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Evaluations of John Howard Yoder’s legacy have proliferated since his death in 1997. Although there is much disagreement, a broad consensus is forming that his theology was, on the one hand, focused on the social and political meaning of the New Testament accounts of Jesus Christ and, on the other hand, sociologically reductive, hermeneutically tendentious, and ecclesiologically ambiguous. This thesis proposes a revision of Yoder’s theology that maintains its broadly sociological emphasis but corrects for its apparent problems. In specific, adjustments are made to his social theory to open it to spiritual reality, to hone its analytical approach, and to clarify its political import. To do so his preferred framework for social criticism, the theology of the principalities and powers, is examined in the context of his wider work and its critics, and then synthesized with concepts from Pierre Bourdieu’s influential reflexive sociology. Yoder maintains that the powers, understood as social structures, are part of God’s good creation, fallen, and now being redeemed through their subjection to the risen Lord Christ. Bourdieu’s fundamental sociological concepts--habitus, capital, and field--enable an interpretation of the powers as dynamically constituted by their relations to the triune God and to personal dispositions. His treatment of social reproduction and freedom furthermore facilitate a construal of choice as a divinely gifted, sociologically mediated freedom for obedience to God. The sinful restriction of this freedom is read in light of Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, which recognizes the ambiguity of violence without thereby identifying any form of killing as nonviolent. Violence and other phenomena can be investigated by a reflexive, dialogical, and empirically rigorous comparison with the life of Christ. The church’s spiritual participation in the redemption of the violent powers is conceptualized in Bourdieusian terms as a critical legitimation of other political and cultural fields made possible through autonomy from those fields. Christian social distinctiveness moreover has universal meaning because it is oriented towards the worship of God and so radically welcoming of others; and this sociological universality is distinctive because it is the result of a particular history of social struggles with and for God. These revisions to Yoder’s theology of the principalities and powers produce a sociological theology that is material and spiritual, critical and dialogical, and particular and universal. By incorporating these revisions, Yoder’s work can continue to support those who seek peace in a world riven by violence.

The purpose of this research project is to examine the technical, political, social, organisational and cultural ‘practices’ of tax policy making in order to gain an in-depth understanding of certain tax rules in the Chilean context. Consistent with a qualitative interpretivist approach, this study is informed by documents and three phases of face-to-face interviews with a range of actors engaged in the process of (re)making tax regulation. Through the views of a wide spectrum of participants, including policy makers (broadly defined), tax administrators, academics, tax practitioners and taxpayers, theoretical concepts were inductively developed. These concepts were combined with related tax policy literature and Bourdieusian concepts to construct a theoretical/conceptual framework which was later applied in interpreting the findings. The findings reveal how an élite group of agents forms a social space connected with the field of power. In this space, these agents define tax policy, draft legislation and budget for economic effects. This thesis illustrates how these agents mobilise different forms of capital from their respective fields in order to reach and access this social space. Transfer pricing processes highlight the fluidity of these spaces, allowing the access and influence of external forces. The research also shows that other stages are more distant from the field of power. The findings suggest the importance of tax knowledge and information in the development of tax regulation. Tax knowledge and information become a capital at stake which agents struggle to acquire. Empirical data show that the amount of tax knowledge and information in the space relating to the field of power is connected with the content and robustness of the transfer pricing rules under analysis. This research also suggests a high concentration of transfer pricing tax knowledge in very few agents across the bureaucratic, professional services and corporate/business fields. This research also shows the influence of social capital in the tax policy-making field. The findings show that bureaucrats and politicians consult with those connected with them who are subjects of trust. In the particularities of transfer pricing, the findings illustrate the importance of social capital in defining the content of tax rules. Finally, the study also shows how domination and two forms of violence are present and exercised across the tax policy-making field. This is one of only a few studies that have examined the practice of tax policy making holistically, from the very early stages to the application of the rules in practice, broadly contributing in this respect to the tax policy strand of literature. In contrast to previous descriptive and partial studies, this study captures the views of actors responsible for making tax rules. It also contributes to theory development by translating Bourdieusian tools to analyse tax policy making.

