Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 352-361).

Dans les Règles pour la direction de l’esprit, Descartes fonde sa première théorie de la science sur deux « actes de l’intellect » : intuitus et deductio. Au moment de définir le concept d’intuition, Descartes précise qu’il en fait un « usage nouveau », qui ne doit pas être confonduavec la signification courante qu’on lui a donnée dans les Écoles. L’exposition de ses premières découvertes scientifiques impliquerait donc une noétique différente de celle que lui ont enseignée ses maîtres jésuites. Reprenant un mot ancien, Descartes lui donne une signification neuve et un rôle inédit dans l’édifice de la connaissance humaine. Mais on n’a pas toujours compris le sens historique et philosophique de cette démarcation : de qui et de quoi Descartes entend-il se démarquer ? Et qu’y avait-il au juste de nouveau dans l’usage qu’il proposait ? Notre enquête propose de retracer l’histoire de cette idée d’intuition intellectuelle au cours de l’âge classique, chez les premiers lecteurs des Regulae, Malebranche, Locke, dans les entrées des dictionnaires et des encyclopédies du XVIIIe siècle,dans les nouveaux manuels de logique inspirés de Locke. Nous retraçons cette histoire jusqu’à ce que Kant, en 1770, semble y mettre le point final, en affirmant qu’il n’y a pas en l’homme de connaissance intuitive intellectuelle. Pourtant, et c’est tout le paradoxe, lorsque Kant formule ce constat d’échec, le mot même d’intuition s’est enfin, et pour la première fois,imposé dans le vocabulaire philosophique européen. / In the Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Descartes grounds his first theory of knowledge upon two "acts of the understanding" : intuitus and deductio. When he explains what he means by intuition, he warns the reader that he intends to make a "new use" of this word, which shall not be confused with the way the "schoolmen" understood it in the past. Descartes' first scientific discoveries seem to imply a new noetic, different from the one his Jesuit masters taught him while he was a student at La Fleche. But what, exactly, was new about the way Descartes used this ancient word ? The present inquiry is an attempt to give this question an answer, and also to trace this concept of intuition through the whole early modern period; in the works of the first readers of the Regulae (Baillet, Port-Royal, Malebranche), in the theory of knowledge of John Locke, in the dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias of the 18th century, in the new textbooks of Logic, inspired by Locken in some theological discussions over the nature of beatific vision.Our inquiry ends in 1770 when Kant declares that there's no such thing as "intellectual intuition" in man's mind, and that the only kind of intuition man's capable of is a sensitive one. Kant seems to put an endpoint to this chapter of European philosophy. But, on the other hand, when Kant writes this sentence, the word" intuition" has fully entered the European philosophical vocabulary, for the first time with its new meaning.

Cette étude propose une interprétation de l'œuvre de Bergson à partir d'un aspect crucial de sa métaphysique et de sa méthode : la critique des « faux problèmes » philosophiques – « faux » en raison de la manière dont ils furent posés par une tradition barrant ainsi l'accès non seulement aux problèmes véritables, mais encore à des questions que l'on peut tenir pour des « questions vitales ». Si la critique des faux problèmes constitue chez Bergson à la fois le centre de gravité de sa méthode et la singularité de sa métaphysique, c'est qu'elle permet l'instauration d'une nouvelle métaphysique, pour laquelle ces questions vitales vont de pair avec la considération du temps, dont l'oubli est à l'origine des faux problèmes de la métaphysique traditionnelle. Cette nouvelle métaphysique trouve cependant son accomplissement véritable moins dans la spéculation que dans des actions créatrices, c'est-à-dire des actions capables non seulement de dissoudre des faux problèmes mais surtout d'inventer de nouvelles manières de vivre. / This thesis intends to propose an interpretation of Bergson’s work taking as a starting point a crucial aspect in his metaphysics and his method, namely the criticism of the so-called “false philosophical problems”; “false” because of the way they were formulated by a tradition thus preventing the access not only to the genuine problems, but also to questions that can be considered to be of paramount if not vital importance. The reason why the criticism of false problems appears as the centre of gravity of Bergson’s method as well as a particularity which singles out his metaphysics, is because it actually establishes a new metaphysics whose attention to these issues of vital importance goes hand in hand with the acknowledgment of time whose neglecting is the source of the false problems encountered in traditional metaphysics. This new type of metaphysics finds its accomplishment less in speculation than in creative actions, that is to say actions which have the power to invent new ways of life after the dissolution of the false problems.

