memory) and environmental factors (such as type of speech, language addressed to the child) should be considered in future work.

No description available.

As CO2 emissions increase, so does the average temperature, leading toenvironmental consequences such as rising sea levels, drought, and starvation.Therefore, it is essential to act towards the reduction of the CO2 emissionsto counteract these dire consequences. The Science Based Target initiative(SBTi) which is a non-governmental organization has created a framework fororganisations to set net-zero targets for 2050. The goals are accompanied byguidelines, demands and recommendations for how to measure and reportemissions across a supply chain. There are challenges and problems attached to measuring CO2 emissions formultinational companies (MNC). The emissions are divided into three scopes.Scope 3 which consists of indirect emissions coming from up- anddownstream of the focal companies has proven to be challenging to gatherdata for due to lack of proper company capabilities. This thesis aims toidentify challenges related to measuring and reporting the emissions caused bythe use of sold products, which is one of the 15 categories of Scope 3.Moreover, this study aims to create a standardized framework for MNCs byaddressing the necessary steps for collecting data for developing an emissionscalculation tool and to suggest how to properly calculate and illustrateemissions ty the focal company. Lastly, the implementability of the frameworkwill be assessed. The research methods include a case study with a set of unstructuredinterviews of nine participants. These includes engineers, innovationmanagers, sustainability managers and product managers. Moreover, aniterative process for developing a calculation tool was performed includingtesting of the tool as it was developed. The case study identified challenges of calculating emissions from soldproducts. These were of lack of IT infrastructure, insufficient data forcalculating emissions, high uncertainties of how the organization shouldconduct measuring of emissions and how to allocate resources in the SBTiimplementation. Moreover, the risks of interpreting calculated dataincorrectly were identified. Lastly, a framework was created consisting of aseven-step process including: communicating transition, assembling projectteams, covering emission, mapping data, creating the tool, task delegation andeducation and standardization.

In this study we propose to enhance the predictive power of a Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) consumer credit scorecard by leveraging detailed product information. The object of analys is in this study is Klarna Bank AB, which is the largest retail finance provider in Sweden. This research conducts a quantitative study in order to firstly, investigate if it is possible to find subcategories that correlate more with credit risk than the existing product categories at Klarna. This will be investigated by categorizing already accepted orders into more granulated product categories than Klarna's existing level. Secondly, this study investigates how more detailed product categorization can improve a BNPL e-commerce consumer credit scorecard. Lastly, a qualitative analysis of what the business impact an implementation of this feature could entail for Klarna Bank AB is conducted. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to find subcategories that correlate more strongly with credit risk than the existing categories. The characteristics of the high-and low risk product categories align with existing research on online consumer behavior. More specifically, we found that luxury products, ego-related products, and products related to addictive behavior had the highest risk. We also contribute to existing research within the credit risk management field by finding that trending/new products on the market have a higher risk, and that the novelty of a product should be taken into consideration in credit risk prediction. By applying a hypothetical credit scoring model on a dataset of already accepted orders that took the new detailed product categories into consideration, the discrimination performance could be improved. However, risks regarding adding more data into a credit risk model need to be considered before implementing the proposed solution. Our study, therefore, demonstrates the potential of including more granulated product category information in a BNPL e-commerce consumer credit scorecard to improve risk prediction. While the results of this study are limited to the studied context, it is considered generalizable in that the proposed method could effectively be adapted to retrieve corresponding findings in other contexts. / Denna studie föreslår att förbättra prediktionsförmågan hos en konsumentkreditriskmodell inom Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) genom att utnyttja detaljerad produktinformation. Analysobjektet i studien är Klarna Bank AB, som är den största BNPL-aktören i Sverige. I detta arbete genomförs en kvantitativ studie för att först och främst undersöka om det är möjligt att hitta produktkategorier som korrelerar mer med kreditrisk än vad de nuvarande produktkategorierna på Klarna gör. Detta ska undersökas genom att kategorisera redan accepterade ordrar i mer granulerade produktkategorier än Klarnas befintliga nivå. Därefter ska det undersökas hur mer detaljerad produktkategorisering kan förbättra en kreditriskmodell för BNPL-företag. Till sist genomförs en kvalitativ analys över vilken affärspåverkan en implementering av denna lösning skulle kunna innebära för Klarna Bank AB. Våra resultat visar att det är möjligt att hitta underkategorier som korrelerar starkare med kreditrisk än de befintliga kategorierna hos Klarna. Egenskaperna hos de produktkategorier med hög och låg risk överensstämmer med befintlig forskning inom konsumentbeteenden online och psykologi. Mer specifikt fann vi att lyxprodukter, ego-relaterade produkter, och produkter relaterade till beroendebeteenden hade den högsta risken. Vi bidrar också till befintlig forskning inom forskningsfältet för kreditrisk genom att finna att trendiga/nya produkter på marknaden har högre risk och att det borde beaktas vid kreditriskbedömning. Genom att tillämpa en hypotetisk kreditvärderingsmodell på en dataset av redan accepterade ordrar, som tog hänsyn till de nya detaljerade produktkategorierna, kunde prediktionsförmågan förbättras. Risker med att lägga till mer data i en kreditriskmodell måste dock övervägas innan den föreslagna lösningen implementeras. Vår studie visar på potentialen i att inkludera mer detaljerad produktkategoriinformation i ett consumer credit scorecard för BNPL-företag för att på så sätt förbättra riskprediktionsförmågan. Även om resultaten av denna studie är begränsade till den studerade kontexten, anses det vara generaliserbart genom att den föreslagna metoden effektivt skulle kunna anpassas för att hitta motsvarande resultat i andra kontexter.