Sedan 1990-talet har uttrycket ”det svenska musikundret” använts för att beskriva Sverige som en stor musikexportör i världen. Detta begrepp är dock mångfacetterat och inte helt oproblematiskt. I denna uppsats har jag genom en kritisk diskursanalys studerat hur det svenska musikundret framställs inom kulturjournalistiken. Mitt syfte har varit att ta reda på vilka diskurser av det svenska musikundret som dominerar i medieframställningen, hur dikotomin kultur och ekonomi synliggörs i framställningen av dessa diskurser samt vilken roll journalisten har i reproducerandet. Uppsatsen har Bourdieus teorier om kapital och fält som grund, vilka är essentiella för förstå de regler som förekommer inom populärmusikens produktionsfält. Vidare har jag utgått från kritisk teori, forskning kring kulturjournalistik samt relationen mellan ekonomi och kultur. I min analys har jag kommit fram till fyra dominerande diskurser – den postmoderna, den marknadsliberala, den kollektivistiska och den anti- nationalistiska diskursen. Utifrån dessa diskurser har jag kommit fram till några olika sätt som dikotomin kultur och ekonomi synliggörs på. Det har skett en de-differentiering och placeringen på produktionsfältet kan idag tillåtas vara närmare den kommersiella polen. Musikundret är en del av ”varumärket Sverige”, där Sverige som musikland lyfts fram, och fungerar som en populärmusikalisk kanon eftersom uttrycket pekar på någon slag enhet. Journalisterna är representanter i ett åsiktsmaskineri som handlar om det svenska musik- undret, vilka till stor del består av vita män. De bidrar till formandet och reproducerandet av synen på det svenska musikundret som baseras på subjektiva åsikter. Synen på populärmusik verkar från journalisthåll ha förändrats mot en större öppenhet även för mer kommersiella akter inom musikundret. Det visar på att journalisternas texter präglas av den samhälleliga kontexten, samtidigt som deras texter är med och formar samhällskontexten.

Thus far, Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of capital, field and habitus have not been discussed together with the literature a teacher chooses in the subject English at a Swedish secondary school. However, this study aims to provide more research in this area, as well as how the concepts of capital, field and habitus affect the teacher in how he or she works with literature. This essay discusses the choice of literature of four teachers, as well as how the teachers work with the literature in the classroom. Furthermore, this essay observes that these teachers’ colleagues, time and experience are important factors in their choice of literature and teaching methods. Since these specific factors were found important, the essay concludes that Bourdieu’s concepts of capital and field are more represented than his idea of habitus in the teachers’ choice of literature, as well as how they work with the literature. This conclusion has been made since the teachers used the same approaches when it came to teaching literature, even though they did not have the same education or experience. In other words, the different habitus the teachers have, in this case their education, are in the end almost irrelevant since the teachers used the same approaches as each other, no matter what education they had or when they had it.

The thesis adapts Bourdieu’s theory of hexis as a method for approaching the Baillie (Hegel/Baillie, 1910/1931) and Pinkard (Hegel/Pinkard, 2008) translations of Hegel’s Die Phänomenologie des Geistes (Hegel, 1807/1970) as embodiments of a translatorial practice informed by social and philosophical contextual factors. The theoretical concept of a translatorial hexis is analogous to Bourdieu’s habitus but differs in that the translatorial hexis embodies a specifically dominant, honour-seeking stance of the translator with regard to the micro-dynamics of the surrounding sub-fields; the translatorial hexis is also embodied primarily in the detail of the text and in the peritexts to the translations. Chapters 3 and 4, which focus on the Baillie and Pinkard translations, are each divided into three sections: an analysis of the historical background to the translation in terms of interrelated Bourdieusian fields defined by rival positions vying for academic reputation; an analysis of lexical patterning identified in TT corpora with reference to the translations of two ‘dialectically ambiguous’ terms Geist [mind/spirit] and aufheben [cancel/preserve/sublate]; an analysis of peritexts to the two translations. Starting with a discussion of Hegel’s ‘dialectical ambiguity’ in chapter 1 and an elaboration of the Bourdieusian theoretical framework in chapter 2, the thesis attempts to explain the lexical findings with reference to the concept of translatorial hexis in a manner which takes philosophical and sociological factors into consideration as determinants of the translators’ strategies. The analysis focuses on the positioning of Sir James Black Baillie with regard to Absolutist and Personalist versions of British Idealism and Terry Pinkard with regard to the non-metaphysical readings of Hegel and the development of communitarian ideologies. The publication of new translations of Hegel’s works and new critical works on German Idealism suggest that a Hegel revival is in full progress. Given the centrality of translation to this phenomenon, it is appropriate that translation studies should contribute to the discussion, especially to demonstrate the value of a self-reflexive, multi-disciplinary approach which brings linguistic analysis and sociological contextualisation to bear on some of the philosophical issues at stake.