Ce travail soutient la thèse selon laquelle l'intuition entre en jeu dans l'acquisition de savoirs et, plus particulièrement, dans l'appropriation d'une langue naturelle comme le français, langue étrangère. Il traite en premier lieu de l'aspect épistémologique de l'intuition en s'attachant à montrer l'importance de cette notion dans différents domaines scientifiques tels que la psychologie, les mathématiques et la philosophie, et ce, dans le but de relever les caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'intuition – immédiateté, inexplicabilité, assurance, jugement perceptif, modèles répertoriés, etc. En second lieu, sont sollicitées les sciences du langage et, plus précisément, la linguistique et la didactique, l’objectif étant d'observer le rôle essentiel que l'intuition y joue. Les caractéristiques dégagées en première partie permettent de les confronter aux concepts linguistiques et didactiques, et d'aboutir à la conclusion que l'intuition participe à la faculté de langage et facilite l'appropriation de toute langue naturelle en se manifestant, notamment, à tous les niveaux linguistiques. Multiforme et variable en degré, elle apparaît alors comme la capacité de juger de la grammaticalité et/ou de l'acceptabilité d'un élément langagier sans recours conscient à des connaissances en langue. Ainsi, l'intuition est un mécanisme cognitif qui permet de reconnaître et de (re)construire les schèmes langagiers de façon inconsciente en s’appuyant sur l'observation et sur l'expérience, ce, afin d'enrichir un répertoire de modèles langagiers. C'est grâce à ce mécanisme qu'elle participe pleinement à l'acquisition d'un savoir et notamment à l'appropriation d'une langue naturelle. / This work claims that intuition takes part in the acquisition of knowledge and, in particular, in the appropriation of a natural language such as French as a foreign language. First, it deals with the epistemological aspect of intuition, by attempting to show the importance of this notion in various scientific fields such as psychology, mathematics and philosophy. The aim is to determine the intrinsic characteristics of intuition, such as immediacy, inexplicability, insurance, perceptual judgment, listed patterns, etc. Secondly, language sciences are holistically examined and, more specifically, linguistics and didactics, aiming to observe the essential role intuition plays within it. The distinctive features established in the first part enable to test their relevance to the linguistic and didactic concepts. This leads to the conclusion that intuition takes part in the faculty of language and facilitates the appropriation of any natural language while appearing on all linguistic levels. Being multiform and variable in scale and scope, intuition appears as the capacity to judge the grammaticality and/or the acceptability of a linguistic particle without any conscious use of language knowledge. Therefore, intuition is an unconscious cognitive mechanism that serves to recognise and to (re)build the language patterns, relying on observation and experience, in order to enrich a repertoire of language patterns. It is through this cognitive mechanism that intuition fully participates in the acquisition of knowledge, including the appropriation of a natural language.

Cet essai tente d’aborder, ou plutôt de comprendre l’idée du devenir, soit l’intuition du temps et de son propre déploiement pour un sujet qui vit au semblable rythme. Pour Bergson, cela n’arrive que dans de très rares occasions, pour l’artiste, chez le philosophe ou encore lors des situations d’extrême changement, voire d’urgence pour chacun d’entre nous. Seulement, est-ce que cette "vision directe de l’esprit par l’esprit" est véritablement exceptionnelle ? Ne s’agit-il pas plutôt d’actes instantanés où nous touchons l’objet avant même d’en avoir fait l’expérience, et qui serait plutôt "condition" de celle-ci, qui signe de son sceau l’avenir en général ? Par là, bien que nous ignorions exactement quels seront les retentissements de nos actes, nous en avons une intuition, un certain aspect y serait montré ou "présence" d’un quelque chose excédant toute explication logique. Si l’on souhaite montrer que cette intuition est déjà "présence" en chacun de nos actes singuliers, et nous accompagne dans notre quotidien à partir de notre perception du monde, il conviendra de trouver un moyen, une méthode pour explorer les régions inconscientes de notre être – ou de cet Être. Nous supposerons que nous sympathisons avec le réel, que nous "composons" en ce sens avec lui dans ce qui naît de l’instant – bien que sans le savoir. Notre intuition serait la forme « à venir » de notre expérience conformément à une personne, la façon dont mes souvenirs se constituent lorsque, paradoxalement, ces derniers enveloppent et se constituent selon une forme, un droit qui n’appartient pas qu’à moi. Ainsi nous chercherons à définir comment l’individu concourt avec une réalité qui, ainsi, l’excède, le transcende, mais dont celle-ci ne peut pas non plus être telle qu’elle apparaît sans lui. Quelle est cette part qui, échappant au monde, fait du sujet l’un de ses devenirs ? Peut-on expliquer cette part de liberté, puisque s’il y a intuition, il y a une pluralité des devenirs (virtuels) ? Nous établirons une méthode pour en comprendre le cheminement ontologique. Mais dans cette science de l’Être, il s’agira de confondre à la fois la psyché et la façon dont la matière s’organise : soit selon une chora d’un point de vue cosmologique. / This essay is an attempt to approach and to understand the idea of devenir, the intuition of time, and its own deployment for a subject that live in a similar pace. According to Bergson, this happens, only in very rare occasions, to the artist, to the philosopher or still in situation of extreme change, or even of emergency to all of us. But, is this « direct vision of the spirit by the spirit really exceptional? Are they rather instant acts when we touch the object even before having experienced it, and which will be rather "condition" of it, which marks the future in general? By this, even though we do not know exactly what will the impact of our acts be, we have an intuition of it, a certain aspect would have shown or "presence" of something that exceeds any logical explanation. If we wish to show that intuition is already "presence" in each of our unique acts, and accompanies us in our daily lives from our perception of the world, it will be suitable to find a way, a method to explore the regions of our unconscious being, or of this Being. We will suppose that we sympathize with the real that we "compose" in this sense with it in what is born of the instant, even without knowing it. Our intuition would be the form "to come" of our experience, according to a person, the way that my memories form when, paradoxically, they envelop and constitute according to a form, a right that does not belong only to me. Thus, we will seek to define how the individual contribute to the reality which, thus, exceeds, transcends him but which cannot be as such without him. What is this part that, escaping from the world, makes of the subject one of its destinies? Can we explain this part of freedom, since there is intuition, a plurality of (virtual) "devenirs"? We will establish a method to understand the ontological journey. But in this science of the Being, it will be to confuse both the psyche and the way in which the matter is organized: according to a "chora" a cosmological perspective.