<p dir="ltr">Upon acquiring or learning another language, cross-linguistic influence (CLI) is an inevitable phenomenon with which a bilingual speaker lives. One key aspect of CLI is its bidirectionality, flowing between both the first (L1) and second languages (L2) mutually affecting each other. However, investigations of L1 CLI on L2 have dominated previous bilingual studies, and despite the increasing amount of research on L2 CLI on L1, the phonetic and phonological domains remain relatively underexplored. The primary goal of the present study is to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing L2 CLI on L1 phonetics and phonology.</p><p dir="ltr">The present study investigates L2 CLI on L1 phonetics and phonology by examining both the speech perception and production of L1 sound categories among two different groups of bilinguals, Korean heritage speakers (HSs, <i>n</i> = 30) and long-term immigrants (LTIs, <i>n</i> = 27) group participants in the US, in comparison to L1(Korean)-immersed (L1-i) native speakers residing in South Korea (<i>n</i> = 30). Participants completed a series of three experimental tasks: (1) a three-alternative forced-choice (3AFC) identification task, (2) an AX discrimination task, and (3) a controlled reading paradigm task.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 1 (3AFC task) was conducted to investigate the extent and direction of L2 CLI in perceptual cue weighting to L1 speech categories. In this task, participants listened to a Korean word in each trial, potentially differing in the word-initial stop, and decided which word they heard from a real-word Korean minimal triplet /pul/ ‘fire,’ /p^hul/ ‘grass,’ and /p^*ul/ ‘horn.’ Specifically, the word-initial stop consisted of an eight-by-eight orthogonal voice onset time (VOT)–onset f0 continuum, created through a speech resynthesis technique. Based on the similarities and differences in the use of the two acoustic parameters between Korean (either onset f0 or VOT is a primary cue) and English stops (VOT is the primary cue), bilingual participants were expected to exhibit different cue-weighting patterns, as compared to L1-i speakers. The results from the mixed-effects logistic regression model analyses indicated that while HSs were less sensitive to the Korean primary cue, onset f0, compared to L1-i speakers—suggesting assimilation to L2 in the perceptual domain—LTIs exhibited greater sensitivity to this cue, indicating dissimilation from L2. It was also found that bilingual participants’ Korean dominance significantly influenced their cue weighting in the perception of Korean stops.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 2 (AX discrimination task) was administered to assess participants’ perceptual accuracy for L1 stop categories and the potential impact of L1 cue weighting, as estimated in Experiment 1, on their discrimination performance. Notably, the VOT in the stop stimuli used in the AX task were resynthesized to have a consistent VOT of 70 ms across all stimuli. This setup created a condition where participants had no choice but to rely solely on the onset f0 cue—the primary cue to the Korean lenis-aspirated stop contrast, rendering VOT, the primary cue for the voicing contrast in English stops, uninformative. The results from mixed-effects logistic regression models showed that HSs were significantly less accurate in discriminating their L1 stop categories without the VOT cue, while LTIs outperformed the L1-i speakers. That is, the LTI group, the most balanced group in terms of language dominance, had the highest accuracy in discriminating L1 contrasts among the participant groups. Furthermore, individual sensitivity to the onset f0 cue was found to be positively correlated with discrimination performance.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 3 (Controlled reading paradigm) aimed to examine L2 CLI on the implementation of acoustic parameters for L1 Korean stops, as well as the potential impact of proficiency and dominance on these parameters. Participants read aloud a list of minimal triplet stimuli differing in the word-initial stop within a carrier phrase. A machine-learning-based audio signal detection system was used to analyze the acoustic parameters, and Bayesian mixed-effects linear regression models, along with quadratic polynomial regression models, were implemented for statistical analysis of the processed data. The results of the production task mirrored the perception task (Experiment 1): HSs demonstrated assimilation to L2 via onset f0, while LTIs showed dissimilation, as compared to L1-i speakers. The analysis also revealed that the degree of bilingual balance in dominance and proficiency significantly influenced the implementation of onset f0, with more balanced bilinguals exhibiting greater category contrasts than less balanced bilinguals, regardless of whether they were Korean-dominant or English-dominant.</p><p dir="ltr">The findings from these experiments provide concrete evidence of L2 CLI in L1 phonetics and phonology. Importantly, the results demonstrate that not only the timing of L2 acquisition and the quantity and quality of L2 input but also the quality and quantity of L1 acquisition and bilingual balance contribute to the direction and the degree of L2 CLI in L1 speech. These findings align with the predictions of the revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r, Flege & Bohn, 2021) and expand its scope of application to include both HSs and LTIs. In particular, the evidence of category assimilation and dissimilation lends support to the bidirectional CLI hypothesis proposed by SLM-r. To conclude, the present dissertation expands our understanding of the nature of L2 CLI in L1 phonetics and phonology in bilingual speakers.</p>