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka huruvida problematiken i förhållandet mellan kultur och näringsliv spelar in i frågan om reklam ska få synas i kulturella verksamheter och i sådana fall i vilken utsträckning? I uppsatsen har denna problematik konkretiserats genom en undersökning av sponsringen/samarbetet mellan Åhléns och ”Rum för barn”. Svårigheten ligger i den tradition som sedan länge funnits inom kulturen där ekonomin och kulturen setts som två från varandra vitt skilda poler. Rädslan har varit stor att mista den konstnärliga integriteten och därför har ekonomin endast setts som ett nödvändigt ont. Från kulturens håll har man länge inte behövt anpassa sig efter den fria marknaden utan verkat fritt från dess påverkan. Från marknadens håll har det däremot alltid varit en självklarhet att agera utifrån den fria marknadens villkor. Dock verkar det som att kulturen står inför ett paradigmskifte och därmed tvingas ta ett allt större ansvar för finansiering då bidragen tenderar att minskas.</p><p>Marknadsföringens grundkoncept är enligt Philip Kotler ”meeting needs profitably” (Kotler & Keller 2003 s. 5), vilket kan översättas till att möten måste ge resultat. Kotlers teorier jämfördes med kulturens grundtanke att målet framförallt är absolut kvalitet samt Pierre Bourdieus teorier rörande kulturens förnekande av ekonomin. Elisabeth Lindfors teorier användes för att belysa skillnaderna mellan Kotlers grundtankar om marknadsföring och marknadsföringens tillvägagångssätt inom kulturen. Ovanstående teorier har sedan undersökts för att se huruvida dessa är relevanta i dagsläget.</p><p>Det fenomen som undersöktes var, som nämndes ovan, Åhléns sponsring av Kulturhusets ”Rum för barn”, då detta uppmärksammats från kulturens håll eftersom näringslivet (Åhléns) finansierat en stor del av verksamheten. ”Rum för barn” är ett barnbibliotek som funnits på Kulturhuset i trettio år. Under 2005 totalrenoverades biblioteket med en tydlig pedagogisk tanke. Där finns åldersindelade rum med anpassade aktiviteter, så som matematikstuga och målarverkstad.</p><p>Empirin visade på att hela 90 stycken av respondenterna inte sett att Åhléns sponsrat ”Rum för barn”. Vidare framkom att de flesta var väldigt positivt inställda till samarbetet.</p><p>Utifrån empirin i detta specifika fall drogs slutsatsen att den negativa inställning till det kommersiella inom konsten, som är grunden i bland andra Pierre Bourdieus kultursociologiska teorier, inte verkar återfinnas bland kulturkonsumenterna på ”Rum för barn”. Skepticismen till ekonomins intrång i kulturen verkar snarare ligga hos konstutövarna själva.</p>

Residential outdoor education has had a significant formal and informal presence within the education system of the United Kingdom since the 1950s. However, there is little empirical research into the experiences of participants, particularly from a long-term perspective. The present study investigates the meanings, values, and impacts that participants attribute to a five-day residential experience at Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre, near Dunoon, Scotland. Participants attended the Centre as school pupils between 13 and 16 years of age. Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre operated as an educational facility under the auspices of the local authority between 1973 and 1996. Participants were contacted between 2007 and 2008, hence a minimum of 11 years after the Centre closed. Semi-structured questionnaires (n = 110) and interviews (n = 14) were used to generate data regarding participants’ experiences. These were analysed using a hermeneutic approach. Supplementary data were generated from archival documents and interviews (n = 29) with various stakeholders in Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre, ranging from local authority education officers to Centre managers and instructional staff. These supplementary data contribute towards a nuanced interpretive account of participants’ experiences that has both breadth and depth. The data suggest that participants’ experiences at Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre represented highly significant events in their school career. Principal findings relate to themes of achievement, independence and responsibility, and the development of more adult relationships. Seventy-two percent of questionnaire respondents claimed that their experience at Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre continued to influence their adult lives. This influence was manifested in a variety of ways ranging from a love of the outdoor environment, to choices regarding use of leisure time, to employment choices. Bourdieu’s (1977, 1990b) theory of social practice, particularly the concepts of field and habitus, provides a framework to interpret participants’ expressions of the nature of their experiences and the impact those experiences did or did not have on their lives. From this perspective Ardentinny Outdoor Education Centre presented participants with a safe and authentic experience that differed sufficiently from their previous life experiences to allow for the opportunity to develop new understandings of self and the social world. These new understandings were expressed in different ways and at different times over participants’ subsequent life course.