Flera studier fokuserar på kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter som får palliativ vård men inte på samtalen i sig. Det är vanligt att svårt sjuka patienter vårdas i hemmet vilket ställer krav på distriktssköterskors kompetens och deras sätt att samtala med dessa patienter. Syftet med denna studie var att utforska hur distriktssköterskor upplever samtalen med patienter som får palliativ vård inom kommunal hemsjukvård. Samtalen utforskas så att distriktssköterskor uppnår fördjupad kunskap kring fenomenet. Åtta distriktssköterskor i två kommuner i mellersta Sverige deltog i intervjustudien. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv design valdes för att besvara syftet. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och sju underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna benämndes; Lyhördhet i samtalen, Aspekter som påverkar samtalen, Aspekter som ger meningsfulla samtal. Efter bearbetning ledde analysen slutligen fram till det latenta, underliggande meningarna i intervjutexterna som blev ett tema; Intuition som färdighet. Det framkom att distriktssköterskor inte upplevde samtalen med patienter som får palliativ vård som svåra utan ofta tvärtom upplevdes samtalen meningsfulla och givande. Slutsatsen blev att distriktssköterskor som utvecklat medicinsk kunskap och hade längre arbetslivserfarenhet använde intuition som färdighet i större utsträckning. / Several studies focus on the communication between nurses and the patients who received palliative care but not on the conversations as such. It is common for severely ill patients to be cared for at home, which calls for high requirements on the district nurse's skills. The purpose of this study was to explore how district nurses experienced conversations with patients who received palliative care within home care services. The conversations are investigated to achieve in-depth knowledge of the phenomenon. Eight district nurses from two municipalities in the middle of Sweden participated. A qualitative content analysis with inductive design was chosen to answer the purpose of the study. The analysis resulted in three main categories and seven subcategories. The main categories were named; Responsiveness in the conversations, Aspects affecting the conversations, Aspects leading to meaningful conversations. After processing, the analysis finally led to the latent underlying meaning in the interview texts thus eventually becoming a theme; Intuition as a skill. District nurses did not experience the conversations as difficult, and often the conversations were meaningful and rewarding. The conclusion was that district nurses who developed medical knowledge and had longer work experience used intuition as skill to a greater extent.

No description available.

Arbetet på en akutmottagning är både komplex och oförutsägbar där patienten är ett oskrivet blad vid ankomst. Detta ställer krav på sjuksköterskans omhändertagande och ledarskap. Det förväntas att sjuksköterskan har förmåga att omhänderta och ge patienter vård på en avancerad nivå och på ett patientsäkert sätt. Sjuksköterskans kompetens och erfarenheter har en avgörande betydelse på akutmottagningen där sjuksköterskan snabbt behöver identifiera, prioritera och påbörja adekvat behandling vid livshotande tillstånd. Centralt i arbetet är att sjuksköterskan med ett ledande ansvar samverkar i team med såväl patienter och närstående som kollegor. Sjuksköterskan leder och fördelar arbetet med tydlighet för att säkra vården av patienten. Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att leda omvårdnaden på en akutmottagning. Metoden som användes var en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen utgick från sökningar i databaserna PubMed, SveMed+ och CINAHL samt manuell sökning. Tolv kvalitativa, fyra kvantitativa och tre artiklar med mixad design låg till grund för resultatet. I resultatet framkom fem teman: betydelsen av kunskap inom ledarskap och akutsjukvård, erfarenhetens betydelse av att leda i akuta situationer, intuitions betydelse vid bedömning och prioritering, kommunikationens betydelse för att uppnå en säker vård och faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans ledarskap. Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter visade att identifierade och beskrivna teman hade en avgörande betydelse för effekten på ledarskapet. Därigenom sågs positiva effekter på både arbetsplats, patientflöde och teamarbete och vården koordinerades väl ur ett helhetsperspektiv. Slutsatsen av resultatet visade att teoretisk kunskap inom både ledarskap och akutsjukvård samt erfarenheter hade betydelse för ledarskapet i arbetet på akutmottagningar. De mindre erfarna sjuksköterskorna behövde mera tid och träning för att kunna utveckla strategier som de erfarna sjuksköterskorna skaffat sig över tid. Emellertid visade studien att sjuksköterskor med kompetens och erfarenhet inte kunde hantera hur hög arbetsbelastning som helst.