The short life cycles and highly variable demand in the fast fashion market causes various challenges in a retailer’s supply chain management processes. The essential task at hand is to provide the right product, at the right time, and at the right place. Due to this inherent difficulty, the bullwhip effect is a major issue in the fashion supply chain. To enhance customer satisfaction and increase the alignment between the supply and market place demand, companies have been pushed towards exploiting big data, supply chain analytics and AI techniques for better business decision making. One such critical but intrinsically complex decision is the development of a future apparel assortment; in particular defining its optimal breadth and depth. This thesis investigates how such AI techniques can be applied to develop a new assortment aligned with the future customer demands- and choice behavior. The research was conducted through firstly performing a qualitative case study at a fast fashion retailer. This explored the critical business decisions in the supply chain lacking AI support. The findings, revealing the assortment planning process as one such critical area, guided the second part of the thesis: a systematic literature review exploring the AI techniques used in this process in the retail - and fashion industry. An appropriate framework of planning a static apparel assortment in the fast fashion industry was developed and used as a guide throughout the study. The thesis discovered that there exists significant research in the field of applying AI techniques to generate and integrate knowledge about consumer demand- and choice behavior in the planning process of a future assortment. The main components to consider in this procedure is a) fashion forecasting, b) forecasting midterm demand, and c) forecasting product selection, incorporating the effects of substitution and complementarity at all times. This is believed to increase the alignment between supply and the marketplace demand, consequently reducing the bullwhip effect. The critical area for future research is how the discovered models are to be integrated in one singlemodel. Namely, simultaneously utilizing consumer choice behavior models and fashion forecasting to predict future demand of new items. Thus, the risk of suboptimization may be mitigated. / Modeindustrins korta produktlivscykler och högt varierande efterfrågan efter rådande trender skapar stora utmaningar i försörjningskedjan hos företag i branschen. Det essentiella målet för företagen är att tillhandahålla rätt produkt, vid rätt tidpunkt och på rätt plats. De komplexa karaktärsdragen i modeindustrin, där bland den fluktuerande efterfrågan, har gjort bullwhipeffekten till en stor utmaning i branschen. För att öka kundnöjdhet och anpassningen mellan marknadens utbud och efterfrågan har företag drivits mot utnyttjandet av big data i avsikt att förbättra kritisk affärsbeslutsfattning genom användandet av analytics och AI. Ett kritiskt ochkomplext beslut är utvecklingen av ett nytt produktsortiment, där definieringen av sortimentetsbredd och djup är särskilt viktigt. Denna uppsats undersöker hur AI-modeller kan tillämpas för att hjälpa företag inom modeindustrin i utvecklingen av nya sortiment anpassade efter kundens beräknade efterfrågan och val. Detta arbete inleddes med utförandet av en kvalitativ fallstudie hos en stor aktör verksam inom modeindustrin. Detta gjordes för att identifiera kritiska affärsbeslut i företagets försörjningskedja som saknade AI-stöd. Resultatet påvisade att sortimentsplanering var ett sådant kritiskt beslutsområde. Följaktligen utfördes en systematisk litteraturstudie i andra delen av arbetet i syfte att undersöka AI-modeller som appliceras i sortimentsplanerings-processen i såväl detaljhandeln som modebranschen. För att konceptualisera processen av att planera ett statiskt produktsortiment utvecklades ett ramverk som användes som en guide under hela arbetet. Studien visade att det finns betydande forskning inom tillämpningen av AI-modeller i syfte att planera ett optimalt sortiment efter konsumenternas efterfrågan. De huvudsakliga faktorerna att överväga innefattar prognostiseringen av efterfrågan, trender samt substitution- och komplementeffekter. Ett kritiskt område för framtida forskning är hur de upptäckta modellerna ska integreras i en enda modell som inkluderar dessa faktorer i ett tidigt såväl som sent skede av planeringen. Det som eftersträvas i en integrerad modell är att mildra risken av suboptimering som identifierats i nuvarande litteraturs angreppssätt.