本論文從對虛擬社群的探問開始，目的是暸解P2P社群的運作方式與其使用者的下載行為，同時也嘗試找尋P2P社群凝聚的要素。這之中包括幾個重要環節須去處理，首先P2P軟體本身的特性以及在這個特性之下P2P社群扮演何種角色，再者下載的資訊如何在P2P社群中流通，除了留意資訊流入的方式外，也可以觀察P2P社群之間亦或整體的P2P場域有什麼樣的規則與默契，最後P2P的使用者如何取得資訊，以及使用者取捨資訊之間、追求下載速度上有何種考量？簡言之，拆解P2P社群運作方式涉及到軟體、社群與使用者三者之間的交互關係；涵蓋巨視面的社群結構及微視面的使用者兩者交錯的影響，因而在進行研究之時，選擇Bourdieu的場域理論來研擬整體的架構。使用「場域」的概念，主要是避免侷限於個別的論壇做為觀察對象，而無法顯現整體P2P社群社運作的缺憾。基於分享概念的P2P軟體，匯聚所有人的資訊與頻寬，才造就如此龐大的影響力，此外，下載「資訊」的流動特徵是一個重要面向，與藉此特性而產生的結構，難以透過對單一的論壇觀察掌握清楚，透過Bourdieu的場域理論將能適切提供分析上的輔助。 P2P軟體發展至今，歷經許多阻礙與轉變，其中最大的挑戰莫過於盜版傳輸的爭議，當然它帶來影響與問題總是相應而生的，因此探討P2P軟體若沒將著作權納入考量，我們難以找出P2P軟體未來發展的可能，並且很可能忽視現有體制的力量，造成推測的結果總是與實際有出入，這部份也是先前研究中不加思索的，除了軟體定位之外，另一個研究的焦點則放在P2P場域的運作邏輯上，它涵括論壇與使用者之間彼此的交互作用。在研究成果的呈現上，第二章將主要處理P2P軟體的定位問題，我們可以發現要跨越著作權的界限，自由軟體提供另一種思考的途徑，它不必然與侵權扯上關係，亦不必屈從著作權的規則，而能保有自己的一片天地。自由軟體替P2P軟體開啟一扇大門，使P2P軟體取得為技術而技術的正當性，在確立P2P軟體的位置之後，依循軟體發展而來的關係將能更加穩固，包括使用其軟體的用戶，能夠維持長期的使用習慣，有機會培養出較具規模的討論社群，並且其中的使用者與論壇部份也成為第三章中所關切的問題，因而，第三章將接續第二章的問題，從使用者的角度來詮釋他們使用軟體時的總總策略，在其策略的選擇與行使當中，便隱約地顯露身處其中的規範。第四章則是總結前兩章節的分析，我們將看到下載行為的背後，事實上，充滿許多複雜的行為動機，並且在追逐下載資訊的同時，使用者將明顯遵循既定的程序來取得檔案，使用的共識與規則，不言而喻地浮現出來。