This dissertation deals with aspects of axiomatization, intuition and visualization in thehistory of mathematics. Particular focus is put on the end of the 19th century, before DavidHilbert's (1862–1943) work on the axiomatization of Euclidean geometry. The thesis consistsof three papers. In the first paper the Swedish mathematician Torsten Brodén (1857–1931)and his work on the foundations of Euclidean geometry from 1890 and 1912, is studied. Athorough analysis of his foundational work is made as well as an investigation into his generalview on science and mathematics. Furthermore, his thoughts on geometry and its nature andwhat consequences his view has for how he proceeds in developing the axiomatic system, isstudied. In the second paper different aspects of visualizations in mathematics areinvestigated. In particular, it is argued that the meaning of a visualization is not revealed bythe visualization and that a visualization can be problematic to a person if this person, due to alimited knowledge or limited experience, has a simplified view of what the picture represents.A historical study considers the discussion on the role of intuition in mathematics whichfollowed in the wake of Karl Weierstrass' (1815–1897) construction of a nowheredifferentiable function in 1872. In the third paper certain aspects of the thinking of the twoscientists Felix Klein (1849–1925) and Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) are studied. It isinvestigated how Klein and Hertz related to the idea of naïve images and visual thinkingshortly before the development of modern axiomatics. Klein in several of his writingsemphasized his belief that intuition plays an important part in mathematics. Hertz argued thatwe form images in our mind when we experience the world, but these images may containelements that do not exist in nature.

High quality decision-making can be produced through a sophisticated analytical process in addition to an intuitive process. A high quality intuitive process is dependent on an extensive repertoire of previous patterns generated by decision outcomes. Intuition is frequently poorly understood and often dismissed as unreliable and irrelevant. Yet there is a noteworthy sector within the literature that suggests otherwise (Glöckner, 2009; Smith, 2007). Termed dual-process (Evans, 2010), the combined strength of intuition and analysis forms the basis of how expert ski guides make decisions in avalanche terrain. Typically, the quality of the decision process is described as being contingent on the evolved expertise of the decision maker. Deliberate practice (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993) aimed at the development of context specific expertise provides the foundation. Ski guides are charged with the role of conducting guests through a constantly changing, hazardous environment with the goal of maximizing the guests’ rewards, within a risk envelope that does not eliminate the potential for a fatality. The challenge for ski guides is to formulate an operational context within a feedback environment that is plagued with inconsistencies and burdened with massive negative consequences. The ski guide decision process is influenced by the depth and breadth of expertise, with rapid pattern recognition generating a sense of confidence. However misleading environmental feedback can complicate the perception of decision quality. When nothing bad happens, poor decisions can masquerade as good ones. This may support the development of a faulty pattern recognition process. Research that helps to describe the innovative practices and extant knowledge of mountain guiding will help to harmonise theory and practice. There is considerable knowledge entrenched within the daily activities of the Canadian mechanized ski industry, as the average annual fatality rate is just under one and a half fatalities per 100,000 skier days. However it is arguable that even this number of fatalities is too many and all efforts should be made to reduce the number of fatalities. Data were contributed over two seasons (2008/09 and 2009/10) by a self-selected group of 35 heli-ski and snowcat-ski guides working in British Columbia. Mixed methods were used to analyse three sources of data. An initial quantitative analysis of the participants’ background experience and 96 event reports (62 good day reports and 34 near-miss reports) was used to provoke qualitative questions of interview data. The findings of this study address the issue of how and when intuition plays a role in ski guide decision-making. Decision-making in avalanche terrain is a complex process and professional guides have well developed strategies to help them manage the challenges. Years of training in analytical decision processes are supported by a wealth of available snowpack and weather information. Guiding teams provide a valuable peer support network to further the sophistication of the decision process. Yet despite the wealth of information available to support an analytical decision, most decisions are influenced by an intuitive factor.